美国研究生学术诚信制度及其启示研究
摘要
研究生的学术诚信问题,关系我国大学高层次人才培养的水平和质量,关系科教兴国战略和人才强国战略的实施。我国在从高等教育大国向高等教育强国迈进的过程中,必须把扩大培养高层次人才的数量与提高质量统一起来。当前我国研究生群体在学术研究和论文发表中存在的学术不诚信行为,已经成为我国研究生培养过程中的“阿喀琉斯之踵”,解决这一问题,应从制度层面加强研究生学术诚信建设。
学术诚信一是指学术研究活动不能违背科学研究的真理性原则,体现研究过程的真实性。二是研究者要尊重对待别人的研究成果,确保研究成果的真实性,不能以任何形式欺骗他人。学术诚信制度主要包括以学术诚信为核心的教育、管理、评价、保障方面的制度。
美国在研究生诚信制度建设方面积累了不少有益的经验,形成了良好的传统和比较系统的诚信制度建设体系。这些制度主要包括：以荣誉制度为特色的学术诚信教育体系,标准化的学术规范体系,多方参与的学术诚信保障制度以及程序化的学术违规处理制度,并且这些制度在实践中取得良好的效果,保证和促进了美国高校研究生的学术道德素质和学术水平的提高。
要根据我国高等教育的国情与发展阶段,吸收借鉴美国在研究生诚信制度建设方面的经验,不断推进我国高校研究生的学术诚信制度建设。在研究生诚信制度建设中,要注重发挥学生的主体作用,把研究生纳入到学术共同体中；要重视发挥教师的示范带动作用,要发挥各种制度的监督制约作用,加强学术标准和学术道德规范建设,建立学生、教师、学校、社会共同推进的研究生学术诚信制度建设体系。
The academic integrity of graduate students has a significant impact on the level and quality of China's high-level personnel training; it influences the relationship between technology, educational strategies, and implementation of this strategy as well. During the process of China becomes the power forward of higher education from the big country of higher education, we must expand the number of training high-level personnel and improve the quality, which could be unified. The unfaithful academic behavior of graduate groups in academic studies and published papers has become the "Achilles heel" in the process of cultivating graduate students in China. In order to solve this problem, we need to enhance the building of graduate academic integrity from the institutional level.
Academic Integrity, Firstly, it mentions the academic research activities can not be contrary to the truth of the principle of scientific research, reflecting the authenticity of the research process. Secondly, researchers should respect others'research achievements for the sake of ensuring the authenticity of the research results, not in any way to deceive others. Academic Honesty System, including academic integrity as the core of education, management, evaluation, protection in the system.
The United States is one of the developed countries with higher education in the world, which forms in the graduate honor system building accumulated a lot of useful experience and a good tradition and the system with integrity systematic construction, and these systems include:honor system as the features of the academic integrity of the education system, standardized system of academic norms, participatory security system of academic integrity, and the processing system of programmed academic illegal behaviors. And these systems achieve good results in practice, to ensure and promote American graduate students'qualities of academic ethics.
According to the higher education in China's national conditions and the development stage, we should absorb the experience of the United States in the graduate honor system building, and continuously push forward the Chinese Graduate Academic Honesty. In the process of constructing the graduate honor system, instructors should pay attention to the students' principal roles, and help graduate students get involved into academic community. In addition, the teacher's leading role should be emphasized, which focuses on developing the function of supervision and restraint on various systems, and strengthening academic standards and academic ethics, graduate students, instructors, schools, community work together to promote academic integrity of the construction system.
学术诚信一是指学术研究活动不能违背科学研究的真理性原则,体现研究过程的真实性。二是研究者要尊重对待别人的研究成果,确保研究成果的真实性,不能以任何形式欺骗他人。学术诚信制度主要包括以学术诚信为核心的教育、管理、评价、保障方面的制度。
美国在研究生诚信制度建设方面积累了不少有益的经验,形成了良好的传统和比较系统的诚信制度建设体系。这些制度主要包括：以荣誉制度为特色的学术诚信教育体系,标准化的学术规范体系,多方参与的学术诚信保障制度以及程序化的学术违规处理制度,并且这些制度在实践中取得良好的效果,保证和促进了美国高校研究生的学术道德素质和学术水平的提高。
要根据我国高等教育的国情与发展阶段,吸收借鉴美国在研究生诚信制度建设方面的经验,不断推进我国高校研究生的学术诚信制度建设。在研究生诚信制度建设中,要注重发挥学生的主体作用,把研究生纳入到学术共同体中；要重视发挥教师的示范带动作用,要发挥各种制度的监督制约作用,加强学术标准和学术道德规范建设,建立学生、教师、学校、社会共同推进的研究生学术诚信制度建设体系。
The academic integrity of graduate students has a significant impact on the level and quality of China's high-level personnel training; it influences the relationship between technology, educational strategies, and implementation of this strategy as well. During the process of China becomes the power forward of higher education from the big country of higher education, we must expand the number of training high-level personnel and improve the quality, which could be unified. The unfaithful academic behavior of graduate groups in academic studies and published papers has become the "Achilles heel" in the process of cultivating graduate students in China. In order to solve this problem, we need to enhance the building of graduate academic integrity from the institutional level.
