正念疗法的人性论迷失与复归
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摘要
正念疗法是一种心理治疗的新方法,包括正念减压疗法、正念认知疗法、辩证行为疗法等。正念疗法的基本方法是冥想,具体来说是两点:第一是将注意力集中于当下;第二是对当前头脑中的一切观念都不作任何评判。正念疗法自从其一产生开始,便呈现出了迅猛的发展势头。这不仅是由于美国的禅宗热潮的驱使,更是由于心理咨询与治疗系统内部的需求。因为和其他心理治疗方法相比,正念疗法的独特之处在于:第一,主张治疗的目标是达到身心的全面健康,而不仅是消除疾病;第二,主张治疗的方式是主动的自我指导与自我疗愈,而不是被动接受式的治疗方式。这两点都是当代心理治疗领域中出现的新的发展趋势,所以正念疗法受到广泛地欢迎。
然而,正念疗法在蓬勃发展的过程中,也显现出了一些理论缺失。主要有以下三点:第一,缺乏系统的理论基础。既没有关于致病原因的理论说明,也没有关于治愈机理的理论阐释;第二,对认知地位的模糊。一方面强调在正念疗法中引入认知疗法的某些因素,另一方面又通过不作评判的方法将其排除在外了;第三,对自我态度的矛盾。一方面强调解脱自我,忘记自我,放弃对自我的执著,另一方面又通过注意当下的方法重新突出了自我,强调了自我。这些理论缺失,阻碍了正念疗法的进一步发展。
正念疗法的这些理论缺失,从本质上来说是一种人性论的迷失。正念疗法虽然直接产生于西方文化,但是其思想根源却来源于东方文化。而东方文化与西方文化存在着巨大的差异,东方的人性论传统与西方的人性论传统也大相径庭。西方的人性论,强调的是人不同于他物的本质特征,如理性、思维等;或者人一生下来就具有的本来属性,如本来能力、本来欲望等。而东方的人性论,强调的是本然的生活状态,或者说人的本来面目。来源于东方文化的正念思想所持有的就是一种东方的人性论传统。而这种东方的人性论传统在许多西方的科学心理学家眼中,是无法理解的。所以,他们在将正念思想引入科学心理学的时候,便只是引进了正念思想的形式外壳,即方法与技术,而抛弃了它的理论内核,即人性论假设。但是,抛弃了原有的人性论假设之后,西方的、科学心理学中已在的人性论传统又不足以解释说明正念疗法,因此唯一的做法只能是避开人性论,只关注正念疗法的技术本身而不关注其人性论假设。因此,才产生了正念疗法人性论迷失。
但是,为了进一步发展与完善正念疗法,必须要对它的理论基础与人性论假设进行系统的还原与说明。正念思想原本所具有的人性论,实质上就是一种本然状态的人性论思想。它主张人的本性就是人的本来面目,也就是每个人都具有的本然状态。本然状态具有两个特点:第一是没有分别心。即不强调善恶、好坏、对错等两极的区分,对所有的一切都平等地对待,不因自身的好恶来区别他物;第二是没有执著心。即不执著于任何一个观念,不被任何一个观念束缚住,不用执著于过去的回忆,也不用执著于将来的幻想,而只是任生命顺其自然的向前流动。人们之所以会产生各种心理疾病,是因为人们产生了分别心和执着心,从而迷失了自己的本来面目,也就是失去了本然的生活状态。而如果要重新认识到自己的本来面目,重新回到自己本然的生活状态,只有通过各种办法来消除自己的分别心,消除自己的执著心。这也是心理治疗的基本目的。
找到了正念疗法原本的人性论假设之后,可以对正念疗法进行理论的重构与完善。首先是理论基础的完善。主张分别的心理与执著的心理是人们产生心理疾病的主要原因,尤其是对自我的执著。因此,心理治疗的目的就是要消除分别的心理与执著的心理。其次是方法技术的完善。主张正念疗法可以分为两条路径:第一条是认知觉悟的路径,主要是在咨询室中由心理咨询师的协助完成。主要的任务是帮助求助者认识到自己的分别心、发现自己的执著心,以及这种分别心与执著心如何导致了现在的心理问题,并使其认识到自己的本来面目的存在,使其有一种认知上的觉悟。第二条是行为修行的路径,主要是求助者自己在日常生活中完成。让求助者自己通过冥想等各种方式体验、维持自己的本然状态,并学会以一种无分别、无执著的心理状态来应对眼前的各种事情,提高他们的应对能力,改善自己的情绪状态。这两条路径同时进行,相辅相成,便能治愈人们的一些心理疾病。
最后,正念疗法对于中国心理学研究的意义是:在中国传统文化中,不仅存在着系统的心理学理论,而且存在着许多有价值、有意义的心理学思想。尤其是在心理医疗领域,中国传统文化中的某些思想甚至具有引领潮流的价值与潜力。因此,挖掘中国传统文化中的心理学思想,尤其是心理治疗思想,便显得尤为重要。
Mindfulness therapy which includes Mindfulness-based stress reduction, Mindfulness-based Cognitive therapy, and Dialectical behavior therapy is a new kind of psychotherapy. The main method of the mindfulness therapy is meditation and contains two aspects. The first aspect is paying attention to present. The second one is not evaluating any thought emerging in mind. The origin and development of the mindfulness therapy in America, is not only because of the wide spreading of Zen in America, but also because of the trend of the traditional psychotherapies. There are two basic characteristics of the mindfulness therapy. The first one is that it advocates the goal of treatment is to achieve a well being of physical and mental, not just the elimination of disease. The second one is that it advocates the approach of treatment is self-directing and self-healing, rather than a kind of passive acceptance. Because these two characteristics are new trends of the development of contemporary psychotherapy, so mindfulness therapy is very popular.
