反垄断法私人实施制度研究
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摘要
就与公共实施的比较优势而言,私人具有实施反垄断法的高度积极性,不受公共财政预算对法律实施活动的约束,对垄断行为人的威慑力较强。所以,私人实施反垄断法应当受到激励。就私人实施的弊害而言,私人有可能“策略性”运用反垄断法,提起缺乏事实依据的滥诉,抵制正常的市场竞争。因此,对私人实施反垄断法尚须采取相应制约措施。公共实施与私人实施共同构成了反垄断法的实施制度。继我国《反垄断法》颁布实施之后,《垄断司法解释》的出台进一步对其做出了细化和完善,这足以反映出我国对于反垄断法私人实施的重视程度。在国民经济高速发展以及市场经济改革不断深入发展的的当下,我国加强反垄断法实施的力度,不仅是基于国内市场自由公平竞争环境的考虑,也是顺应世界潮流,兼顾国际发展趋势的策略。尽管如此,由于我国反垄断法私人实施尚处于起步阶段,立法以及司法制度都不健全,实践经验不足,我国反垄断法私人实施制度还有着诸多的不足之处。
为回应现实需求,并有感于现实研究的不足,笔者在前人研究成果的基础上撰写本文,试图为我国反垄断法私人实施制度的构建与完善略尽绵薄。本文的论证思路以及阐述路径是：首先,对反垄断法私人实施做出了界定,并从其实施方式和实施模式两个方面详细的论述了反垄断法私人实施的基本原理；其次,从反垄断法私人实施的必要性、优越性和不足及制约路径三个方面剖析了反垄断法私人实施的价值。并且在法理与经济学两个层面上阐述了私人实施反垄断法的理论基础；再次,通过对反垄断法私人实施历史沿革的考据和其在世界各地发展状况的研究,揭示了反垄断法私人实施制度产生及发展的历史缘由和进化过程,从中得出了完善我国反垄断法私人实施制度的启示；最后,通过对我国反垄断法私人实施状况的考察,尤其是对《垄断司法解释》的制定背景、主要内容和进步意义以及不足之处的分析,从促进私人诉讼,强化反垄断监督及协调好与公共实施的关系,三个方面提出了构建和完善我国反垄断法私人实施制度的具体建议。
There is a comparative advantage compared to public implementation that the private implementation of the Antitrust Law has highly motivation,is free from the constraints of the the public budget to legal enforcement activities,a strong deterrent to the parties who implement monopolistic behavior. Therefore,the private implementation of the Antitrust Law should be motivated and encouraged. There are also some disadvantages on private implementation. Private parties maybe make use of the Antitrust Law skillfully for their own interests,initiate the legal proceedings without enough reasons and relevant facts,boycott the normal market competition. Therefore, some correspondingly constraint measures should be taken to the private implementation of the Antitrust Law. Public implementation and private implementation constitute the implementation system of antitrust law. Since the promulgation and implementation of Chinese Antitrust Law,the introduction of Judicial Interpretation of Antitrust Law made it further refinement and improvement. This reflects the importance attached to the private implementation of Chinese Antitrust Law. Based on the high-speed development of the national economy and continuing market economic reforms,the implementation of Chinese Antitrust Law has been strengthened,not only based on the consideration of free and fair competition environment in the domestic market,but also conforming to the trend of the world and taking the strategy of the international trends into the consideration. Nevertheless,due to the private implementation of chinese antitrust is still at its preliminary stage and the lack of the practical experiencejudicial system and legislation is not perfect. There are still many inadequacies of private implementation system in Chinese Antitrust Law.
