现实主义视角下的邻国外交
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摘要
印度和缅甸同为我国西南重要邻国,印缅双边关系如何将直接影响我西南边疆安全环境。本论文对独立后的印缅关系进行考察分析,揭示其内涵、特点及影响因素,并据此研判其未来发展趋势,有助于我们正确把握和处理涉印、涉缅历史与现实问题,制定行之有效的对印、对缅外交策略。论文第1—3章重点介绍了印缅关系的历史演变过程,比较系统、全面地论述了不同时期内印缅关系发展的基本状况、特点和影响因素。第4章阐述了印缅边境反政府武装、非法移民和非法贸易问题,分析了这些问题对印缅关系的影响。第5章从中印缅三国相互认知入手,通过介绍中国对缅关系的发展和建设经缅甸连结印度洋国际大通道及其印度的因应举措,来展示中国因素对印缅关系的作用情况。结论部分对影响印缅关系发展的主要因素进行归纳总结,并对该双边关系的未来走向作简要展望。
     1948年以来,印缅关系总体呈现出由高涨到快速回落再由低落到渐次升温的发展历程。尼赫鲁—吴努时期,相同的遭受殖民统治经历、共同的不结盟理念,以及两国领导人在民族独立运动中结下的友谊,成就了印缅关系史上的蜜月期。奈温时期,印度对缅甸军人掌权、实施“国有化”和奉行消极中立政策感到不满,两国共同利益减少,双边关系相对冷淡。冷战末期,缅甸政局动荡,国内民主状况恶化,印度主要从意识形态出发对缅甸当局进行猛烈抨击,两国关系跌至历史冰点。冷战后,印缅两国出于边境问题、中国因素等不同或相同的各自利益需求,积极开展双边合作,使两国关系日趋紧密并保持着良好的发展态势。总的来看,意识形态、边境问题、中国因素、缅甸政局变化和印缅两国的外交政策,是影响独立后印缅双边关系发展走向的主要因素,这些因素在不同时期所起到的作用也不同。事实上,在这些因素背后真正起主导作用的,是两国的国家利益需求:印缅之间国家利益需求的兼容性、同向度越高,两国关系就越好,反之则越差。
India and Myanmar are two important neighbors of China, however the India-Myanmar relations develop may directly affect china's southwest borderland security environment. The dissertation describes the status of India-Myanmar relations after their independence to uncover its connotations, characteristics and influencing factors, and then forecasts the future development trends of the relations. It will help us to correctly understand and handle historical and realistic problems related to India or Myanmar, and develop effective foreign policy on India and Myanmar. The first three chapters introduce the evolution process of the relationship between India and Myanmar, and systematically and comprehensively discusses the characteristics and impact factors. The fourth elaborates the issues of the rebels, illegal immigration and illegal trade on India-Myanmar border, and analyzes the influence of these issues on the India-Myanmar relationship. In the fifth chapter, on the basis of mutual cognition of India, Myanmar and China, the dissertation discusses how the China-Factor impact on the India-Myanmar relationship by presenting two phenomena:China is "south to"'Myanmar and "west" into Indian Ocean by Myanmar, and India's reaction and coping measures. The conclusion part summarizes the main factors influencing the India-Burma relationship after their independence, and foretells the future prospects of their bilateral relationship.
     Since1948, the India-Myanmar relations show us a High-to-Low then Low-to-High development process. During the term of Nehru-U Nu, the same colonial experience, common non-aligned concept, as well as the deep friendship between the two country's leaders formed in the national independence movement have promoted India-Myanmar relationship to the stage of honeymoon. During the term of U Ne Win, Myanmar Military seized the power, launched nationalization and pursued the negative and neutral policy, which made India discontented with and the bilateral relations of India and Myanmar be in cool. At the end of Cold War, The political situation in Myanmar became turbulent, the domestic democracy deteriorated, the authorities of Myanmar had been bitter blamed by India, the relationship between the two countries came to a historical frozen point. After the Cold War, Based on the same or different interests-demanding of themselves, including border issue and China-Factor, India and Myanmar actively carry out their cooperation, improve and cultivate and maintain a good momentum of close relationship between the tow countries. In general, the ideology, the border issue, China factor, Myanmars political change, and India's and Myanmar's diplomatic policy are the main factors that influence the development of India-Myanmar relations since they got their independence, these factors play different roles in different periods. In fact, behind these factors, which play a leading role, is the demand of national interests of the two countries India and Myanmar:when India and Myanmar's interests demand be in higher compatibility, the relationship between the two countries is better, and vice versa.
引文
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    ① 净海:《南传佛教史》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2002年,第122-123页。印度人最初向东南亚航行的路线也见邱新民:《东南亚文化交通史》,新加坡亚洲研究学会文学书屋,1984年版,第155页。
    ② [新]尼古拉斯·塔林:《剑桥东南亚史》,贺圣达等译,昆明:云南人民出版社,2003年,第135贞。
    ③ Thin Thin Aung and Soe Myint. "India-Burma Relations". Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA.2001. p.88.
    ④ Gauranganath Banerjee. India:as known to the ancient world. Humphrey Milford:Oxford University Press.1921. p.72.
    ③ [印]恩·克·辛哈、阿·克·班纳吉:《印度通史》,北京:商务印书馆,1973年,第336页。
    ① [原注]旦迎瓦底亦译陀迎伐底,即今日之若开。
    ② 《琉璃宫史》(上卷),李谋等译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第127页。
    ③ 《琉璃宫史》(上卷),李谋等译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第131页。
    ④ [缅]登貌:《蒲甘时期的文化》,李孝骥译,载云南省历史研究所东南亚研究室与云南省东南亚研究会办《东南亚资料》,1981年第4期,第32页。
    ⑤ 参见何平:《缅甸太公王国真相考辩》,载《思想战线》,2012年第2期。
    ⑤ Arthur Purves Phayre. History of Burma, First published in 1883. reprinted by Orchid Press in 1998. Bangkok, Thailand, p.3.
    ① 培伦:《印度通史》,哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1990年,第181-182页。
    ① 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第45页。
    ① [新]尼古拉斯·塔林:《剑桥东南亚史Ⅰ》,贺圣达等译,昆明:云南人民出版社,2003年,第204页。
    ② Thin Thin Aung and Soe Myinl, "India-Burma Relations", Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA.2001. p.88.
    ③ 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第158页。
    ④ 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第165页。
    ① 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第]70-171页。
    ② [英]D.G E.霍尔:《东南亚史》,赵嘉文译,昆明:云南省历史研究所,1979年,第221页。
    ③ [新]尼古拉斯·塔林:《剑桥东南亚史Ⅰ》,贺圣达等译,昆明:云南人民出版社,2003年,第341贞。
    ④ [新]尼古拉斯·塔林:《剑桥东南亚史Ⅰ》,贺圣达等译,昆明:云南人民出版社,2003年,第136页。
    ⑤ 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第77页。
    ⑥ 《岭外代答》卷二“外国门上·注辇国”条云:“注辇国是西天南印度也。欲往其国,当自故临国易舟而行,或去蒲甘国亦可往。”
    ① [新]尼古拉斯·塔林:《剑桥东南亚史Ⅰ》,贺圣达等译,昆明:云南人民出版社,2003年,第290页。
    ② D. G E. Hall. Early English intercourse with Burma(1587-1743). London:Longmans.1928. p.109-112.
    ② 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第154页。
    ③ 即南传上座部佛教,本文采用“小乘佛教”的表述,目的是为了与引用的有关文献相统一。
    ④ 姜永仁:《婆罗门教、印度教在缅甸的传播与发展》,载《东南亚》,2006年第2期,第41页。
    ① 贺圣达:《东南亚文化发展史》,昆明:云南人民出版社,1996年,第210-211贞。
    ⑥ Thin Thin Aung and Soe Myint, "India-Burma Relations", Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA.2001. p.88.
    ② 胡志勇:《文明的力量:印度的崛起》,北京:新华出版社,2006年,第236页。
    ③ 梁志明:《古代东南亚历史与文化研究》,北京:昆仑出版社,2006年,第334页。
    ④ 钟智翔:《略论印度文化对缅甸文化的影响》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2002年第3期,第61页。
    ⑤ 张曼涛:《现代佛教学术从刊》卷83,大乘文化出版社,一九七八年十月初印,第140页。
    ⑦ M.C. Ricklefs, edited, A New History of Southeast Asia, Palgrave Macmillan India.2010. p.26.
    ⑥ 张曼涛的《现代佛教学术从刊》卷83则认为,“下缅甸的孟人,是最先印度化的人民”。
    ① 钟智翔:《略论印度文化对缅甸文化的影响》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2002年第3期,第60页。
    ② Thin Thin Aung & Soe My int, "India-Burma Relations", Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA.2001. p.88.
    ② 王冬梅:《浅析印度宗教文化对东南亚的影响》,载《晋东南师专学报》,2000年第1期,第31页。
    ③ 钟智翔:《略论印度文化对缅甸文化的影响》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2002年第3期,第60页。
    ④ 贺圣达:《当代缅甸》,成都:四川人民出版社,1992年,第241页。
    ① [印]恩·克·辛哈、阿·克·班纳吉:《印度通史》,北京:商务印书馆,1973年,第335页。
    ② M.C.Ricklefs. edited. A New History of Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan India.2010. p.122.
    ② 马宗达等人在《高级印度史》中提出了古代东南亚曾足印度殖民地的观点,这一观点难以令人信服。可参阅孙吴:《论外来文化对古代东南亚社会的影响》(载《徐州师范大学学报(哲社版)》1999年第4期)。
    ③ 关于印度文化传入缅甸的途径,可参阅王冬梅:《关于印度宗教文化传入东南亚的渠道问题》(载《山西高等学校社会科学学报》2000年第5期)。
    ⑤ [澳]A.L.巴沙姆:《印度文化史》,闵光沛等译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第65页。
    ⑥ 即前述的戈岱司,也有译“柯代斯”的。
    ⑦ 李谋:《析印度文化与古代东南亚》,载《东南亚南亚研究》,2009年第3期,第70页。
    ⑧ [新]尼古拉斯·塔林:《剑桥东南亚史1》,贺圣达等译,昆明:云南人民出版社,2003年,第19页。
    ① [印]R.C.马宗达等:《高级印度史》,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第721页。
    ② 李文业:《印度史:从莫卧儿帝国到印度独立》,沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,1998年,第66页。
    ③ 参见尼赫鲁:《印度的发现》第354页:潘尼迦:《印度史纲》第198页。
    ① 林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第33页。
    ② 林承节:《印度史》,北京:人民出版社,2004年,第220页。
    ③ 李文业:《印度史:从莫卧儿帝国到印度独立》,沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,1998年,第70页。
    ④ 林承节:《印度近现代史》,北京:北京大学出版社,1995年,第58页。
    ⑤ Sir Valentine Chirol. India. Old and New, eBook#15586 on www.gutenberg.net. release date:April 8.2005. p.93.
