隐身材料与结构基本特性的理论研究
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摘要
隐身技术作为重要的军事用途已在美国等发达国家中进入实战应用,我国也正在积极开发这一前沿的高科技技术。作为这一高新技术的研制,除了最为基础的隐身材料的开发研制外,如何建立刻画其隐身性能的有效分析方法,即评价隐身材料的有效性也是这一研究的基础。本博士学位论文主要针对我国核壳结构的隐身性能与梯度型(即多层渐变)结构吸波材料在电磁波作用下的隐身特性与热性能及热应力特性、超材料薄膜-质量块结构系统在声波作用下的负质量隐身特性等开展了理论研究。主要研究工作及结果如下：
首先,针对电磁波在核壳结构吸波剂中的传播特性,采用Maxwell电磁理论,解析地给出了其电磁波的散射与吸收的定量结果。考虑了吸收剂颗粒形状的影响,引入了离散偶极子近似理论,并与Maxwell理论结果进行了对比,获得了不同核壳粒径下隐身性能随吸收剂颗粒形态(即椭球)、波长之间的变化规律,这对于不同电磁波环境(即波长)下的隐身材料有效的选择是重要的,并为进一步开展隐身材料的隐身性能和力学行为的研究打下了基础。
其次,针对梯度型结构吸波材料在电磁波作用下的隐身特性及其所产生的热效应与热应力特性进行了理论研究。由于材料性质梯度渐变,求解非均匀材料的电磁波问题比较困难,因此我们将梯度型结构吸波材料分成多层均匀层,求解了电磁波在其中的传播问题。考虑了吸波过程中的能量转化特性,以及由此产生的热变形性质,给出了其随梯度材料的参数、电磁波入射方向与极化方式变化的定量结果。结果表明：梯度材料隐身性能要优于单一均匀材料(包括更宽的隐身频带)；通过设计梯度型结构吸波材料的参数能够获得兼有良好吸收性能和良好力学性能的高效吸波材料；在隐身结构背面附有金属薄层后,可一定程度上提升其隐身性能。
最后,针对超材料薄膜-质量块结构系统在声波作用下的负质量隐身现象,基于薄膜振动理论,将配重质量块以外力引入,建立了一个能够分析附有环形质量块的薄膜系统的理论模型。给出了薄膜-质量块系统自由振动的频率和模态,并分析了系统在声波作用下的声学响应,理论上解释了系统发生局域共振和负质量现象的原因。该模型能够很好地预测薄膜-圆环系统透射损耗峰的位置(即负质量发生的位置),并对薄膜-中心质量块局域共振系统的声学响应预测同样有效。通过该模型给出了在单个薄膜局域共振单元中实现多个声波透射损耗峰的方法。
As an important military application, the stealth technology has been taken into actual combat in United Sates and other developed countries. Meanwhile, our country is also actively developing the front technology. In addition to the basic preparation and manufacturing, establishing effective analysis method to characterize the stealth performance, and evaluating the effectiveness of the stealth materials are also the basis in stealth technology development. This doctoral thesis presented some theoretical analyses to the stealth performance of the core-shell absorbent, and the stealth, thermal and thermal stress properties of the gradient absorbing structures with multi-layer gradients materials in electromagnetic wave circumstance are also studied. In addition, the negative mass phenomenon of the membrane-mass metamaterial structure in acoustic wave is also investigated theoretically. The main research works and the results are as follows:
Firstly, for the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic wave in the core-shell structure absorbent, some quantitative results of the scattering and absorption properties are achieved theoretically by Maxwell electromagnetic theory. On the basis of this, considering the effect of the particle shape, the discrete dipole approximation method is employed and compared to the Maxwell's theory. The stealth performances for different core-shell shapes under different radios of particle size and wavelength are discussed, and the principles of selecting optimal core-shell absorbent are obtained, which is important for effectively selecting the stealth material in different electromagnetic wave environment. The study is the basis for further studying the stealth and mechanical behaviors.
Secondly, some theoretical analyses of the stealth, thermal and thermal stress properties of the functionally graded wave-absorbing material in electromagnetic wave environment are presented. Since the material properties change continuously inside the absorbing plate, the EM wave propagation analysis is generally difficult to conduct. To treat with the inhomogeneity, the plate is approximated by subdividing it into thin homogeneous layers, and the electromagnetic wave propagation is solved. Based on this, considering the energy converting and the thermal deformation properties during wave absorption, some quantitative results of the stealth and mechanical performance are solved by numerical method with the effects of gradient parameter, plate thickness, wave incident angle and wave polarization mode. The results snow mat compared to the homogeneous plate, the stealth performance of graded absorbing plate is better, and has broad frequency band. The absorbing material with good performance on the high absorption and good mechanical properties is achieved by designing the parameter of the graded absorbing plate. In addition, the stealth performance can be evaluated by adding a metal substrate to the structure.
Finally, for the negative mass phenomenon which in metamaterial stealth, this paper based on the vibration theory of membrane and treating the inertia forces of the ring mass as concentrated force, a theoretical model and analytical approach is presented to investigate the transmission loss of a circular membrane-ring structure of locally resonant acoustic metamaterials. The modes of membrane-ring system with free vibration are presented and the acoustic responses of the system are studied in the acoustic wave. The reasons of the locally resonant and negative mass phenomenon are explained theoretically. The model is good to predict the frequency of the system transmission loss where the negative mass occurred. As a degeneration of the ring inner radius being zero, the present model and approach is also suited for acoustic response analysis of the membrane-central mass structure. Good method is presented to show multi-peak transmission loss in the single locally resonant materials unit.