However, the theory of the mindfulness therapy has three shortcomings. Firstly, it lacks a systematic theoretical basis. It has no theoretical explanation about the cause of the disease and the mechanism of healing. Secondly, it has a vague attitude about the status of cognition. On the one hand it has stressed the aspect of cognition in the therapeutic process. On the other hand, it has excluded the aspect of cognition by the method of“do not judging”. Thirdly, it has a vague attitude about the status of self. On the one hand it has stressed the self-liberation and self-forgetting. On the other hand, it has highlighting and emphasizing the self by the method of“paying attention to present”. These shortcomings have hindered the development of mindfulness therapy.
The theoretical shortcoming of the mindfulness therapy is essentially a lost of the theory of human nature. The mindfulness therapy emerged in western culture, but its main idea originated in eastern culture. There are many huge differences between the humanism in western culture and eastern culture. The theory of human nature in western culture stresses the essence or instinct of human. And the theory of human nature in eastern culture emphasizes the current life state and original face of human. The theory of human nature of the mindfulness therapy is the latter. However, many western psychologists could not comprehend this kind of humanism, so they have abandoned the idea of humanism of eastern culture and only introduced the techniques and methods of meditation when they founded the mindfulness therapy. However, the humanism of western culture could not explain the mindfulness therapy, so the psychologists have only stressed the methods and techniques and abandoned the theoretical basis. So there is a lost of the theory of human nature.
We must return to the theoretical basis and humanism in order to develop and improve the mindfulness therapy. The original humanism of the mindfulness therapy advocated that human nature is the original face or the current life state of people. There are two characteristics of the current life state. The first one is that there is not distinguishing awareness. It advocated that we should not distinguish the goodness and evil, the good and bad, the right and wrong, and we should believe that every one is equal. The second one is that there is not obsession awareness. It advocated that we should not be limited and obsessed by any notion, idea and thought. The distinguishing and obsession awareness are the reasons why people have all kinds of mental illness. So the main purpose of psychotherapy is to remove the distinguishing and obsession awareness.
The mindfulness therapy should be reconstructed according to the original theory of human nature. The first aspect is the reconstruction of the theoretical basis. The new mindfulness therapy advocates that the distinguishing and obsession awareness are the reasons why people have mental illness, so the purpose of psychotherapy is to remove the distinguishing and obsession awareness. The second aspect is the reconstruction of the methods. The new mindfulness therapy includes two approaches to treat all kinds of mental disease. The first one is the cognition approach. Psychiatrist helps patient to realize his distinguishing and obsession awareness and his original face and current life state. The second one is the behavior approach. The patient should experience and maintain his original face and current life state, and remove the distinguishing and obsession awareness by some methods like meditation and relaxation. These two approaches should be applied at the same time.
