秸秆循环利用模式、物流能流分析及功能评价
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摘要
当前,种养废弃物循环利用是现代农业与低碳经济领域的研究热点,秸秆循环利用能实现低耗能、低排放和高效率的目标,建立“高产优质、低投高效、节能减排”的秸秆循环利用模式及其运行保障体系,有利于促进循环农业生态系统的构建,是我国发展现代农业的重要组成部分。本文以生态经济理论为指导,将规范分析与实证研究相结合、自然科学与社会科学研究方法相融合,通过随机抽样调查和田间定位试验,以技术经济方法分析四川秸秆循环利用的模式、比例及效益,摸清秸秆循环利用的物质循环与能量流动特征,构建适宜的评价体系开展秸秆循环利用模式的服务功能评价和生命周期评价。本文也是一种探索,以期为种养废弃物高效循环利用及其农业生境过程控制的研究提供一种新的视角,为构建四川乃至西南地区现代循环农业发展战略提供参考。论文研究的主要结论如下：
(1)提出了“小尺度循环农业模式、中等尺度循环农业模式和大尺度循环农业模式”这一分类体系,剖析了三种循环模式的特征及原理。
(2)四川“稻-麦”轮作区秸秆肥料化利用方式的比例最大,饲料化和原料化次之,沼气化利用比例最小。秸秆肥料化以秸秆直接还田模式为主,其中覆盖还田占主体,且单位面积秸秆利用量最大。秸秆原料化利用(主要指“秸秆-培养原料-食用菌”模式)的经济效益最高,其余方式的效益都较均衡。
(3)秸秆直接还田和菌废料还田模式下,有助于提高了农田作物籽粒养分吸收并向籽粒转移,提高了农田生态系统的养分利用率和养分再循环水平,且菌废料还田模式下,农田土壤系统氮素有盈余,养分利用转化率较高。
(4)菌废料还田模式下农田生态系统有机能值占系统总能值比例较高,化肥能值投入较少,系统净能值产出率高,能值投入率和环境负载率较低,环境压力小,可持续发展性能较强,发展潜力较大,特别是FR2菌废料还田模式是最适合的可持续循环模式。
(5)不同秸秆利用模式下农田生态系统的非市场服务价值明显高于市场价值,秸秆直接还田和菌废料还田模式的农田生态系统服务总价值均高于常规耕作模式,且具有较大的环境净化能力和土壤质量提升功能,尤其是菌废料还田模式消纳废弃物的价值远大于其农产品生产价值。
(6)三种典型秸秆利用模式的农作系统是造成潜在气候变暖、环境酸化、富营养化和土壤毒性的主要环节,其中秸秆废弃或焚烧、超量使用氮肥是导致潜在环境酸化和富营养化的主要原因,农药、化肥的过量使用是造成潜在土壤毒素的关键因素。相比常规耕作模式,秸秆直接还田利用模式和“水稻-(秸秆)-食用菌-(菌废料)-小麦”秸秆循环利用模式有利于节能减排,缓解全球气候变暖,降低环境影响潜力。
(7)提出了“加强法规政策体系和评价考核指标体系建设；合理规划、优化循环农业产业结构与布局；推进秸秆等种养业废弃物循环利用技术研发、集成创新与示范,努力提高技术成果转化；创新市场化运作机制,加快秸秆产业化开发利用；提高基层科技推广人员和农民科学文化素质”六个方面的政策建议。
Currently, the resource constrained and environmental problem of agricultural development in China are increasingly severe. Linear agricultural mode of production made agricultural internal material and energy cycle interrupt, and material energy was lost and environmental pollution was produced. Therefore, the urgent problem of China's current agricultural sustainable development, and the significant way of agricultural low-carbon economy are to enhance the matter and energy utilization of agricultural system and form the benign agroecological cycle system. Planting is the basic production department of China's agricultural system. Crop waste-straw is an important part of recycling agriculture. It can realize low energy consumption and emission and efficient goal, and also promote the formation of sustainable modern cycle agroecosystem. Based on the ecological economy theory as the guide, combined normative analysis with positive analysis methods, and fused natural science and social science, this research analyzed straw recycling modes, proportions and benefits in Sichuan by technological and economic method through random sampling survey and field location experiment, and felt out character of material cycle and energy flow of straw recycling, moreover, the ecosystem services evaluation and life cycle assessment of straw recycling modes were made by constructing proper evaluation system. This research was also a kind of exploration, which provided a new perspective for planting and breeding waste efficient recycling and controlling the process of agricultural ecological environment. It also offered the reference to the development strategy of straw recycling in Sichuan and southwestern region. The important conclusions are as follows:
(1)A new classification system, which contained fine scale circular agriculture mode, mesoscale circular agriculture mode and large-scale circular agriculture mode was put forward in this study, and the characteristics and principle of this three modes were analysed.