    ① 锤一均:《17-18世纪英国对缅甸的侵略与英法争夺》,载《中山大学学报》,1962年第4期,第1贞。
    (?) Swapna Bahttachaya. India-Myanmar Relations(1886-1948), Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007. p.17.
    Dorothy Woodman. The Making of Burma. London:Cresset Press,1962. p.67.
    ② 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第229-230页。
    ⑤ Dorothy Woodman, The Making of Burma. London:Cresset Press.1962, p.149.
    ⑥ Sneh Maakjan. British Foreign Policy 1874-1914:The Role of India, London:Routledge,2002. p.86.
    M.C.Ricklefs. edited. A New History of Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan India.2010. p.172.
    (?) Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myamnar Relations(1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007. p.21.
    ① 参见林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》(第20章),北京:北京大学出版社,2004年。
    ② 林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第208页。
    (?) I. B. File No.121 Of 1919. serial no.77. 转引自 Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myanmar Relations(1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007.p.74.
    ① 参见张旭东:《缅甸近代民族主义运动研究》,北京大学博上学位论文,2002年。
    ② [英]V.S.奈保尔:《印度:受伤的文明》,宋念申译,北京:三联书店,2003年,第200页。
    ③ 《甘地自传:我体验真理的故事》,杜危、吴耀宗译,北京:商务印书馆,1959年,第310页。
    ① Swapna Bahttacharya, India-Myanmar Relations (1886-1948), Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007. p.280.
    ② Swapna Bahttacharya, India-Myanmar Relations (1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007. p.281.
    ③ J.F.Cady, A History of Modern Burma. New York:Cornell University Press,1958, p.281.
    ① 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第376页。
    ② 孙澄:《缅甸爱国僧侣吴欧德马》,载《东南亚》,1986年第2期,第60页。
    ③ 孙澄:《缅甸爱国僧侣吴欧德马》,载《东南亚》,]986年第2期,第61页。
    ④ Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myanmar Relations (1886-1948). Kolkata:K PBagchi & Company.2007. p.22.
    ⑤ Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myanmar Relations (1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007, p.268.
    ① B.Pakem. India Burma relations. New Delhi:Omsons Publications.1992. p.9.
    ② Selected Speeches of Subhas Chandra Bose. New Delhi:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Government of India.1962. p.198.
    ③ 参见Desai.W.S.. India and Burma:a study, Bombay:Orient Longmans,1954. p.83.
    ① Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myanmar Relations (1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007. p.29.
    ② Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myanmar Relations (1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company,2007. p.73.
    ③ Rajkumar, N.V.. The Background of India s foreign Policy, Delhi:All India Congress Committee,1952. p.31.
    ④ Rajkumar. N.V.. Indians outside India. New Delhi:All-India Congress Committee,1951. p.57.
    ⑤ B.Pakem. India Burma relations. New Delhi:Omsons Publications,1992, p.6.
    ① 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第389页。
    ① Rajkumar. N.V.. The Background of India s foreign policy. Delhi:All India Congress Committee.1952. p.47.
    ② Indian National Congress Resolution.1930-34. Allahabad:the All India Congress Committee, (no year), p.65.
    ③ Tranger.F.N., Burma:From Kingdom to Republic. London:Pall Mall Press.1966. p.56.
    ④ Burma Legislative Proceedings.(House of Representatives). Vol.Ⅴ, No.37, April 14.1939. p.1822.
    ⑤ Proceedings of the Burma Legislative Council. Vol. Ⅲ, No.2. March 10.1925. p.69.
    ⑥ Proceedings of the Burma Legislative Council, Vol. ⅩⅧ, No.5. August 9.1930. p.285.
    ⑦ Proceedings of the Burma Legislative Council, Vol.ⅩⅣ, No.4. February 18.1929. p.186.
    ① [新]尼古拉斯·塔林:《剑桥东南亚史Ⅱ》,贺圣达等译,昆明:云南人民出版社,2003年,第95页。
    ② Desai.W.S., India and Burma:a study. Bombay:Orient Longmans.1954. p.31.
    ③ Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myanmar Relations (1886-1948), Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007. p.1.
    ② 参见《东南亚研究资料》,1965年第2期,第35页。约翰·凯迪在他的《缅甸现代史》中指出,”官方报告的数字是死亡约100人,伤近1000人,其中绝大多数为印度人;非官方的数字认为死亡人数在300至500之间。”(J. F. Cady. A History of Modern Burma, New York:Cornell University Press,1958. p.305)。
    ④ [新]尼古拉斯·塔林:《剑桥东南亚史Ⅱ》,贺圣达等译,昆明:云南人民出版社,2003年,第247页。
    ① "Mahatma Gandhi's Speeches dated August 24.1941". in The Indo-Burma Immigration Agreement (New Delhi.1941). p.159.
    ② Sarvapalli Gopal. Jawaharlal Nehru:A Biography, Delhi:Oxford University Press.1989. p.153.
    ① 参见林锡星:《缅甸的印度人》,载《世界民族》2002年第2期。
    ② M.C.Ricklefs. edited. A New History of Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan India.2010. p.199.
    ② 宋大佑:《印度政治与经济研究》,昆明:云南民族出版社,2009年,第33页。
    ③ David I. Steinberg. Burma/Myanmar:What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford:Oxford university press.2010. p.32.
    ④ Desai,W.S., India and Burma:a study. Bombay:Orient Longmans.1954. p.31.
    ① 关于这两次民族骚乱,参见张旭东:《试论殖民地时期缅甸国内的两次缅、印人冲突》,载《世界民族》2004年第6期。
    ② David I. Steinberg, Burma/Myanmar.What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford:Oxford university press,2010, p.30.
    ② 罗致含:《论英国的“以印治缅”政策》,载《云南师范大学哲学社会科学学报》第24卷第1期,第56页。
    ③ 张旭东:《试论殖民地时期缅甸国内的两次缅、印人冲突》,载《世界民族》,2004年第6期,第44页。
    ① 贺圣达:《缅甸史》,北京:人民出版社,1992年,第315页。
    ② 林锡星:《缅甸对印度人和孟加拉人的政策》,载《东南亚研究》,2001年第6期,第72页。
    ③ N. R. Chakravarti. The Indian Minority in Burma:the Rise and Decline of an Immigrant Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.1971, p.69.
    ① N. R. Chakravarti. The Indian Minority in Burma:the Rise and Decline of an Immigrant Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1971. p.74.
    ① B. Pakem. India Burma relations. New Delhi:Omsons Publications.1992. p.20.
    ② Burma Legislative Proceedings (Senate). Vol. Ⅸ. No.1.February 18.1941.p.13.
    ③ Constituent Assembly of India(Legislative)Debates. vol.1, no.3.19 November 1947. p.165.
    ④ Constituent Assembly of India(Legislative)Debates, vol.1, no.3.19 November 1947. p.165.
    ① 张曼涛:《现代佛教学术从刊》卷83,大乘文化出版社,一九七八年十月初印,第143、139页。
    ① 曼尼普尔历史上属于缅甸,缅甸对该地区的争夺不应视为侵略。
    ② Swatanter K. Pradhan. Sew Dimensions in Indo-Burmese Relations. New Delhi:Rajat Publications,2000. p.47.
    ② 参见刘建、朱明忠、葛维钧:《印度文明》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年,第22页。
    ④ Swapna Bahttachana. India-Myanmar Relations (1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company,2007. p.52.
    ⑤ Renaud Egreteau. "Burmese Indians in contemporan Burma:heritage, influence, and perceptions since 1988", Asian Ethnicity. Vol.12, No.1. February 2011. p.34.
    ① Sir Valentine Chirol, India, Old and New, eBook#15586 on www.gutenberg.net. release date:April 8.2005. p.93.
    ② Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimensions in Indo-Burmese Relations, New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.233.
    ① Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimensions in Indo-Bwmese Relations. New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.13.
    ② Albert D. Moscotti. British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Burma:1917-1937, University Press of Hawaii. 1974. p.20.
    ③ Susan Prager. "Coming of the "Future King":Burmese MINLAUNG Expectations Before and During the Second World War". The Journal of Burma Studies. Vol.8.2003. p.25.
    ① Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimensions in Indo-Burmese Relations. New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.53.
    ① 贺圣达:《当代缅甸》,成都:四川人民出版社,1992年,第125页。
    ③ Renaud Egreteau. "Burmese Indians in contemporany burma:heritage, influence, and perceptions since 1988", Asian Ethnicity. Vol.12. No.1. February 2011. p.41.
    ④ Desai.W.S., India and Burma:a study, Bombay:Orient Longmans.1954. p.49.
    ① 李少军:《国际政治学概论》(第二版),上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第265页。
    ① An Indian Official, "India as a World Power". Foreign Affairs. Vol.27. No.4(Jul.,1949). p.544.
    ② Nehru. J., India's Foreign Policy. New Delhi:Government of India. Publication Division.1961. p.30.
    ③ 尼赫鲁1949年10月17日在美国哥伦比亚大学的演讲,转引自B. Pakem. India Burma relations. New Delhi: Omsons Publications.1992. p.28.
    ① 张冀、张泗考:《论印度文化民族主义对印度外交的影响》,载《国际论坛》,2008年第6期,第67页。
    ② Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. "India's Foreign Policy", Foreign Affairs (pre-1986), April 1956, p.435.
    ② S.梅农:《印度的外交政策与印中关系》,载《南亚研究》2000年第2期,第4页。
    ③ 参见王红雨:《冷战时期印度外交战略的演变》,载《经济与社会发展》,2003年第3期,第86页。
    ④ 马孆:《当代印度外交》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第16页。
    ⑤ 林承节:《印度史》,北京:人民出版社,2004年,第444页。
    ① [英]D.C.瓦特编著:《国际事务概览(1961年)》(下册),张德中等译,上海译文出版社,1988年,第87页。
    ② Jagdish Chander Tokas. Rajiv Gandi, Future of India, New Delhi:Pustkayan,1987, p.25.
    ② 马孆:《当代印度外交》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第24页。
    ③ [美]亨利·基辛格:《白宫岁月:基辛格回忆录》,杨静予等译,北京:世界知识出版社,1980年,第148页。
    ⑤ Niranjan M. Khilnani. Realities of Indian Foreign Policy, New Delhi:ABC Publishing House,1984, p.65.
    ⑥ Marie Lall, "India's New Foreign Policy:the journey from moral nonalignment to the nuclear deal", in The Geopolitics of Energy in South Asia. Dr Marie Lall ed. ISEAS, Singapore.2008. p.27.
    ① [澳]内维尔·马克斯书尔:《印度对华战争》,北京:三联书店,1971年,第462页。
    ② 埃拉·森:《外交政策》,载[印]克里尚·巴蒂亚:《英迪拉·甘地》,上海人民出版社,1977年,第271页。
    ③ 曾祥裕:《略论印度外交成熟与不成熟的两重性》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2005年第2期,第49页。
    ④ Thakin Nu, From Peace to Stability, Rangoon:Ministry of Information.1951. p.86.
    ⑤ The Nation (Rangoon)), June 17.1948.