首先,针对电磁波在核壳结构吸波剂中的传播特性,采用Maxwell电磁理论,解析地给出了其电磁波的散射与吸收的定量结果。考虑了吸收剂颗粒形状的影响,引入了离散偶极子近似理论,并与Maxwell理论结果进行了对比,获得了不同核壳粒径下隐身性能随吸收剂颗粒形态(即椭球)、波长之间的变化规律,这对于不同电磁波环境(即波长)下的隐身材料有效的选择是重要的,并为进一步开展隐身材料的隐身性能和力学行为的研究打下了基础。
其次,针对梯度型结构吸波材料在电磁波作用下的隐身特性及其所产生的热效应与热应力特性进行了理论研究。由于材料性质梯度渐变,求解非均匀材料的电磁波问题比较困难,因此我们将梯度型结构吸波材料分成多层均匀层,求解了电磁波在其中的传播问题。考虑了吸波过程中的能量转化特性,以及由此产生的热变形性质,给出了其随梯度材料的参数、电磁波入射方向与极化方式变化的定量结果。结果表明：梯度材料隐身性能要优于单一均匀材料(包括更宽的隐身频带)；通过设计梯度型结构吸波材料的参数能够获得兼有良好吸收性能和良好力学性能的高效吸波材料；在隐身结构背面附有金属薄层后,可一定程度上提升其隐身性能。
最后,针对超材料薄膜-质量块结构系统在声波作用下的负质量隐身现象,基于薄膜振动理论,将配重质量块以外力引入,建立了一个能够分析附有环形质量块的薄膜系统的理论模型。给出了薄膜-质量块系统自由振动的频率和模态,并分析了系统在声波作用下的声学响应,理论上解释了系统发生局域共振和负质量现象的原因。该模型能够很好地预测薄膜-圆环系统透射损耗峰的位置(即负质量发生的位置),并对薄膜-中心质量块局域共振系统的声学响应预测同样有效。通过该模型给出了在单个薄膜局域共振单元中实现多个声波透射损耗峰的方法。
As an important military application, the stealth technology has been taken into actual combat in United Sates and other developed countries. Meanwhile, our country is also actively developing the front technology. In addition to the basic preparation and manufacturing, establishing effective analysis method to characterize the stealth performance, and evaluating the effectiveness of the stealth materials are also the basis in stealth technology development. This doctoral thesis presented some theoretical analyses to the stealth performance of the core-shell absorbent, and the stealth, thermal and thermal stress properties of the gradient absorbing structures with multi-layer gradients materials in electromagnetic wave circumstance are also studied. In addition, the negative mass phenomenon of the membrane-mass metamaterial structure in acoustic wave is also investigated theoretically. The main research works and the results are as follows:
Firstly, for the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic wave in the core-shell structure absorbent, some quantitative results of the scattering and absorption properties are achieved theoretically by Maxwell electromagnetic theory. On the basis of this, considering the effect of the particle shape, the discrete dipole approximation method is employed and compared to the Maxwell's theory. The stealth performances for different core-shell shapes under different radios of particle size and wavelength are discussed, and the principles of selecting optimal core-shell absorbent are obtained, which is important for effectively selecting the stealth material in different electromagnetic wave environment. The study is the basis for further studying the stealth and mechanical behaviors.
Secondly, some theoretical analyses of the stealth, thermal and thermal stress properties of the functionally graded wave-absorbing material in electromagnetic wave environment are presented. Since the material properties change continuously inside the absorbing plate, the EM wave propagation analysis is generally difficult to conduct. To treat with the inhomogeneity, the plate is approximated by subdividing it into thin homogeneous layers, and the electromagnetic wave propagation is solved. Based on this, considering the energy converting and the thermal deformation properties during wave absorption, some quantitative results of the stealth and mechanical performance are solved by numerical method with the effects of gradient parameter, plate thickness, wave incident angle and wave polarization mode. The results snow mat compared to the homogeneous plate, the stealth performance of graded absorbing plate is better, and has broad frequency band. The absorbing material with good performance on the high absorption and good mechanical properties is achieved by designing the parameter of the graded absorbing plate. In addition, the stealth performance can be evaluated by adding a metal substrate to the structure.
Finally, for the negative mass phenomenon which in metamaterial stealth, this paper based on the vibration theory of membrane and treating the inertia forces of the ring mass as concentrated force, a theoretical model and analytical approach is presented to investigate the transmission loss of a circular membrane-ring structure of locally resonant acoustic metamaterials. The modes of membrane-ring system with free vibration are presented and the acoustic responses of the system are studied in the acoustic wave. The reasons of the locally resonant and negative mass phenomenon are explained theoretically. The model is good to predict the frequency of the system transmission loss where the negative mass occurred. As a degeneration of the ring inner radius being zero, the present model and approach is also suited for acoustic response analysis of the membrane-central mass structure. Good method is presented to show multi-peak transmission loss in the single locally resonant materials unit.
引文
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