Finally, the mindfulness therapy has an important value to Chinese psychology. There are many systematic psychological theories and meaningful psychological thoughts in Chinese culture. So it is important to pay attention to the psychological thoughts in Chinese culture.
然而,正念疗法在蓬勃发展的过程中,也显现出了一些理论缺失。主要有以下三点:第一,缺乏系统的理论基础。既没有关于致病原因的理论说明,也没有关于治愈机理的理论阐释;第二,对认知地位的模糊。一方面强调在正念疗法中引入认知疗法的某些因素,另一方面又通过不作评判的方法将其排除在外了;第三,对自我态度的矛盾。一方面强调解脱自我,忘记自我,放弃对自我的执著,另一方面又通过注意当下的方法重新突出了自我,强调了自我。这些理论缺失,阻碍了正念疗法的进一步发展。
正念疗法的这些理论缺失,从本质上来说是一种人性论的迷失。正念疗法虽然直接产生于西方文化,但是其思想根源却来源于东方文化。而东方文化与西方文化存在着巨大的差异,东方的人性论传统与西方的人性论传统也大相径庭。西方的人性论,强调的是人不同于他物的本质特征,如理性、思维等;或者人一生下来就具有的本来属性,如本来能力、本来欲望等。而东方的人性论,强调的是本然的生活状态,或者说人的本来面目。来源于东方文化的正念思想所持有的就是一种东方的人性论传统。而这种东方的人性论传统在许多西方的科学心理学家眼中,是无法理解的。所以,他们在将正念思想引入科学心理学的时候,便只是引进了正念思想的形式外壳,即方法与技术,而抛弃了它的理论内核,即人性论假设。但是,抛弃了原有的人性论假设之后,西方的、科学心理学中已在的人性论传统又不足以解释说明正念疗法,因此唯一的做法只能是避开人性论,只关注正念疗法的技术本身而不关注其人性论假设。因此,才产生了正念疗法人性论迷失。
但是,为了进一步发展与完善正念疗法,必须要对它的理论基础与人性论假设进行系统的还原与说明。正念思想原本所具有的人性论,实质上就是一种本然状态的人性论思想。它主张人的本性就是人的本来面目,也就是每个人都具有的本然状态。本然状态具有两个特点:第一是没有分别心。即不强调善恶、好坏、对错等两极的区分,对所有的一切都平等地对待,不因自身的好恶来区别他物;第二是没有执著心。即不执著于任何一个观念,不被任何一个观念束缚住,不用执著于过去的回忆,也不用执著于将来的幻想,而只是任生命顺其自然的向前流动。人们之所以会产生各种心理疾病,是因为人们产生了分别心和执着心,从而迷失了自己的本来面目,也就是失去了本然的生活状态。而如果要重新认识到自己的本来面目,重新回到自己本然的生活状态,只有通过各种办法来消除自己的分别心,消除自己的执著心。这也是心理治疗的基本目的。
找到了正念疗法原本的人性论假设之后,可以对正念疗法进行理论的重构与完善。首先是理论基础的完善。主张分别的心理与执著的心理是人们产生心理疾病的主要原因,尤其是对自我的执著。因此,心理治疗的目的就是要消除分别的心理与执著的心理。其次是方法技术的完善。主张正念疗法可以分为两条路径:第一条是认知觉悟的路径,主要是在咨询室中由心理咨询师的协助完成。主要的任务是帮助求助者认识到自己的分别心、发现自己的执著心,以及这种分别心与执著心如何导致了现在的心理问题,并使其认识到自己的本来面目的存在,使其有一种认知上的觉悟。第二条是行为修行的路径,主要是求助者自己在日常生活中完成。让求助者自己通过冥想等各种方式体验、维持自己的本然状态,并学会以一种无分别、无执著的心理状态来应对眼前的各种事情,提高他们的应对能力,改善自己的情绪状态。这两条路径同时进行,相辅相成,便能治愈人们的一些心理疾病。
最后,正念疗法对于中国心理学研究的意义是:在中国传统文化中,不仅存在着系统的心理学理论,而且存在着许多有价值、有意义的心理学思想。尤其是在心理医疗领域,中国传统文化中的某些思想甚至具有引领潮流的价值与潜力。因此,挖掘中国传统文化中的心理学思想,尤其是心理治疗思想,便显得尤为重要。
Mindfulness therapy which includes Mindfulness-based stress reduction, Mindfulness-based Cognitive therapy, and Dialectical behavior therapy is a new kind of psychotherapy. The main method of the mindfulness therapy is meditation and contains two aspects. The first aspect is paying attention to present. The second one is not evaluating any thought emerging in mind. The origin and development of the mindfulness therapy in America, is not only because of the wide spreading of Zen in America, but also because of the trend of the traditional psychotherapies. There are two basic characteristics of the mindfulness therapy. The first one is that it advocates the goal of treatment is to achieve a well being of physical and mental, not just the elimination of disease. The second one is that it advocates the approach of treatment is self-directing and self-healing, rather than a kind of passive acceptance. Because these two characteristics are new trends of the development of contemporary psychotherapy, so mindfulness therapy is very popular.