    ① 钟智翔:《缅甸研究》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年,第287页。
    ② Burma Weekly Bulletin,Vol. Ⅸ. No.22. September 29.1960. p.170.
    ② D.G.E.霍尔:《评(缅甸的外交政策)》,载《南洋资料译从》,1966年第1期,第118页。
    ④ Is Trust Vindicated? Rangoon:the Director of Information.1960. p.105.
    ③ 钟智翔:《缅甸研究》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年,第289页。
    ① 可参阅林锡星:《中缅友好关系研究》,广州:暨南大学出版社,2000年,第285页。
    ② 在1979年9月3-9日召开的第六次不结盟运动首脑会议上,缅甸代表因会议偏袒苏联而中途退会并宣布退出不结盟运动。一个月后的10月8日,缅甸议会批准政府退出不结盟运动。
    ③ Jurgen Haacke. Myanmar's Foreign Policy:domestic influences and international implications. London: Routledge for International Institute for Strategic Studies.2006. p.15.
    ③ 黄书海:《缅甸的外交渐趋活跃》,载《世界知识》,1984年第18期,第6页。
    Jiirgen Haacke. Myanmar's Foreign Policy:domestic influences and international implications. London: Routledge for International Institute for Strategic Studies.2006. p.17.
    ④ D.G.E霍尔:《评(缅甸的外交政策)》,载《南洋资料译从》,1966年第1期,第118页。
    ① Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimension in Indo-Burmese Relations, New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.63.
    ② Karunakaran. K. P.. India in World Affairs,1905-1953, Bombay:Oxford University Press.1958. p.29.
    ③ Peter Lyon. Neutralism. Leicester:Leicester University Press.1963, p.113.
    ① 孙士海:《印度的对外战略思想及核政策》,载《当代亚太》,1999年第10期,第14页。
    ② India Parliamentary Debates (House of the People), Part Ⅰ, Vol.Ⅲ. No.28. December 12.1952. cite in The Nation(Rangoon). August 28.1958.
    ③ Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myanmar Relations(1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007, p.382.
    ① Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimensions in Indo-Burmese Relations. New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.71.
    ② The Hindu (Madras). January 5.1948.
    ③ The Hindu (Madras). January 5.1948.
    ④ Thin Thin Aung & Soe Myint. "India-Burma Relations". Challenges to Democratization in Burma, International IDEA.2001. p.89.
    Thin Thin Aung & Soe Myint. "India-Burma Relations", Challenges to Democratization in Burma, International IDEA.2001. p.89.
    ⑤ Statesman (Delhi), April 5.1949.
    原文是Japanese Peace Treaty",应该是Treaty of Peace with Japan",也称《旧金山条约》。
    ② The Nation (Rangoon). October 22-24.1951.
    ③ Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimensions in Indo-Burmese Relations. New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.77.
    ④ India Parliamentary Debates(House of the People). Part Ⅱ. Vol.Ⅱ. No.7. March 17.1953. Col.2246.
    ⑤ The Hindu. April 11,1954.
    ① The Hindu, December 16.1957.
    ② The Hindu. June 22,1950.
    ③ Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimensions in Indo-Burmese Relations, New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.78.
    ④ Jawaharlal Nehru. India's Foreign Policy:Selected Speeches September 1946-April 1961, New Delhi:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting,1961. p.293-294.
    ① The Hindu. October 24.1951.
    ② India Parliamentary Debates(House of the People). Part Ⅰ. Vol.Ⅱ. No.7. March 17.1953.Col.2237.
    ③ India Parliamentary Debates(House of the People). Part Ⅰ. Vol.Ⅱ. No.7. March 17.1953. Col.2237.
    ④ Thin Thin Aung & Soe Myint. "India-Burma Relations". Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA.2001. p.89.
    ① The Nation (Rangoon). July 8.1951.
    ② The Burma. (Rangoon. Director of Information). Vol.2, no.12. October 1951. p.51.
    ③ Thin Thin Aung and Soe Myint. "India-Burma Relations". Challenges to Democratization in Burma, International IDEA.2001. p.90.
    ④ The Burman, Vol.2, no.1. October 1951. p.55.
    New Times of Burma. July 8.1951.
    ⑤ The Nation (Rangoon). July 8.1951.
    Renaud Egreteau. Wooing The Generals:India's New Burma Policy:Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.27.
    ① Tinker. H., The Union of Burma. London:Royal Institute of-International Affairs,1957. p.356.
    ② Jawahalal Nehru. Press Conferences 1952. New Delhi:Information Service of India, n.d. p.4-5.
    ③ Official Records of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Seventh Session. First Committee. April 17.1953. p.659.
    ④ Official Records of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Eighth Session. First Committee. November 5. 1953. p.169.
    ⑤ India Parliamentary Debates (House of the People). Part Ⅰ, Vol. Ⅱ. No.31. May 13.1953. Col.3034.
    ⑥ The Hindu. March 18.1953.
    ⑦ Renaud Egreteau.Wooing The Generals:India s New Burma Policy. Delhi: Authors Press.2003. p.32.
    ① Amit Kumar Nag. "Naga Intransigence", The Guardian. Vol.3. no.9. September 1956. p.24.
    ② Swatanter K. Pradhan, New Dimension in Indo-Burmese Relations, New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.85.
    ③ Asia Recorder, vol.7. no.24. June 11-17.1961, p.3995.
    ④ 参见 Asian Relations:Being Report of the Proceedings and Documentation of the First Asian Relations Conference. New Delhi,1948. p.264-279.
    ① Jawaharlal Nehru s Speeches, September 1946-May 1949. New Delhi:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1949. Vol.1. p.300-301.
    ② Jawaharlal Nehru's Speeches, September 1946-May 1949, no.3. p.328.
    ③ S.L.Poplai. ed.. Select Documents on Asian Affairs. Bombay.1959. no.4. p.667.
    ④ The Hindu. May 3.1954
    ⑤ Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimension in Indo-Burmese Relations. New Delhi:Rajat Publications,2000. p.108.
    ① 参见唐春华:《亚洲社会党会议成立大会》,载《国际共运史研究》,1993年第3期。
    ② Burma Meekly Bulletin. Vol.1. no.41. January 14.1953, p.3.
    ③ Burma Meekly Bulletin, Vol.5. no.32. November 15.1956. p.254.
    ④ The Bogor Conference. Indonesia:Ministry of Information.1954. p.25.
    Swatanter K. Pradhan. New Dimension in Indo-Burmese Relations, New Delhi:Rajat Publications.2000. p.125.
    ① Kahin. The Asian-African Conference. Bandung. Indonesia. April 1955. Ithaca. N. Y.:Cornell University Press. 1956. p.67.
    ① 参见Documents of the Gatherings of Non-aligned Countries.1961-1973. Belgrade.1973. p.15.
    ③ "The Speech delivered by U Nu". The Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries. no.101. Belgrade.1961. p.69.
    ④ GH.Jansen. Afro-Asia and Non-Alignment. London:Faber and Faber,1966. p.296.
    ① B.Pakem. India Burma Relations, New Delhi:Omsons Publications,1992, p.52.
    ① Burma Weekly Bulletin. Vol. Ⅱ, No.31, November 4.1953, p.246.
    ② B.Pakem, India Burma Relations, New Delhi:Omsons Publications,1992, p.58.
    ① 宋天佑:《印度政治与经济研究》,昆明:云南民族出版社,2009年,第36页。
    ④ India Parliamentary Debates(House of the People). Part Ⅱ, Vol.Ⅶ, No.1. April 24,1951.Col.352-356这一数字与J.H.Badgley的统计数据略有出入,参见表7。
    ⑤ Indian Parliamentary Debates(House of the People). Part Ⅱ. Vol.Ⅱ, No.7. March 17.1953.Col.2237.
    ① New times of Burma. July 2,1953.
    ② Burma Weekly Bulletin. Vol. Ⅲ. No.2 and 3. April 21.1954. p.14.
    ③ Tinker. H.. South Asia:a short history. New York:Praeger.1966. p.264.
    ④ Hindustan Times(Delhi). May 13.1954.
    ① Indian Lok Sabha Debates. Part Ⅰ. Vol.Ⅲ. No.45. April 27.1955. Col.2735.
    ② Indian Lok Sabha Debates. Part Ⅰ. Vol.Ⅲ. No.42. April 22.1955. Col.2539.
    ① Burma Weekly Bulletin, Vol. Ⅴ. No.15. July 19.1956. p.106.
    ② The Burman. September 15.1956.
    ③ Indian Lok Sabha Debates.Vol ⅩⅩⅩ. No.58, April 30.1959. Col.14249.
    ① Indian Lok Sabha Debates. Vol. Ⅷ, No.22. September 5.1961. Col.7058.
    ② Statesman(Delhi). April 14,1962.
    ③ B.Pakem. India Burma Relations, New Delhi; Omsons Publications,1992. p.62.
    ④ India Constituent Assembly (Legislatiive) Debates.Vol.Ⅱ. No.3. November 19.1947. Col.165.
    ① Furnival, J.S, "Burma, Past and Present", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.ⅩⅩⅡ. No.3. February 25.1953. p.26.
    ② The Nation(Rangoon), September 24,1952.
    ③ The Nation(Rangoon), September 24,1952.
    ④ The Nation(Rangoon), December 10,1952.
    ⑤ B.Pakem. India Burma Relations. New Delhi:Omsons Publications.1992. p.64.
    ⑥ Burma Weekly Bulletin. Vol. Ⅲ. No.2 and 3, April 21,1954. p.14.
    ① B.Pakem. India Burma Relations, New Delhi:Omsons Publications,1992, p.60.
    ① [缅]貌貌季:《1962年以来的缅甸外交政策——为维护集团生存的消极中立主义》,载《东南亚研究》,1985年第4期,林锡星译,第78贞。
    ② [缅]貌貌季:《1962年以来的缅甸外交政策——为维护集团生存的消极中立主义》,载《东南亚研究》,1985年第4期,林锡星译,第79页。
    ① 贺圣达等:《战后东南亚历史发展》,昆明:云南大学出版社,1995年,第263页。
    ② Richard Butwell. "Ne Win's Burma:At the End of the First Decade". Asian Sunrvey, Vol.12. No.10. October 1972, p.902.
    ② 国际形势发生变化包括印苏签署和平友好条约、中美恢复邦交和印度支那战争的结束等事件。
    ③ [美]F.R.弗兰克尔:《印度独立后政治经济发展史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第390页。
    ① K. Keasvapany. A.Mani.P.Ramasamy ed. Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia,Singapore:ISEAS Publishing.2008. p.40.
    ① Donald.M.Seekins. The Disorder in Order:the Army-Stale in Burma Since 1962. Bangkok:White Lotus press. 2002. p.63-64.
    ② John Bray. Burma:The Politics of Constructive Engagement. London:Royal Institute of International Affairs,1995, p.40.
    ⑥ Renaud Egreteau, Wooing The Generals:India's New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.35.