To respond the real needs and realizing the reality of the lack of research,author writes this article on the basis of the results of previous studies,trying to make some efforts for the construction and improvement of private implementation system in Chinese Antitrust Law. The idea and path of this article are:firstly,giving the definition to the private imlementation of antitrust law and making a discussion in details to the basic principles of antitrust law from the methods and mode of implementation. Secondly,making analysis of the value of private implementation in antitrust law from the necessity,superiority and deficiencies of private implementation. The theoretical basis of the private implementation are given from the point view of jurisprudence and economics. Thirdly,according to the study of the history and the development situation around the world of the private implementation, its origins and evolutionary process are revealed. The revelation of the system construstion of private implementation of Chinese Antitrust Law are drawn. Lastly,based on the investigation of the private implmentation in Chinese Antitrust Law,especially to the analysis of the the background,the main content and meanings as well as deficiencies of the judicial interpretation of antitrust law,in order to construct and perfect the private implementation system of chinese antitrust law, some concrete proposals are put forward from the view of promoting private litigation,strengthening antitrust supervision and dealing with the coordination with public implementation perfectly.
为回应现实需求,并有感于现实研究的不足,笔者在前人研究成果的基础上撰写本文,试图为我国反垄断法私人实施制度的构建与完善略尽绵薄。本文的论证思路以及阐述路径是：首先,对反垄断法私人实施做出了界定,并从其实施方式和实施模式两个方面详细的论述了反垄断法私人实施的基本原理；其次,从反垄断法私人实施的必要性、优越性和不足及制约路径三个方面剖析了反垄断法私人实施的价值。并且在法理与经济学两个层面上阐述了私人实施反垄断法的理论基础；再次,通过对反垄断法私人实施历史沿革的考据和其在世界各地发展状况的研究,揭示了反垄断法私人实施制度产生及发展的历史缘由和进化过程,从中得出了完善我国反垄断法私人实施制度的启示；最后,通过对我国反垄断法私人实施状况的考察,尤其是对《垄断司法解释》的制定背景、主要内容和进步意义以及不足之处的分析,从促进私人诉讼,强化反垄断监督及协调好与公共实施的关系,三个方面提出了构建和完善我国反垄断法私人实施制度的具体建议。
There is a comparative advantage compared to public implementation that the private implementation of the Antitrust Law has highly motivation,is free from the constraints of the the public budget to legal enforcement activities,a strong deterrent to the parties who implement monopolistic behavior. Therefore,the private implementation of the Antitrust Law should be motivated and encouraged. There are also some disadvantages on private implementation. Private parties maybe make use of the Antitrust Law skillfully for their own interests,initiate the legal proceedings without enough reasons and relevant facts,boycott the normal market competition. Therefore, some correspondingly constraint measures should be taken to the private implementation of the Antitrust Law. Public implementation and private implementation constitute the implementation system of antitrust law. Since the promulgation and implementation of Chinese Antitrust Law,the introduction of Judicial Interpretation of Antitrust Law made it further refinement and improvement. This reflects the importance attached to the private implementation of Chinese Antitrust Law. Based on the high-speed development of the national economy and continuing market economic reforms,the implementation of Chinese Antitrust Law has been strengthened,not only based on the consideration of free and fair competition environment in the domestic market,but also conforming to the trend of the world and taking the strategy of the international trends into the consideration. Nevertheless,due to the private implementation of chinese antitrust is still at its preliminary stage and the lack of the practical experiencejudicial system and legislation is not perfect. There are still many inadequacies of private implementation system in Chinese Antitrust Law.
To respond the real needs and realizing the reality of the lack of research,author writes this article on the basis of the results of previous studies,trying to make some efforts for the construction and improvement of private implementation system in Chinese Antitrust Law. The idea and path of this article are:firstly,giving the definition to the private imlementation of antitrust law and making a discussion in details to the basic principles of antitrust law from the methods and mode of implementation. Secondly,making analysis of the value of private implementation in antitrust law from the necessity,superiority and deficiencies of private implementation. The theoretical basis of the private implementation are given from the point view of jurisprudence and economics. Thirdly,according to the study of the history and the development situation around the world of the private implementation, its origins and evolutionary process are revealed. The revelation of the system construstion of private implementation of Chinese Antitrust Law are drawn. Lastly,based on the investigation of the private implmentation in Chinese Antitrust Law,especially to the analysis of the the background,the main content and meanings as well as deficiencies of the judicial interpretation of antitrust law,in order to construct and perfect the private implementation system of chinese antitrust law, some concrete proposals are put forward from the view of promoting private litigation,strengthening antitrust supervision and dealing with the coordination with public implementation perfectly.