(2) Fertilizer Transformed from straw made the maximum proportion in straw utilization which was in rice-wheat rotation area of Sichuan, and utilization of straw as feed or raw material was the second, then fermenting straw into biogas got the minimum ratio. Direct straw recycling was the main of using straw as fertilizer, of which straw mulching treatment was dominant and the utilization amount of straw in unit area was the maximum. The utilization of straw as raw material, which mainly referring to "straw-culture medium-edible fungi", obtained the highest economic benefits, whereas the benefits from the other modes were relatively balance.
(3) Direct straw recycling and fungi waste recycling to field, which helps to improve nutrient uptake by crop seeds and the transfer to grain, had enhanced the nutrient use efficiency and nutrients recycling level of farmland ecosystem, especially under the fungi waste recycling mode, the nitrogen of farmland soil system had been in surplus and the nutrient utilization and conversion were higher.
(4)After the fungi waste recycling to field, the farmland ecosystem system had a stronger sustainable development capability and a greater development potential, which was due to the high proportion that the organic emergy accounted from the total emergy of system, the less fertilizer emergy input. It also because the high net emergy yield ratio, the lower emergy input ratio and environmental loading ratio, and the low environmental pressure. In particular, among the fungi waste recycling modes, FR2 was the optimum mode for sustainable circulation.
(5) The non-market service values of farmland ecosystem under different straw recycling modes were significantly higher than that of market value. Compared with conventional cropping, the total service values that got from direct straw recycling and fungi waste recycling were both higher. Furthermore, there was large environment purification capacity and soil quality improvement function under direct straw recycling mode and fungi waste recycling mode, especially the value of waste treatment of fungi waste recycling mode was much higher than thant of crop production.
(6) Farming systems of the three typical straw utilization modes was the main links that caused potential climate warming, environment acidification, eutrophication and soil toxicity, of which the potential environment acidification and eutrophication were mainly caused by straw abandoned or burned and nitrogen fertilizer excessive used, whereas the key factors caused the potential soil toxins were the excessive using of pesticide and fertilizer. Compared with conventional cropping, it was more conducive for direct straw recycling mode and "rice-(straw)-edible fungi-(fungi waste)-wheat" straw recycling mode to energy conservation and emission reduction, climate warming alleviation, and environmental impact potential decrease.
(7) Six policy suggestions had been put forward, which was showed as below:to strengthen the construction on regulation and policy system and evaluation index system; reasonably planning and optimizing the circular agriculture industry structure and layout; To promote the development, integrated innovation and demonstration of planting and breeding industry waste(such as straw etc. recycling technologies, and make great efforts to improve technological achievement transformation; to innovative market operation mechanism and speed up the industrialization development and utilization of straw; to improve grass-roots technology extension workers'and peasants'scientific and cultural quality.
(1)提出了“小尺度循环农业模式、中等尺度循环农业模式和大尺度循环农业模式”这一分类体系,剖析了三种循环模式的特征及原理。
(2)四川“稻-麦”轮作区秸秆肥料化利用方式的比例最大,饲料化和原料化次之,沼气化利用比例最小。秸秆肥料化以秸秆直接还田模式为主,其中覆盖还田占主体,且单位面积秸秆利用量最大。秸秆原料化利用(主要指“秸秆-培养原料-食用菌”模式)的经济效益最高,其余方式的效益都较均衡。
(3)秸秆直接还田和菌废料还田模式下,有助于提高了农田作物籽粒养分吸收并向籽粒转移,提高了农田生态系统的养分利用率和养分再循环水平,且菌废料还田模式下,农田土壤系统氮素有盈余,养分利用转化率较高。
(4)菌废料还田模式下农田生态系统有机能值占系统总能值比例较高,化肥能值投入较少,系统净能值产出率高,能值投入率和环境负载率较低,环境压力小,可持续发展性能较强,发展潜力较大,特别是FR2菌废料还田模式是最适合的可持续循环模式。
(5)不同秸秆利用模式下农田生态系统的非市场服务价值明显高于市场价值,秸秆直接还田和菌废料还田模式的农田生态系统服务总价值均高于常规耕作模式,且具有较大的环境净化能力和土壤质量提升功能,尤其是菌废料还田模式消纳废弃物的价值远大于其农产品生产价值。
(6)三种典型秸秆利用模式的农作系统是造成潜在气候变暖、环境酸化、富营养化和土壤毒性的主要环节,其中秸秆废弃或焚烧、超量使用氮肥是导致潜在环境酸化和富营养化的主要原因,农药、化肥的过量使用是造成潜在土壤毒素的关键因素。相比常规耕作模式,秸秆直接还田利用模式和“水稻-(秸秆)-食用菌-(菌废料)-小麦”秸秆循环利用模式有利于节能减排,缓解全球气候变暖,降低环境影响潜力。
(7)提出了“加强法规政策体系和评价考核指标体系建设；合理规划、优化循环农业产业结构与布局；推进秸秆等种养业废弃物循环利用技术研发、集成创新与示范,努力提高技术成果转化；创新市场化运作机制,加快秸秆产业化开发利用；提高基层科技推广人员和农民科学文化素质”六个方面的政策建议。