    ① Thin Thin Aung & Soe Myint, "India-Burma Relations". Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA.2001, p.91.
    ① [缅]貌貌季:《1962年以来的缅甸外交政策——为维护集团生存的消极中立主义》,载《东南亚研究》,1985年第4期,林锡星译,第80页。 ① Thin Thin Aung & Soe Mvint,"India-Burma Relations". Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International
    IDEA.2001.p.92.
    ② Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs.1970-71, New Delhi,1971. p.6.
    ① Jurrgen Haacke. Mvanmar s Foreign Policy:domestic influences and international implications. London: Routledge for International Institute for Strategic Studies.2006. p.34.
    ① 包括两国经济不景气、印度政治斗争激烈、缅甸国内局势不稳、两国反政府武装活动猖獗以及面对的国际形势严峻等。
    ③ 参见B.Pakem, India Burma Relations, New Delhi:Omsons Publications.1992. p.104.
    ① B.Pakem. India Burma Relations. New Delhi:Omsons Publications,1992, p.106.
    ① 当时印度对山地民族不实行护照制度。
    ③ India Parliamentan Debates (House of the People). Part 11. Vol.ⅦI. No.37. May 16 1951. col.4323.
    ④ Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1967-68, New Delhi,1968, p.2.
    ① Lok Sabha Debates. Vol.Ⅳ. No.16, June 13.1967. col.4651.
    ② Lok Sabha Debates. Vol.Ⅳ. No.16. June 13.1967. col.4653.
    ③ Lok Sabha Debates. Vol.Ⅳ. No.16. June 13.1967. col.4651.
    ④ Lok Sabha Debates. Vol.Ⅳ. No.16. June 13.1967. col.4660.
    ⑤ Lok Sabha Debates. Vol.Ⅳ. No.16. June 13.1967. col.4653.
    ① Lok Sabha Debates, Vol.ⅩⅩⅩⅣ. No.18. December 10.1969. col.89-90.
    ② Statesman. Calcutta October 21 and 27.1968.
    ③ Assam Tribune. Gauhati. April 29.1969.
    ④ B.Pakem. India Burma Relations, New Delhi:Omsons Publications,1992. p.112.
    ⑤ Lok Sabha Debates.Vol.ⅩⅩⅩⅦ. No.15. March 11.1970.col.50.
    ① B.Pakem. India Burma Relations, New Delhi:Omsons Publications.1992. p.116.
    ② Hindustan Times. Delhi. April 4,1970.
    ③ Statesman. Delhi. June 8.1971.
    ④ Annual reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1976-77, New Delhi,1977. p.13.
    ⑤ Maung Htin Aung. The Stricken Peacock:Anglo-Burmese Relations 1752-1948. The Haque:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.1965. p.108.
    ⑥ Parliamentary debates(House of People). Part I, Vol.V, No.22. December 15.1953. Col.1247.
    ① B.Pakem. India Burma Relations. New Delhi:Omsons Publications.1992. p.116:see India Rajya Sabha Debates, Vol. LⅩⅣ No.4. May 2.1968. col.693.
    ② Annual Reports of the Ministiy of External Affairs 1986-87, New Delhi.1987. p.5.
    ① India Lok Sahha Debates. Vol.ⅩⅢ. No.28. January 22.1963. cols.5693.
    ② Stateman. (Delhi). April 29.1964.
    ③ India Lok Sabha Debates. Vol. LX, No.6. November 8.1966. cols.1749-50.
    ① 宋天佑:《印度政治与经济研究》,昆明:云南民族出版社,2009年,第37页。
    ① Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1970-71. New Delhi.1971. p.6.
    ② Thin Thin Aung & Soe Myint. "India-Burma Relations", Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA.2001.p.92.
    ③ Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1978-79. New Delhi,1979. p.3.
    ④ Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1979-80. New Delhi.1980, p.7.
    Thin Thin Aung & Soe Myint. "India-Burma Relations'". Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA,2001.p.92.
    ⑤ Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1979-80. New Delhi.1980, p.7.
    ① 参见宋天佑:《印度政治与经济研究》,昆明:云南民族出版社,2009年,第37页。
    ② Saurabh. "Dynamics of Indo-Myanmar Economic Ties". IDSA Comment, January 6.2010.
    ③ Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs.1983-84, New Delhi.1984. p.8.
    ② 吴永年:《独立后印度国内政局的演变与外交政策走向》,载《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2003年第5期,第114页。
    ③ 培伦:《印度通史》,哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1990年,第869页。
    ① "Technology Institute Students. Local Fight". Daily Report:East Asia. FBIS. March 14.1988. p.30-31.
    ② Bertil Lintner. "March Student Riots. Unrest Reviewed". The Bangkok Post. April 18.1988.
    ③ Donald. M. Seekins. The Disorder in Order:the Army-State in Burma Since 1962. Bangkok:White Lotus press, 2002. p.129.
    ① 贺圣达:《当代缅甸》,成都:四川人民出版社,1992年,第160页。
    ② 相关大纪事可参阅:Bertil Lintner. Outrage:Burma s Struggle for Democracy. Hong Kong:Review Publishing Company.1989. p.240-251.
    ① Renaud Egreteau. Wooing The Generals:lndia s New Burma Poliey. Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.39.
    ② Renaud Egreteau. Wooing The Generals:India's New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.125.
    ③ Thin Thin Aung & Soe Myint. "India-Burma Relations". Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA.2001. p.93.
    ④ Bertil Lintner. "Different Strokes:Divergent Reactions to Rangoon's Instability", Far Eastern Economic Review. February 23.1989, p.13.
    Renaud Egreteau. Honing The Generals:India's New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003, p.122.
    Renaud Egreteau. IVooing The Generals:India's New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.123.
    ① 设有官网,网址:www.mizzima.com.
    ② Outlook India. December 27.1995.
    ③ The Asia Yearbook.1992, p.92:D.Banerjee. Myanmar and India Security Concerns, p.693.
    ④ Renaud Egreteau. "India's Ambitions in Burma:More Frustration Than success?", Asian Survey. Vol.48, No.6, November/December 2008. p.940.
    Bertil Lintner. Burma in Revolt:Opium and Insurgency since 1948. Chiang Mai. Thailand:Silkworm Books.1999. p.395.
    1 Donald.M.Seekins. The Disorder in Order:the Army-State in Burma Since 1962, Bangkok:White Lotus press. 2002. p.233.
    ① 林锡星:《大选前的缅甸局势》,载《东南亚研究》,1990年第1期,第56页。
    ② 《当代缅甸》、《战后东南亚历史发展》中的数据为396席,与其他资料不一致。
    ③ 贺圣达:《当代缅甸》,成都:四川人民出版社,1992年,第165页。
    ① P.Gutter & B.K.Sen, Burma's State Protection Law. Bangkok:Burma Laryers' Council.2011, p.11.
    ① 贺圣达:《当代缅甸》,成都:四川人民出版社,1992年,第166页。
    ③ Renaud Egreteau. Wooing the Generals:India's New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press,2003. p.124.
    ① Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs.1990-91. New Delhi,1991. p. ⅱ & p.5.
    ② Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1991-92. New Delhi.1992. p. ⅲ.
    ① 李晨阳、瞿健文:《试论1988年以来印度与缅甸关系的发展》,载《南亚研究》,2005年第2期,第19。页:Hamish Mcdonald, "End of Appeasement", Far Easten Economic Review, November 28.1991. p.20.
    ② 莫大华:《缅甸军政府之对外关系》,载(台湾)《问题与研究》第36卷第10期(1997年10月),第78贞。
    ⑤ "India and Burma:Working on Their Relationship". The IRRAWADDY. Vol.7. No.3. March.1999.
    ③ 参见I.P. KJiosla. "Myanmar:Cohesion and liberalism", Strategic Analysis. Volume 21. No.11. February 1998. p.1639-1669.
    ⑦ Renaud Egreteau. Wooing The Generals:India s New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press,2003, p.125.
    ⑧ Jurgen Haacke, Myanmar s Foreign Policy:domestic influences and international implications. London: Routledge for International Institute for Strategic Studies,2006. p.34.
    ① 李晨阳、瞿健文:《试论1988年以来印度与缅甸关系的发展》,载《南亚研究》,2005年第2期,第22页。
    ③ Kyaw Yin Hlaing. R.H.Taylor & Tin Maung Maung Than. ed. Myanmar; Beyond Politics to Societal Imperatives. Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,2005. p.39.
    ① 李晨阳、瞿健文:《试论1988年以来印度与缅甸关系的发展》,载《南亚研究》,2005年第2期,第19页。
    ① Syed Ali Mujtaba. India-Myanmar Relations Predicament and Prospects,http://www.indolink.com/sidpla> Article S.php?id=082706104219,2012/06/05.
    ② Renaud Egreteau. "India's Ambitions in Burma:More Frustration than Success?" Asian Survey. Vol.48, No.6, November/December 2008. p.938.
    ① [英]杜德:《今日印度》,北京:世界知识社,1953年,第230页。
    ① Tony Allison. "Myanmar Shows India the Road to Southeast Asia", Asia Times Online. February 21,2001. site: www.atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html,2012/03/16.
    ① 陶程:《缅甸对外经济关系研究(1988-2009)》,云南大学硕士学位论文,2010年,第18页。
    ① "Opposing Global Engagement is Old Line. Out of Touch with Our Interests:PM", Indian Express. November 6. 2006.
    ① 越干城:《印度:大国地位与大国外交》,上海:上海人民出版社,2009年,第202页。
    ② 马孆:《当代印度外交》,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2007年,第58页。
    ③ 赵晓娥:《后冷战时代印度对外战略研究》,西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2007年,第6页。
    ④ 参见马加力:《印度外交战略的新调整》,载《当代世界》,2007年第7期,第14-15页。
    ① 赵萍:《印度外交政策的演变》,载《当代亚太》,2002年第6期,第44页。
    ② 吴永年:《印度外交战略调整评析》,载《国际观察》,2003年第3期,第47页。
    ③ 马加力:《印度外交战略的新调整》,载《当代世界》,2007年第7期,第14页。
    ④ 蒲新蓉:《20世纪90年代以来印度经济外交分析》,四川大学硕十学位论文,2006年,第26贞。
    ⑤ 参见杜朝平:《论印度“东进”政策》,载《国际论坛》,2001年第6期,第21页。
    ⑥ 马燕冰:《印缅关系的发展及对中国的影响》,载《亚非纵横》,2009年第6期,第13页。
    ⑦ 彭念:《冷战后印缅关系研究》,四川大学硕士学位论文,2012年,第18页。
    ① "India Must Review Myanmar Policy", The Hindu.13 June 2003.
    ② Sanjeev Pillay. "Indo-Myanmar Relations:Ideology vs Realism",IPCS Article,#2944,17 August 2009. http://www.ipcs.org/article/southeast-asia/indo-myanmar-relations-ideology-vs-realism-2944.html,2011/10/13.