However, the theory of the mindfulness therapy has three shortcomings. Firstly, it lacks a systematic theoretical basis. It has no theoretical explanation about the cause of the disease and the mechanism of healing. Secondly, it has a vague attitude about the status of cognition. On the one hand it has stressed the aspect of cognition in the therapeutic process. On the other hand, it has excluded the aspect of cognition by the method of“do not judging”. Thirdly, it has a vague attitude about the status of self. On the one hand it has stressed the self-liberation and self-forgetting. On the other hand, it has highlighting and emphasizing the self by the method of“paying attention to present”. These shortcomings have hindered the development of mindfulness therapy.
The theoretical shortcoming of the mindfulness therapy is essentially a lost of the theory of human nature. The mindfulness therapy emerged in western culture, but its main idea originated in eastern culture. There are many huge differences between the humanism in western culture and eastern culture. The theory of human nature in western culture stresses the essence or instinct of human. And the theory of human nature in eastern culture emphasizes the current life state and original face of human. The theory of human nature of the mindfulness therapy is the latter. However, many western psychologists could not comprehend this kind of humanism, so they have abandoned the idea of humanism of eastern culture and only introduced the techniques and methods of meditation when they founded the mindfulness therapy. However, the humanism of western culture could not explain the mindfulness therapy, so the psychologists have only stressed the methods and techniques and abandoned the theoretical basis. So there is a lost of the theory of human nature.
We must return to the theoretical basis and humanism in order to develop and improve the mindfulness therapy. The original humanism of the mindfulness therapy advocated that human nature is the original face or the current life state of people. There are two characteristics of the current life state. The first one is that there is not distinguishing awareness. It advocated that we should not distinguish the goodness and evil, the good and bad, the right and wrong, and we should believe that every one is equal. The second one is that there is not obsession awareness. It advocated that we should not be limited and obsessed by any notion, idea and thought. The distinguishing and obsession awareness are the reasons why people have all kinds of mental illness. So the main purpose of psychotherapy is to remove the distinguishing and obsession awareness.
The mindfulness therapy should be reconstructed according to the original theory of human nature. The first aspect is the reconstruction of the theoretical basis. The new mindfulness therapy advocates that the distinguishing and obsession awareness are the reasons why people have mental illness, so the purpose of psychotherapy is to remove the distinguishing and obsession awareness. The second aspect is the reconstruction of the methods. The new mindfulness therapy includes two approaches to treat all kinds of mental disease. The first one is the cognition approach. Psychiatrist helps patient to realize his distinguishing and obsession awareness and his original face and current life state. The second one is the behavior approach. The patient should experience and maintain his original face and current life state, and remove the distinguishing and obsession awareness by some methods like meditation and relaxation. These two approaches should be applied at the same time.
Finally, the mindfulness therapy has an important value to Chinese psychology. There are many systematic psychological theories and meaningful psychological thoughts in Chinese culture. So it is important to pay attention to the psychological thoughts in Chinese culture.
引文
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