Currently, the resource constrained and environmental problem of agricultural development in China are increasingly severe. Linear agricultural mode of production made agricultural internal material and energy cycle interrupt, and material energy was lost and environmental pollution was produced. Therefore, the urgent problem of China's current agricultural sustainable development, and the significant way of agricultural low-carbon economy are to enhance the matter and energy utilization of agricultural system and form the benign agroecological cycle system. Planting is the basic production department of China's agricultural system. Crop waste-straw is an important part of recycling agriculture. It can realize low energy consumption and emission and efficient goal, and also promote the formation of sustainable modern cycle agroecosystem. Based on the ecological economy theory as the guide, combined normative analysis with positive analysis methods, and fused natural science and social science, this research analyzed straw recycling modes, proportions and benefits in Sichuan by technological and economic method through random sampling survey and field location experiment, and felt out character of material cycle and energy flow of straw recycling, moreover, the ecosystem services evaluation and life cycle assessment of straw recycling modes were made by constructing proper evaluation system. This research was also a kind of exploration, which provided a new perspective for planting and breeding waste efficient recycling and controlling the process of agricultural ecological environment. It also offered the reference to the development strategy of straw recycling in Sichuan and southwestern region. The important conclusions are as follows:
(1)A new classification system, which contained fine scale circular agriculture mode, mesoscale circular agriculture mode and large-scale circular agriculture mode was put forward in this study, and the characteristics and principle of this three modes were analysed.
(2) Fertilizer Transformed from straw made the maximum proportion in straw utilization which was in rice-wheat rotation area of Sichuan, and utilization of straw as feed or raw material was the second, then fermenting straw into biogas got the minimum ratio. Direct straw recycling was the main of using straw as fertilizer, of which straw mulching treatment was dominant and the utilization amount of straw in unit area was the maximum. The utilization of straw as raw material, which mainly referring to "straw-culture medium-edible fungi", obtained the highest economic benefits, whereas the benefits from the other modes were relatively balance.
(3) Direct straw recycling and fungi waste recycling to field, which helps to improve nutrient uptake by crop seeds and the transfer to grain, had enhanced the nutrient use efficiency and nutrients recycling level of farmland ecosystem, especially under the fungi waste recycling mode, the nitrogen of farmland soil system had been in surplus and the nutrient utilization and conversion were higher.
(4)After the fungi waste recycling to field, the farmland ecosystem system had a stronger sustainable development capability and a greater development potential, which was due to the high proportion that the organic emergy accounted from the total emergy of system, the less fertilizer emergy input. It also because the high net emergy yield ratio, the lower emergy input ratio and environmental loading ratio, and the low environmental pressure. In particular, among the fungi waste recycling modes, FR2 was the optimum mode for sustainable circulation.
(5) The non-market service values of farmland ecosystem under different straw recycling modes were significantly higher than that of market value. Compared with conventional cropping, the total service values that got from direct straw recycling and fungi waste recycling were both higher. Furthermore, there was large environment purification capacity and soil quality improvement function under direct straw recycling mode and fungi waste recycling mode, especially the value of waste treatment of fungi waste recycling mode was much higher than thant of crop production.
(6) Farming systems of the three typical straw utilization modes was the main links that caused potential climate warming, environment acidification, eutrophication and soil toxicity, of which the potential environment acidification and eutrophication were mainly caused by straw abandoned or burned and nitrogen fertilizer excessive used, whereas the key factors caused the potential soil toxins were the excessive using of pesticide and fertilizer. Compared with conventional cropping, it was more conducive for direct straw recycling mode and "rice-(straw)-edible fungi-(fungi waste)-wheat" straw recycling mode to energy conservation and emission reduction, climate warming alleviation, and environmental impact potential decrease.
(7) Six policy suggestions had been put forward, which was showed as below:to strengthen the construction on regulation and policy system and evaluation index system; reasonably planning and optimizing the circular agriculture industry structure and layout; To promote the development, integrated innovation and demonstration of planting and breeding industry waste(such as straw etc. recycling technologies, and make great efforts to improve technological achievement transformation; to innovative market operation mechanism and speed up the industrialization development and utilization of straw; to improve grass-roots technology extension workers'and peasants'scientific and cultural quality.
引文
1美国生态学家林德曼的实验结果,转引自唐德荣：《生态经济学》,化学工业出版社2005版。
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