    ① 阮金之:《冷战后中印缅三边关系研究》,暨南大学博士学位论文,2010年,第129页。
    ② 雅逸:《“东向政策”下的印度与东盟关系》,载《当代世界》,2006年第12期,第9页。
    ③ 人民网,2010年3月29日,http://world.people.com.cn/GB/11241338.html,2011/07/30.
    ① 韦健锋:《从丹瑞二度访印看缅印关系升温》,载《南亚与东南亚研究》,2010年第4期,第32页。
    ② 参见傅超:《印度东北地区的安全威胁》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2006年,第321页。
    ③ C. Raja Mohan. "India avoids isolating Myanmar", The Hindu. September 4.2003.
    ④ C. Raja Mohan. "India's Outdated Myanmar Policy:Time for a Chang", RSIS Commentaries.4 October 2007. p.2.
    ① Andrew Selth. Burma:A Strategic Perspective, The Asia Foundation Working Paper#13. May 2001. p.27.
    ② Daniel Twining. "India's Relations with Iran and Myanmar:'Rogue State" or Responsible Democratic Stakeholder?". India Review, vol.7, no.1 January-March.2008. p.17.
    ③ "India/Burma:Pragmatism governs expanding relationship", Oxford Analytic Daily Brief Service, July 28,2010.
    ④ Marie Lall.,"India-Myanmar Relations-Geopolitics and Energy in Light of the New Balance of Power in Asia" ISAS Working Paper. No.29.2 January 2008.
    ⑤ M.C.Ricklefs. ed.. A New History of Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan India.2010. p.433.
    ① 毕世鸿:《冷战后日缅关系及日本对缅政策》,载《当代亚太》,2010年第1期,第123页。
    ② 刘务:《缅甸独立后外交政策的演变与中缅关系的发展》,载《当代亚太》,2010年第1期,第117页。
    ③ 钟智翔等:《缅甸概论》,广州:世界图书出版广东有限公司,2012年,第295页。
    ① Atish Sinha & Madhup Mohta. ed. Indian Foreign Policy:Challenges and Opportunities. New Delhi:Academic Foundation.2007. p.608.
    ① "India and Burma:Working on Their Relationship",The IRRAWADDY,Vol.7,No.3.March.1999.site:http:// www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=1170.2011/10/18.
    ① 参见J. Mohan Malik, "Myaninar's Role in regional Security:Pawn or Pivot?" Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 19. No.1. June 1997. p.52-73.
    ② Renaud Egreteau. "India's Ambitions in Burma:More Frustration Than Success?" Asian Survey. Vol.48. No.6. November/December 2008. p.937.
    ③ Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1995-96. New Delhi.1996. p.4.
    ① Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,1996-97. New Delhi.1997. p.7.
    ② Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs.1997-98. New Delhi:site:http://mealib.nic.in/72015. 2011/09/23.
    ① 李益波:《印缅关系:从疏远到合作》,载《东南亚研究》,2006年第1期,第41页。
    ① 钟智翔:《缅甸研究》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年,第318页。
    ① "Red Carpet for the Burmese Junta but there are a few wrinkles". Indian Express. November 15.2000.
    ① Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs.2000-01, New Delhi.2001. p.7.
    ② The Hindustan times, November 17.2000.
    ③ Asian Age. November 17,2000.
    ① 钟智翔:《缅甸研究》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年,第319页。
    ① Renaud Egreleau. Wooing The Generals:India s New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.141.
    ② www.myanmar.gov.mm/perspective/persp2001/7-2001/cha.thm.2012/02/05.
    ① 参见A.Selth. "Chinese Bases in Burma:The Explosion of a Myth", Regional Outlook Paper, no.10(2007). Griffith Asia Institute, Australia.
    ① "Indo-Burma deal on Intelligence-sharing hailed", Mizzima news. July 18,2002.
    ① 阮金之:《冷战后中缅印三边关系研究》,暨南大学博士学位论文,2010年,第129页。
    ③ Renaud Egreteau. Wooing The Generals:India's New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003.,p.143.
    ① Annual Reportsof the Ministry of External Affairs,2003-04,New Delhi,2004,p.24.
    ① 缅甸代表团实际上于10月24日抵达印度。
    ① "Joint Statement issued on the occasion of the State Visit of H.E. Senior General Than Shwe. Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council of the Union of Myanmar to India". New Delhi, October 29.2004.
    ① "Joint Statement issued on the occasion of the State Visit of H.E. Senior General Than Shwe. Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council of the Union of Myanmar to India", New Delhi, October 29.2004.
    ① 在国际社会孤立、打压缅甸的背景下,印度总理若访缅,必然受到欧美的谴责,甚至破坏印度与它们之间的关系,辛格显然意识到了这一点。
    ③ BBC News.25 September.2004.
    ① 李晨阳研究员在《缅甸内政外交:2004年回顾与2005年展望》一文中指出,钦纽被革职与他“亲华”没有直接关系。笔者完全同意这一观点,同时也倾向于认为:钦纽势力被清洗,为印度重塑中印缅三边关系提供了良机。
    ② 李晨阳、瞿健文:《试论1988年以来印度与缅甸关系的发展》,载《南亚研究》,2005年第2期,第21页。
    ③ Syed Ali Mujtaba, "India-Myanmar Relations Predicament and Prospects", http://www.indolink.com/sidplay ArticleS.php?id=082706104219.2013/02/19.
    ① C.S.Kuppuswamv,"Indo-Myanmar Relations:Visit of Senior General Maung Aye", SAAG. Paper no.2664. April 9. 2008.
    ① 参见彭念:《冷战后印缅关系研究》,四川大学硕士学位论文,2012年,第54页。
    ③ K.Yhome, "Myanmar's General Attach Importance to Vice-President's Visit". http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/ orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=15810&mmacmaid=15809.2012/08/13.
    ④ "Joint Statement during the visit of Chairman. State Peace and Development Council of Myanmar", New Delhi, July 27.2010.
    ⑤ "Joint Statement on the occasion of the State visit of the President of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to India", New Delhi. November 14.2011.
    ① "Joint Statement by India and Myanmar on the State visit of Prime Minister of India to Myanmar". Nay Pyi Taw. May 28.2012.
    ② Atish Sinha & Madhup Mohla, Indian Foreign Policy:Challenges and Opportunities. New Delhi:Academic Foundation.2007. p.609.
    ① 2001年曾中断一年。
    ② 以上内容参见2005-2012年印度外交部年度报告。
    ③ C.S.Kuppuswamy. India-Myanmar Relations:visit of the External Affairs Minister. S AAG, paper no.2112. 2007/01/26.
    ① 参见约翰·鲁杰:《多边主义》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2003年,第6、12页。
    ② 胡宗山:《国际关系中的多边主义:概念、理论与历程》,载《社会主义研究》,2007年第4期,第125页。
    ② J.N.dixit. "ASEAN:A Might Priority Area", the Hindu, March 22,1994.
    ① Swapna Bahttacharya. India-Myanmar Relations(1886-1948). Kolkata:K P Bagchi & Company.2007,p.ⅹⅹ.
    ② K. Yhome,"India-Myanmar Relations(1998-2008):A Decade of Redeining Bilateral Ties", ORF occasional paper #10. January 2009, p.3.
    ① 岳德明:《冷战后缅甸对华政策刍议》,载《外交评论》,2005年第4期(总第83期),第60页。
    ① http://www.whatisindia.com/stories/2006/06/wis_ds_20060622_india_myanmar_boost_ties.html.2010/12/23.
    ③ Zaw Win, "Business man", Interview, Yangon,2007/06/27.
    ④ Asia Times Online. February 21.2001.
    ⑤ Embassy of India (Yangon). Joint Statement on the the Visit to Myanmar by H. E. Bhairon Singh ShekJiawat. I'ice-President of the Republic of India. Yangon. November 4.2003.
    ① http://in.news.yahoo.com/central-team-reviews-indo-myanmar-trade-moreh-070326918.html,2011/04/29.
    ② Rahul Goenka, "Myanmar-India Chamber of Commerce", Interview, Yangon,2007/06/18.
    ③ Marie Lall, "India-Myanmar Relations-Geopolitics and Energy in light of the New Balance of Power in Asia", ISAS Working Paper, No.28, January 2,2008, p.17.
    ① K. Yhome. "India-Myanmar Relations(1998-2008):A Decade of Redefining Bilateral Ties", ORF occasional paper #10. January 2009, p.8.
    ① 参见雷著宁:《印缅边贸现状与印度东向贸易通道的选择对区域经济合作的影响》,载《缅甸局势新发展与 滇缅经济合作》,昆明:云南人民出版社,2009年,第90-107页。
    ① Syed Ali Mujtaba. "India-Myanmar Trade Relations", http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=9085.
    ② http://commerce. nic.in/eidb/defautt.asp.
    ① 彭念:《冷战后印缅关系研究》,四川大学硕士学位论文,2012年,第40页。
    ① K. Yhome, "India-Myanmar Relations(1998-2008):A Decade of Redefining Bilateral Ties", ORF occasional paper #10, January 2009, p.11.
    ② Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,2010-11, New Delhi,2011, p.11.
    ③ Maung Aung Myoe, "Sino-Myanmar Economic Relations Since 1988", Working Paper Series No.86, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, April 2007, p.36.
    ① 阮金之:《冷战后中缅印三边关系研究》,暨南大学博士学位论文,2010年,第134页。
    ① ISN Security Watch, February10,2005.
    ① 刘务、贺圣达:《油气资源:缅甸多边外交的新手段》,载《南亚研究》,2012年第3期,第16页。
    ② “缅甸对外贸易增长四成”,http:/www.cafta.org.cn/show.php?contentid=45995.2011/09/30.
    ③ K. Yhome,"India-Myanmar Relations(1998-2008):A Decade of Redefining Bilateral Ties". ORF occasional paper #10. January 2009. p.27.
    ④ People's Daily, March 11,2007.
    ③ [印]B.G.维尔吉斯:《重新确定印度的方向——亚洲的新地缘政治学》,罗祖栋等,译,四川国际友好联络会内部发行,2005年,第246页。
    ① The Mvanmar Times, August 7-13.2006.
    ① 缅语为“黄金”之意,地理区域位于阿拉干海岸的A-1、A-3油气区块。
    ① http://www.essar.com/oil&gas/pr/2005_05_09.htm,2010/12/23. No.3(2006), p.429.
    ② Marie Lall, "Indo-Myanmar relations in the Era of Pipeline Diplomacy", Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol.28, Myanmar-block/25450/,2010/12/23.
    ③ The Financial Express, July 18,2007, available at http://www.financialexpress.com/news/GAIL-to-pull-out-of-Light of the New Balance of Power in Asia", ISAS Working Paper, No.29,2 January 2008, p.30.
    ④ http:www.ongcvidesh.com, September 24,2007; Marie Lall, "India-Myanmar Relations:Geopolitics and Energy in
    ① “印度石油公司和印度天然气有限公司获准入股中缅天然气管道”,《天然气技术》,2010年,总第19期,第35页。
    ② “印度与邻国的水电项目”,载《水利水电快报》第29卷(2008年)第12期,第27页。
    ③ http://www.burmariversnetwork.org/dam-projects/tamanthi.html.2013/03/10.