引文
1 夏锦文.法律实施及其相关概念辨析法[J].法学论坛,2006(6).
2 波斯纳.法律的经济分析[M].蒋兆康译.北京；中国大百科全书出版社,1997：779.
1 李波.公共执法与私人执法的比较经济研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008：1.
2 李波.公共执法与私人执法的比较经济研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008：4.
3 徐昕.法律的私人执行[J].法学研究,2004(1).
4 波斯纳.法律的经济分析[M].蒋兆康译.北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1997：780.
1 李俊峰.反垄断法的私人实施[M].北京：中国法制出版社,2009：8.
2 王晓哗主编.竞争法与经济发展[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2003：189.
3 Claus Diester Ehlermann, and Isabela Atanasiu edited.European Competition Law Annual 2001:Effective PrivateEnforcement of EC Antitrust Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon,2003, p. xxiv.
4 李国海.反垄断法实施机制研究[M].北京：方正出版社,2006：3.
1 刘宁元主编.中外反垄断法实施体制研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社2005：21-23.
2 See William E. Kovacic, Private Litigation in the Enforcement of Public Competition Law, at http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/other/030514biicl.htm., Jan 2,2006.
1 德国《反对限制竞争法》(1998年修订版)第33条就规定：“请求停止的请求权,也可由具有权利能力工商利益促进协会主张之”。见尚明主编.主要国家(地区)反垄断法律汇编[M].北京：法律出版社2004：19.
2 刘宁元主编.中外反垄断法实施体制研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005：23.
3 李俊峰.私人实施反垄断法问题研究.博士论文.华东政法大学,2007.
1 See Michael Van Hoof,Will the New European Union Competition Increase private Litigation? An International Comparison,19 Conn.J. int'l.2004, p.680.
1 王健.反垄断法的私人执行——基于原理和外国法制[M].北京：法律出版社,2008：52.
1 桑本谦.私人之间的监控与惩罚——一个经济学的进路[M].济南：山东人民出版社,2005：167.
2 Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law:An Economic Perspective. University of Chicago Press,1976, p.221.
3 Frank H. Easterbrook, Predatory Strategies and Counterstrategies, University of Chicago Press,1981, p.319.
1 See HovenKamp.Federal Antitrust Policy:the Law of Competiton and Its Practice. St. Paul,MN,West. Publishing Co.,1994, p.68
2 邵建东,方小敏,王炳,唐晋伟编著.竞争法学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：189.
3 徐士英等著.竞争法新论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006：288.
1 陈静媛.公法、私法的划分及其意义[J].当代法学,1999(2).
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1 马存利、李继伟.反垄断法私人实施的法经济学分析[J].经济问题,2008(5).
1 刘宁元主编.中外反垄断法实施体制研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社2005：182
1 See Michael Van Hoof,Will the New European Union Competition Increase private Litigation? An International Comparison,19 Conn.J. int'l.2004, p.680.
1 王健.反垄断法的私人执行——基于原理和外国法制[M].北京：法律出版社,2008：100-229.
1 过勇,胡鞍钢.行政垄断、寻租与腐败——转型经济的腐败机理分析[J].经济社会体制比较,2003(3).
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[7]过勇,胡鞍钢.行政垄断、寻租与腐败——转型经济的腐败机理分析[J].经济社会体制比较,2003(3).
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[1]李俊峰.私人实施反垄断法问题研究[D].华东政法大学,2007.
[2]汪本前.反垄断法私人实施制度的探讨[D].华东政法学院,2007.
[3]玄玉宝.反垄断法私人实施制度研究[D].中国政法大学,2009.