    ④ H. Shivananda. "Tamanthi Hydel Project:India's Eastern Foothold", IDSA Comment. June 6,2011.
    ① 《印缅签署交通运输协议之评析》,台湾远景基金会,2008年4月,第1页。
    ② R. Swaminathan. "India-Myanmar Relations:A Review", SAAG Paper, no.3480. October 30,2009.
    ③ R. Swaminathan, "India-Myanmar Relations:A Review". SAAG Paper, no.3480, October 30.2009.
    ④ BBC News, "Green light for Pan-Asia road Scheme". April 6,2002.
    ① "Joint Press Statement on India-Myanmar-Thailand Ministerial Meeting on Transport Linkage",New Delhi, December 23.2003.
    ② Anushree Bhattacharya. "Linking South East Asia and India:More connectivity. Better lies". IPCS special paper, no.50. February'2008. p.2.
    ① 英国《每日电讯报》,2012年5月29日。
    ② [印]B.G维尔吉斯:《重新确定印度的方向——亚洲的新地缘政治学》,罗祖栋等,译,四川国际友好联络会内部发行,2005年,第245-246页。
    ⑤ Sushanta Talukdar. "Project to link India North-east and South-east Asia", The Hindu. October 8.2007.
    ① Srinjoy Bose, "Energy Politics:India-Bangladesh-Myanmar Relations",IPCS Special Report.No.45,July 2007. p.4.
    ① "India Army Chief in Burma",BBC News,July 4,2000.
    ① 根据印度外交部2001-2012年各年度报告和媒体有关报道统计得出。
    ① Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,2010-11, New Delhi,2011, p.10.
    ② "India helicopters for Myanmar:making a mockery of embargoes?", A report by EU NGOs, based on research carried out by Omega Research Foundation. July 2007. p.3.
    ③ "India:Military Aid to Burma Fuels Abuses",Human Rights watch, New York, December 7,2006.
    ① 林锡星在《中缅石油管道设计中的美印因素》(载《东南亚研究》2007年第5期)一文中认为移交的时间是2006年11月,这和多数媒体的报道不一致。
    ① 吴崇伯:《印度与东盟军事与安全合作试析》,载《南洋问题研究》,2008年第3期,第29页。
    ② C.S.Kuppuswamy. "Myanmar:Sandwiched between China & India and gaining from both", SAAG. paper no.2574. January 31.2008. see http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers26/paper2574.html.2011/07/30.
    ② 李晨阳、孔鹏:《2006年缅甸形势综述》,载《东南亚纵横》,2007年第4期,第16页。
    ④ Bruce Loudon. "India to snub US on Burma arms embargo". The Australian, January 23,2007.
    ⑤ "India rejects Amnesty Report on Copter sale to Myanmar". The Hindian Express, July 16.2007.
    ③ “瑞典武器经印度流入缅甸”,《青年参考》,2012年12月26日,第18版;"Cooperation Between Indian and Myanmar Armed Forces", IDSA Comment. January 15,2013.
    ① 吴崇伯:《印度与东盟军事与安全合作试析》,载《南洋问题研究》,2008年第3期,第27页。
    ② “美日印密集联动在缅甸抢夺影响力”,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2013-01/07/c_124194656. htm,2013/02/09.
    ③ 参见朱锋:《“非传统安全”解析》,载《中国社会科学》2004年第4期,第139-146页。
    ④ Vijay Sakhuja, "India and Myanmar:Choices for Military Cooperation",1CWA Issue Brief, www.icwa.in/pdfs/ IBindiamyanmar.pdf. September 11.2012.
    ④ 参见:Thomas Fuller, "Drug surge clouds Myanmar reform effort", http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TeNNfq1 Ku7kvVO6yM0P0xL/Drug-surge-clouds-Myanmar-reform-effort.html,2012/08/29.
    ① Mizzima News. March 1.2004.
    ② "India Myanmar Home Secretary Level Meeting Concludes Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty on Criminal Matters Ratified". Press Bureau of India, Government of India. December 31.2010.
    ③ The Sangai Express, October 5.2011.
    ① PM's Address to the Think-tanks. Intellectuals and Business Community in Yangon". http://pmindia.nic.in/cont ent print.php?nodeid=1180&nodetype=2.2012/12/29.
    ② Renaud Egreteau. "India's ambitions in Burma:More Frustration Than Success?" Asian Survey, Vol.48. No.6. November/December 2008. p.952.
    ① 吴永年:《独立后印度国内政局的演变与外交政策走向》,载《复旦学报》(社会科学版),2003年第5期,第117页。
    ② David I. Steinberg. "Burma/Myanmar:The Triangulation of Strategic Interests", Honolulu:Pacific Forum CS1S. September 15.2011.
    ② 本观点受到刘务:《缅甸外交政策的新调整:从对华友好到大国平衡外交》一文的启发。
    ① "India needs Myanmar, and Myanmar also needs India", http://indrus.in/articles/2012/06/01/india_needs_Myanmar and mvanmar also needs india 15894.html.2012/06/02.
    ① 洪共福:《印度独立后的政治变迁》,合肥:黄山书社,2011年,第202页。
    ② [英]戴维·史密斯:《龙象之争:中国、印度与世界新秩序》,丁德良,译,北京:当代中国出版社,2007,第197-198页。
    ③ 林锡星:《中缅石油管道设计中的美印因素》,载《东南亚研究》,2007年第5期,第35页。
    ④ 陈阳:《印度失手缅甸天然气竞争》,载《世界知识》,2007年第13期,第26页。
    ① 张利军:《试析印度能源战略》,载《国际问题研究》,2006年第5期,第62页。
    ② Annual Reports of the Ministry of External Affairs,2005-06. New Delhi, p.11.
    ① R. Hariharan. "Making India-Myanmar relations meaningful". Chennai centre for china Studies, paper, no.892, October 29.2011.
    ① "Vientiane Declaration on Mekong-Ganga Cooperation", Vientiane, November 10,2000.
    ① 吕昭义、余芳琼:《印度东北地区的民族分离运动与反政府武装》,载《南亚研究》,2010年第2期,第53页。
    ① 吕昭义、余芳琼:《印度东北地区的民族分离运动与反政府武装》,载《南亚研究》,2010年第2期,第51页。
    ② 李益波:《印度东北边区的“慢性溃疡”》,载《南风窗》,2012年第18期,第80页。
    ① 傅超:《印度东北地区的安全威胁》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2006,第358页。
    ② 宋海啸:《印度东北地区的移民问题》,载《世界民族》,2008年第5期,第57页。
    ③ Duncan Mcduie. "Between National Security and Ethno-nationalism:the Regional Politics of Development in Northeast India". Journal of South Asian Development, vol.3, no.2.2008. p.186.
    ③ 参见李莉:《印度东北地区分离主义活动概述》,载《国际信息资料》,2009年第8期,第17页。
    ① New Times of Burma,1947/02/11.
    ① 黄莺:《缅甸民族宗教概况》,载《国际信息资料》,2003年第8期,第26页:关于这些武装的实力情况,可参阅:Medha Chaturvedi, "Myanmar's Ethnic Divide:the Parallel Struggle", IPCS Special Report 131, August 2012.
    ① "Ethnic Politics in Burma:The Time for Solutions". Burma Policy Briefing. No.5. Burma Centrum of Nederland. February 2011.p.6.
    ② Interview. December 2.2010.
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    ④ South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings, Volume 11. No.34. February 25,2013.
    ① 傅超:《印度东北地区的安全威胁》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2006,第376页。
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    ③ South Asia Intelligence Review, Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 8, No.35. March 8.2010.
    ④ South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 11, "No.9. September 3.2012.
    ⑤ South Asia Intelligence Review, Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 8, No.35, March 8.2010.
    ⑥ "Indian insurgent camps on Burma's side", Mizzima News Group. June 10,2002.
    ① South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 8. No.35. March 8.2010.
    ① South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 11. No.34. February'25.2013.
    ② South Asia Intelligence Review.Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 8. No.35. March 8.2010.
    ③ South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 8. No.35, March 8.2010.
    ① South Asia Intelligence Review, Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 8. No.35. March 8.2010.
    ② South Asia Intelligence Review, Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 11. No.34. February 25,2013.
    ① 该组织后因内讧很快分裂。
    ④ Renaud Egreteau. Wooing the Generals:India's New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press,2003, p.63.
    ① Namrata Goswami, "An Assessment of Insurgencies in Assam. Manipur and Nagaland in 2009", IDSA Issue Brief, April 2010. p.6.
    ① 傅超:《印度东北地区的安全威胁》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2006,第210页。
    ③ South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings, Volume 4. No.9. December 12,2005.
    ① The Sangai Express. December 5.2006.
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    ② 李晨阳:《2005年缅甸形势综述》,载《东南亚纵横》,2006年第2期,第35页。
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    ③ South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 3. No.16. November 1,2004.
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    ① South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 4. No.9. December 12.2005.
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    ① BCD Monthly Newsletter,September 2011.p.2
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    ① Ann Koppuzha. "India's Myanmar Policy:An Alternative Roadmap". IPCS Issue Brief. No.77. July 2008. p.2.
    Renaud Egreteau. "India's Ambitions in Burma:More Frustration than Success?" Asian Survey. Vol.48. No.6. November/December 2008. p.947.
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    Bibhu Prasad Routray,"India-Myanmar Relations:Triumph of Pragmatism", Jindal Journal of International Affairs, J'olume 1. issue 1. October 2012, p.315.
    ⑥ Vijay Sakhuja, "India and Myanmar:Choices for Military Cooperation",ICWA Issue Brief, Sep 11.2012. p.2.
    ① South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 3. "No.16. November 1,2004.
    ① 印度和缅甸在反政府武装问题上的敌视行动,已在本文第二章第二节中进行过论述。
    ③ "Distant neighbours warm up to each other, but slowly". The Hindu. Madras. January 19.2005.
    ④ South Asia Intelligence Review. Weekly Assessments & Briefings. Volume 11. No.24. December 17.2012.后又增加到62个。
    ① The Telegraph-Calcutta. July 22.2010.
    ② David I. Steinberg. Burma/Myanmar:What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford:Oxtbrd University Press,2010. p.6.
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    ① 马得汶:《印度东北部的民族分离主义运动》,兰州大学硕士学位论文,2006年,第43页。
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    ① 陈真波:《英国殖民统治时期下缅甸的外来移民与民族关系》,载《世界民族》,2007年第5期,第62贞。
    ② 何承金、晏世经:《印度海外移民及其影响》,载《南亚研究季刊》,1986年第3期,第29页。
    ③ 张秀明:《海外印度移民及印度政府的侨务政策》,载《华侨华人历史研究》,2005年第1期,第19页。
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    ⑥ Uddipana Goswami, "Internal Displacement. Migration and Policy in Northeast India". East-West Center. Washington. No.8. April 2007, p.7.