[4]吴淑贤.反垄断法私人实施制度研究[D].四川省社会科学院研究生学院,2010.
[5]贺心培.反垄断法的私人实施[D].昆明理工大学,2010.
[6]田铭.反垄断法的私人实施机制研究[D].西南政法大学,2009.
[1]Claus Diester Ehlermann, and Isabela Atanasiu edited.European Competition Law Annual 2001:Effective PrivateEnforcement of EC Antitrust Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon,2003, p. xxiv.
[2]Michael Van Hoof,Will the New European Union Competition Increase private Litigation? An International Comparison,19 Conn.J. int'l.2004, p.680.
[3]Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law:An Economic Perspective. University of Chicago Press, 1976, p.221.
[4]Frank H. Easterbrook, Predatory Strategies and Counterstrategies, University of Chicago Press,1981, p.319.
[5]See HovenKamp,Federal Antitrust Policy:the Law of Competiton and Its Practice. St. Paul,MN,West. Publishing Co.,1994, p.68
[6]See Michael Van Hoof,Will the New European Union Competition Increase private Litigation? An International Comparison,19 Conn J. int'l.2004, p.680.
2 波斯纳.法律的经济分析[M].蒋兆康译.北京；中国大百科全书出版社,1997：779.
1 李波.公共执法与私人执法的比较经济研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008：1.
2 李波.公共执法与私人执法的比较经济研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008：4.
3 徐昕.法律的私人执行[J].法学研究,2004(1).
4 波斯纳.法律的经济分析[M].蒋兆康译.北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1997：780.
1 李俊峰.反垄断法的私人实施[M].北京：中国法制出版社,2009：8.
2 王晓哗主编.竞争法与经济发展[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2003：189.
3 Claus Diester Ehlermann, and Isabela Atanasiu edited.European Competition Law Annual 2001:Effective PrivateEnforcement of EC Antitrust Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon,2003, p. xxiv.
4 李国海.反垄断法实施机制研究[M].北京：方正出版社,2006：3.
1 刘宁元主编.中外反垄断法实施体制研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社2005：21-23.
2 See William E. Kovacic, Private Litigation in the Enforcement of Public Competition Law, at http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/other/030514biicl.htm., Jan 2,2006.
1 德国《反对限制竞争法》(1998年修订版)第33条就规定：“请求停止的请求权,也可由具有权利能力工商利益促进协会主张之”。见尚明主编.主要国家(地区)反垄断法律汇编[M].北京：法律出版社2004：19.
2 刘宁元主编.中外反垄断法实施体制研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005：23.
3 李俊峰.私人实施反垄断法问题研究.博士论文.华东政法大学,2007.
1 See Michael Van Hoof,Will the New European Union Competition Increase private Litigation? An International Comparison,19 Conn.J. int'l.2004, p.680.
1 王健.反垄断法的私人执行——基于原理和外国法制[M].北京：法律出版社,2008：52.
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3 Frank H. Easterbrook, Predatory Strategies and Counterstrategies, University of Chicago Press,1981, p.319.
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[1]Claus Diester Ehlermann, and Isabela Atanasiu edited.European Competition Law Annual 2001:Effective PrivateEnforcement of EC Antitrust Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon,2003, p. xxiv.
[2]Michael Van Hoof,Will the New European Union Competition Increase private Litigation? An International Comparison,19 Conn.J. int'l.2004, p.680.
[3]Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law:An Economic Perspective. University of Chicago Press, 1976, p.221.
[4]Frank H. Easterbrook, Predatory Strategies and Counterstrategies, University of Chicago Press,1981, p.319.
[5]See HovenKamp,Federal Antitrust Policy:the Law of Competiton and Its Practice. St. Paul,MN,West. Publishing Co.,1994, p.68
[6]See Michael Van Hoof,Will the New European Union Competition Increase private Litigation? An International Comparison,19 Conn J. int'l.2004, p.680.