    ⑤ 宋海啸:《印度东北地区的移民问题》,载《世界民族》,2008年第5期,第53页。
    ⑧ "Chin-Burmese Refugees in India Air Woes". Burma Net News, August 4.2006. cite in http://www. burmanet.org/news/2006/08/04/keralanextcom-chinburmes-refugees-in-india-air-woes/.2011/03/20.
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    ① M. Amarjeet Singh, "A Study on Illegal Immigration into North-East India:The Case of Nagaland", IDSA Occasional Paper, No.8. November 2009. p.17.
    ② Julien Levesque & M. Z. Rahman,"Tension in the Rolling Hills:Burmese population and Border Trade in Mizoram", IPCS Reserch Papers 14. April 2008. p.3.
    ① 大钦族共有53个支系,包括钦、梅泰、克岱、萨莱等。
    ④ Radio Australia. August 8.2011.
    ⑤ "Burmese Refugees in Delhi:The Travails of veveryday life". New Delhi:Human Rights Features, HRF/217/11, 29 September 2011, p.3.
    ① 参见彼得·邝:《黑着——在美国的中国非法移民》,北京:世界知识出版社,2001年,第71-84页。
    ② 林胜:《非法移民:一个世界性的难题》,载《人口与经济》,2002年第6期,第11页。
    ③ Burma Centre of Delhi, June 5,2011. site:http://burmacentredelhi.org.2012/04/08.
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    ① Uddipana Goswami. "Internal Displacement, Migration and Policy in Northeast India". East-West Center. Washington. No.8. April 2007. p.9.
    ② Ann Koppuzha, "India's Myanmar Policy:An Alternative Roadmap", IPCS Issue Brief, No.77. July 2008. p.3.
    ③ An Assessment of the Situation of the Chin Community in Delhi. India", Chin Human Rights Organization. April 2009. p.4.
    ① 朱陆民、汤希:《非法移民问题与中亚安全》,载《河北工程大学学报(社会科学版)》,2009年第2期, 第65页。
    ① Burma Centre of Delhi. June 5.2011. http://burmacentredelhi.org.2012/04/08.
    ② 即对所有国家的移民都适用的措施。
    ③ Uddipana Goswami. "Internal Displacement. Migration and Policy in Northeast India", East-West Center. Washington. No.8. April 2007. p.7.
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    ① 关于跨境民族与跨界民族的概念,参见葛公尚:《试析跨界民族的相关理论问题》(载《民族研究》1999年第6期),胡起望:《跨境民族探讨》(载《中南民族学院学报》1994年第4期)。
    ① 傅超:《印度东北地区的安全威胁》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2006年,第348页。
    ① United States General Accounting Office/National Security and Internal Affairs Division. Drug Control:US Heroin Program Encounters Many Obstacles in Southeast Asia. GAO/NS1A-96-83. March 1996. p.3.
    ② Mahendra P. Lama, "India's North-East States:Narcotics. Small Arms and Misgovernance". Ethnic Studies Report. Vol.ⅩⅨ. No.2. July 2011.p.248.
    ③ Renaud Egreteau. Wooing the Generals:India s New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.69.
    ④ The Irrawaddy (Chiangmai). October 2005. p.9.
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    ① Mahendra P. Lama."India's North-East States:Narcotics. Small Arms and Misgovernance", Ethnic Studies Report. Vol. ⅩⅨ. No.2. July 2011. p.249.
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    ② Pradeep Kumar Rai. "Insurgency in North-East India:Cross border connection". Scholar s Voice:A Sew Way of Thinking. Vol.1. No.1. January 2009. p.174.
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    ③ 雷著宁:《印缅边贸现状与印度东向贸易通道的选择对区域经济合作的影响》,载《东南亚》,2008年第Z2期,第34页。
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    ② 印度素有奉行曼茶罗理论(外交圈理论)的传统,认为国家关系中“邻国是天然的敌人,而敌国的邻国则是天然的盟友”。
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    ② 关于合作竞争的概念,参见[美]内勒巴夫、布兰登勃格:《合作竞争》,合肥:安徽人民出版社,2000年。
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    ① 参阅刘新华:《论中印关系中的印度洋问题》,载《太平洋学报》,第18卷第1期(2010.01),第49-52贞。
    ② 赵干城:《中印关系的地缘政治特点与发展前景》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2010年第1期,第20页。
    ③ 尚劝余:《21世纪中印关系的新发展》,载《重庆工学院学报》,第19卷第2期(2005年2月),第18页。
    ① Zhao Hong, "China and India Courting Myanmar for good Relations", EAI Background Brief, No.360, December 6.2007.
    ⑤ "Chinese investment in Myanmar tops $8bn this year," Reuters. August 16,2010.
    ① 谢士法、杨蓓:《中缅特殊关系及其发展前景》,载《河北经贸大学学院(综合版)》,2011年第1期,第35页。
    ② 张小明:《影响未来中国周边安全环境的因素》,载《当代世界》,2010年第6期,第27页。
    ① 李忠林:《新时期中国在缅甸的战略利益及挑战》,载《江南社会学院学报》,第13卷第2期,第28页。
    ② 王国梁:《中国周边安全环境与地缘战略构想》,载《世界地理研究》,第12卷第2期,第103页。
    ③ 倪霞韵:《中美关系中的缅甸问题》,载《亚非纵横》,2007年第6期,第6页。
    ① 焦世新:《中国周边外交中的缅甸问题》,载《国际热点与中国的外交应对》,北京:时事出版社,2008年,第59-60页。
    ② 李忠林:《新时期中国在缅甸的战略利益及挑战》,载《江南社会学院学报》,第13卷第2期,第30贞。
    ③ 李晨阳:《中国与印度对缅甸政策的比较(1988-2010)》,载汪戎、万广华主编:《印度洋地区研究(2012.1)》,社会科学文献出版社,2003年,第35页。
    ① 任佳:《中印缅孟地区经济合作的战略意义》,载《南亚研究》,2003年第1期,第19页。
    ① 卢光盛:《中缅政治经济关系的发展、现状及其意义》,载《国际关系学院学院》,2009年第2期,第20页。
    ② [日]尾崎春生:《中国的强国战略》,喻海翔译,北京:东方出版社,2012年5月出版。
    ① “唐外长谈江主席访缅重要成果”,人民网,http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/19/20011215/627775.html. 2010/12/18.
    ① 《中缅关于建立全面战略伙伴关系的联合声明》,北京,2011年5月27日。
    ② Xiaolin Guo, "Towards Resolution:China in the Myanmar Issue", Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. Silk Road Paper. March 2007. p.53.
    ① “加快推进现代化大通道建设 以互联互通破题我省 桥头堡‘战略”,云南省商务厅网站,http://www.dh. gov.cn/bofcom/432910751858950144/20110927/301733.html.2011/11/14.
    ② 瞿健文、李晨阳:《滇缅经贸合作与中国-东盟自由贸易区建设》,载《思想战线》,2004年第1期,第9页。
    ③ 姚璐:《冷战后中缅关系研究》,郑州大学2011年硕士学位论文,第10页。
    ④ 郑福民、张幸幸:《中缅伊江上游电源电站孤网运行探讨》,载《西北水电》,2011年第1期,第50页。
    ① Xiaolin Guo, "Towards Resolution:China in the Myanmar Issue". Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, Silk Road Paper. March 2007. p.55.
    ① “中国跃居外国对缅甸投资第三位”,中国商务部网站,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/j/201004/ 20100406869752.html.2010/12/18.
    ② “中国跃居外国对缅甸投资第二位”,中国商务部网站,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/j/201009/ 20100907127266.html.2011/11/15.
    ③ “中国对缅投资达141.4亿美元居外国对缅投资首位”,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2012-09/21/c 113167608.htm.2012/12/25.
    ④ 《缅甸人权状况特别报告员的报告》,联合国大会A/66/365号文件,2011年9月16日,第15页。
    ① 卢光盛:《中缅政治经济关系的发展、现状及其意义》,载《国际关系学院学院》,2009年第2期,第21页。
    ② Zhao Hong,"China and India's Competitjve Relations with Myanmar",ICS Working Paper no.2008.7,University Malaya,p.5.
    ③ “中国将向缅甸提供42亿美元无息贷款”,中国商务部网站,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/j/ 201009/20100907168084.html,2011/03/07.
    ④ 李晨阳:《中国与印度对缅甸政策的比较(1988-2010)》,载汪戎、万广华主编:《印度洋地区研究 (2012.1)》,社会科学文献出版社,2013年,第43页。
    ② 刘少华:《论中缅关系》,载《武汉大学学报(人文科学版)》,第54卷第3期,第326页。
    ② Xiaolin Guo. "Towards Resolution:China in the Myanmar Issue", Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. Silk Road Paper. March 2007. p.56.
    ③ “缅中边境贸易额增加”,中国商务部网站,http://www.mofcom. gov.cn/aarticle/difang/yunnan/201204/ 20120408062856.html.2012/05/13.
    ④ Bertil Lintner. "Myanmar's Chinese Connection". International Defence Review,27:11 (November 1994). p.24.
    ① ”林锡星:“中印关系缘何若即若离”,载《亚洲周刊》,2007年1月14日,第5贞。
    ② 参见Shee Poon Kim. "The Political Economy of China-Myanmar Relations:Strategic and Economic Dimensions". Rilsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies.2002. Vol.1. p.33-53.
    ③ “印政客称中国开发战略走廊‘挑战’印度”,央视网,http://news.cctv.com/world/20090203/102139.shtml.2012/03/11.
    ④ 王琛、姚璐:《冷战后中印在缅甸的合作竞争关系》,载《东南亚研究》,2011年第2期,第78页。
    ⑤ P. S. Jayarama. India's National Security and Foreign Policy. New Delhi:ABC Publishing House.1987. p.24.
    ⑥ J. N. Dixit. India's Foreign Policy and Its Neighbours. New Delhi:Gyan Publishing House.2001, p.131-132.
    ⑦ 随新民:《中印关系研究:社会认知视角》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年,第195页。
    ⑧ World Affairs. Vol.65. No.1. Summer 2002. p.19.
    ① Iskander Rehman. "Keeping the Dragon at Bay:India's Counter-Containment of China in Asia". Asian Security. Vol.5. No.2.2009. p.124.
    ② Marie Lall. "India-Myanmar Relations:Geopolitics and Energy in Light of the New Balance of Power in Asia", ISAS Working Paper, No.29, 2 January 2008, p.28.
    ① 马燕冰:《印缅关系的发展及对中国的影响》,载《亚非纵横》,2009年第6期,第13页。
    ② Syed Ali Mujtaba, "India-Myanmar Relations Predicament and Prospects", site:http://www.indolink.com/ displayArticleS.php?id=082706104219,2012/02/11.
    ② [美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂、小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫:《争论中的国际关系理论》(第五版),阎学通等译,北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第144-145页。
    ④ David Arnott, "China-Burma relations", Challenges to Democratization in Burma. International IDEA,2001, p.71.
    ① 印度此前反对重修史迪威公路的原因是担心中国势力会通过该公路进入印东北进而危及其东北地区的安全,后来考虑到中印贸易的巨大利益和发展东北地区的需要才同意重开该通道。
    ② Singh Sidhu and Jing-dong Yuan. China and India:Cooperation or Conflict. Boulder. Co.:Lynne Rienner Pulbishers.2003. p.58.
    ① “美印对话‘详细讨论’南海问题”,载《参考消息》,2012年4月19日。
    ② 李新春:《中印地缘关系及我国的对策研究》,中国石油大学硕十学位论文,2008年,第13页。
    ③ 很明显,这里指的是担心缅甸完全倒向中国。
    ④ “西万媒体解读印度拥抱缅甸:旨在制衡中国影响力”,凤凰网,2010-08-11.http://news.ifeng.com/world/ detail_2010_08/11/1929264 O.shtml.2011/01/17
    ① Tuli Sinha, "China-Myanar Energy Engagements:Challenges and Opportunities for India". IPCS Issue Brief. No. 134. December 2009. p.3.
    ② 卢光盛:《中缅政治经济关系的发展、现状及其意义》,载《国际关系学院学院》,2009年第2期,第23贞。
    Tuli Sinha, "China-Myanar Energy Engagements:Challenges and Opportunities for India". IPCS Issue Brief. No. 134. December 2009. p.4.
    ④ Mohan Malik, "China's Asia Policy:Implications for Japan and India", site:http://www.drt.monash.edu.au.2012 /12/25.
    ① 李新春:《中印地缘关系及我国的对策研究》,中国石油大学硕十学位论文,2008年,第26贞。
    ② 中缅油气管道项目缅甸段原油管道长771公里、天然气管道长793公里,两个数字均不是878公里。
    ③ Saibal Dasgupta. "China's sweetener to speed up pipeline through Myanmar," Times of India, April 7.2011.
    ④ Shruti Pandalai, "China Entices Myanmar as India Struggles to "Look East". IDSA Comment, April 11,2011.
    ⑤ Subir Bhaumik, "Will the famous Indian WWII Stilwell Road reopen?," February 8,2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk /news/world-south-asia-12269095.2011/03/15.
    ③ 赵伯乐:《中印关系:新型的大国关系》,载《当代亚太》,2005年第8期,第32页。
    ⑦ Shee Poon Kim. "The Political Economy of China-Myanmar Relations:Strategic and Economic Dimensions", Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies.2002, Vol.1. p.34.
    ⑧ Siddharth Srivastava, "Delhi divided over Chinese'threat'". South Asia. November 8,2006.
    ① 李燕:《冷战后美印关系研究》,山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2009年,第39页。
    ② 事实上中国从未提出过所谓的印度洋战略,虽然中国谋求在印度洋的战略利益不假。
    ③ 参见本章“中国发展和深化对缅关系的实施”一节。
    ④ “印官员认为印度在与中国谈判问题上犯了战术性错误”,载《参考资料》,2003年6月19日,第3版。
    ① “近距离大通道缩小与南亚时空阻隔”,载《春城晚报》(数字版),2010年4月8日。http://ccwb.yunnan.cn /html/2010-04/08/content 133005.htm.
    ② Zhao Hong, "China and India's Competitive Relations with Myanmar", ICS Working Paper no.2008-7. University Malaya, p.6.
    ① “习近平在人民大会党会见缅甸国防军总司令”,http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2011-11/28/content_2005115.htm. 2011/11/30.
    ② 张文木:《世界地缘政治中的中国国家安全利益分析》,济南:山东出版社,2004年,第117页。
    ③ K. M. Panikkar. India and the Indian Ocean. London:G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.1945. p.84.
    ③ 余芳琼:《浅析东向政策在印度大国战略中的地位及影响》,载《唐山学院学报》,第24卷第4期(2011.07),第21页。
    ⑤ Indian Maritime Doctrine.1NBR 8. Ministry of Defense.2004. p.64.
    ④ 时宏远:《印度对中国进入印度洋的认知与反应》,载《南亚研究》,2012年第4期,第33页。
    ① Renaud Egreteau. Wooing the Generals:Indias New Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.177.
    ② "Chinese Trawlers. Crew released". Times of India(New Delhi). November 21.1994.
    ① “印官员认为印度在与中国谈判问题上犯了战术性错误”,载《参考资料》,2003年6月19日,第3版。
    Prashanth Mohanan, The "Iron Curtain", India s Reply to Chinese "String of Pearls":An Indian Ocean Region Issue ", A dissertation submitted to the Defence Services Command and Staff College in partial fulfillment of the curriculum of Master of Science in Military Studies under the Bangladesh University of Professionals. December 2010. p.13.
    ② 王丽华:《印度洋海权之争:地缘政治视角下的美中印三角博弈》,载《南亚与东南亚研究》,2005年第4期,第46页。
    ③ 马燕冰:《印缅关系的发展及对中国的影响》,载《亚非纵横》,2009年第6期,第16页。
    ④ 廖辉芳:《冷战后印度亚太安全战略探析》,暨南大学2003年硕士学位论文,第20页。
    ⑤ Kamlesh Kumar Agnihotri. "'Modernisation of the Chinese Navy, Its Srategic Expansion into the India Ocean Region and Likely Impact on the regional Stability". Maritime Affairs. Vol.7. No.1. Summer 2011. p.59.
    ① “印政客称中国开发战略走廊‘挑战’印度”,央视网,http://news.cctv.com/world/20090203/102139.shtml, 2012/03/11.
    ② 刘新华:《论中印关系中的印度洋问题》,载《太平洋学报》,2010年第1期,第53页。
    ① 冯梁、张春:《中国海上通道安全及其面临的挑战》,载《国际问题论坛》,2007年秋季号,第100页。
    ② 曾信凯:《中国“印度洋困境”中的美国因素》,载《南亚研究》,2012年第2期,第53页。
    ⑤ http://www.freeman.org/m-online/bodansky/beijing.htm,2013/01/22.
    ⑥ Tuli Sinha, "China-Myanar Energy Egangements:Challenges and Opportunities for India", IPCS Issue Brief, No.134. December 2009. p.1.
    Zhao Hong. "China and India's Competitive Relations with Myanmar",1CS Working Paper no.2008-7. University Malaya, p.2.
    ③ 参见蔡裕明:《两洋突围——中国对缅甸外交政策之探究》,载《逢甲人文社会学报(台湾)》,第8期(2004年5月),第303-325页。
    ① 王琛、姚璐:《冷战后中印在缅甸的合作竞争关系》,载《东南亚研究》,2011年第2期,第82页。
    ② 尹锡南:《冷战后印度的印度洋战略析论》,载《南亚与东南亚研究》,2004年第3期,第49页。
    ③ 林锡星:《中缅石油管道设计中的美印因素》,载《东南亚研究》,2007年第5期,第34页。
    ① 王琛、姚璐:《冷战后中印在缅甸的合作竞争关系》,载《东南亚研究》,2011年第2期,第78页。
    ② "Interview with Admiral Arun Prakash. Chief of the Naval Staff, Indian Navy", Asian defence Journal. October 2005, p.22.
    ③ "Nave Chief to visit Myanmar for seeking port rights", the Hindustan times. August 30.2003.
    ② 卢光盛等:《地缘政治视野下的西南周边安全与区域合作研究》,北京:人民出版社,2012年,第374 页。
    ① 宋德星、白俊:《21世纪之洋——地缘战略视角下的印度洋》,载《南亚研究》,2009年第3期,第35页。
    ② 亢升:《印度的大国追求与印度洋非洲国家:认知与行为》,载汪戎、万广华主编:《印度洋地区研究(2012.1)》,社会科学文献出版社,2012年.第65页。
    ③ 吴兆礼:《美国再平衡,印度会选边站吗?》,载张洁:《中国周边安全形势评估:海上争端的焦点与根源(2013)》,社会科学文献出版社,2013年,第139页。
    ① [印度]潘尼迦:《印度和印度洋——略论海权对印度的历史影响》,得陇、望蜀译,世界知识出版社,1965年版,第89页。
    ② Renaud Egreteau. Wooing the Generals:India s hew Burma Policy. Delhi:Authors Press.2003. p.183.
    ③ 参见Harsh V. Pant, "India in the Asia-Pacific:Rising Ambitions with an Eye on China". Asia-Pacific Review. Vol.14. No.1.2007. p.54-71.
    ④ 史春林:《印度洋航线安全与中国的战略对策》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2010年第3期,第3页。
    Captain Jaimie Hatcher. AM. RAN, Royal Australian Navy. "China's growing Indian Ocean maritime interests: sowing the seeds of conflict?". Royal College of Defence Studies. Seaford House Paper. Defence Academy of the United Kingdom.2012. p.22.
    ⑤ 陈利君:《“桥头堡”建设背景下的中缅经贸合作》,载汪戎、万广华主编:《印度洋地区研究(2012.1)》,社会科学文献出版社,2012年,第108页。
    ① 林锡星:《中缅石油管道设计中的美印因素》,载《东南亚研究》,2007年第5期,第35页。
    ① 王沪宁:《比较政治分析》,上海人民出版社,1987年,第143页。
    ② 刘建飞:《论意识形态与国家利益的关系》,载《现代国际关系》,2001年第7期,第35页。
    ③ 参见万军:《意识形态与国家利益关系研究综述》,载《当代世界与社会主义》,2007年第4期。
    ① Fiffield. R.H., The Diplomacy in Southeast Asia,1945-58. New York:Harper and Brothers,1967. p.212.
    ① 指既支持缅甸国内民主运动又与缅甸政府交好。
    ② Mizzima News.2005/03/23.
    ③ B. Pakem, India Burma relations. New Delhi:Omsons Publications.1992, p.42.
    ① 李少军:《国家战略报告》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005年,第38页。
    ① “印度密集与东盟国家接触引世界关注”,www.chinareviewnews.com./doc/7_0_10187113_1.html.2011/12/05.
    ① 王琛、姚璐:《冷战后中印在缅甸的合作竞争关系》,载《东南亚研究》,2011年第2期,第79页。
    ② Alain Guilloux, "Myanmar:analyzing problems of transition and intervention". Contemporary Politics. Vol.16. No.4. December 2010. p.392.
    ③ Frank Moraes.Witness to an Era:India.1920 to the Present Day. London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.1973. p.220.
    ② “印政客称中国开发战略走廊‘挑战’印度”,央视网,http://news.cctv.com/world/20090203/102139.shtml. 2012/03/11.
    [1]本书编写组.中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定[M].北京:人民出版社,2004.
    [2]曹小冰.印度特色的政党和政党政治[M].北京:当代世界出版社,2005.
    [3]陈继东.当代印度对外关系研究[M].成都:四川出版集团,2005.
    [4]陈继东.中印缅孟区域经济合作研究[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2009.
    [5]陈利君等.孟中印缅能源合作与中国能源安全[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,2009.
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