Academic Integrity, Firstly, it mentions the academic research activities can not be contrary to the truth of the principle of scientific research, reflecting the authenticity of the research process. Secondly, researchers should respect others'research achievements for the sake of ensuring the authenticity of the research results, not in any way to deceive others. Academic Honesty System, including academic integrity as the core of education, management, evaluation, protection in the system.
The United States is one of the developed countries with higher education in the world, which forms in the graduate honor system building accumulated a lot of useful experience and a good tradition and the system with integrity systematic construction, and these systems include:honor system as the features of the academic integrity of the education system, standardized system of academic norms, participatory security system of academic integrity, and the processing system of programmed academic illegal behaviors. And these systems achieve good results in practice, to ensure and promote American graduate students'qualities of academic ethics.
According to the higher education in China's national conditions and the development stage, we should absorb the experience of the United States in the graduate honor system building, and continuously push forward the Chinese Graduate Academic Honesty. In the process of constructing the graduate honor system, instructors should pay attention to the students' principal roles, and help graduate students get involved into academic community. In addition, the teacher's leading role should be emphasized, which focuses on developing the function of supervision and restraint on various systems, and strengthening academic standards and academic ethics, graduate students, instructors, schools, community work together to promote academic integrity of the construction system.
引文
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1、高等学校哲学社会科学研究学术规范(试行)
2、刘延东2010年3月在科研诚信与学风建设座谈会上的讲话
3、中国科学院关于加强科研行为规范建设的意见
4、科技工作者科学道德规范(试行)
5、关于加强学术道德建设的若干意见
6、教育部关于树立社会主义荣誉观进一步加强学术道德建设的意见
7、教育部关于严肃处理高等学校学术不端行为的通知
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10、斯坦福大学对科学不端行为的指控、调查及报告政策http://www.stanford.edu
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①默顿.十七世纪英格兰的科学、技术与社会.商务印书馆,2000,11.
②田德新.美国高校的学术自由与学术诚信.外语教学,2003,4,93-95.
① Public Health Service. Responsibilities ofAwarder and Applicant Institutions for Dealing With and Reporting Possible Misconduct in Science: Final Rule. Federal Register 54, 1989, 32,449.
② Gehring,D., Nuss,E.M., & Pavela, G.. Issues and Perspectives on Academic Integrity. Washington. D.C., National Association of Student Personnel Administrators,1986.
③见科技部网站http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/200611/t20061109 37931.html.
④绍章.科研不端行为法律化及其方法.山东科技大学学报(社会科学版),2011,2,36.
⑤樊洪业.科研作伪行为及其辨识与防范.自然辩证法通讯,1994,1,25.
⑥张九庆.科研越轨行为的界定与表现形式.企业技术开发,2003,2.
①辞源.北京,商务印书馆,1979年修订版,353.
②[美]凡勃伦.有闲阶级论.北京,商务印书馆,1983,139.
①《邓小平文选》(第3卷).北京,人民出版社,1994.333.
①高新战,刘培蕾.美国高校荣誉规章制度及启示,教育学术月刊,2009,11.关于美国大学最早设立荣誉制席的问题有两种说法：一种认为是威廉玛利亚学院,一种认为是弗吉尼亚大学。经过笔者的对有关文献的反复比较认为：最早设立“荣誉准则”和让学生在无人监督的情况下参加考试(1817)的
②在威廉玛利亚大学主页上介绍该校历史传统中有如下的话：William & Marv is famous for its firsts: the first U.S.大学是威廉玛利亚学院,而第一个让学生签署考试诚信承诺的学校是弗吉尼亚大学(1842)。institution with a Roval Charter, the first Greek-letter society (Phi Beta Kappa. founded in 1776). the first student honor code and the first law school in America, http://www.wm.edu/about/history/index.php.
③ Donald McCabe. Linda Klebe Trevino, Kenneth D. Butterfield. Honor Codes and Other contextual influences on academic integrity:a replication and extension to modified honor code settings.Research in Higher Education,2002,43.3,357-378.
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1、高等学校哲学社会科学研究学术规范(试行)
2、刘延东2010年3月在科研诚信与学风建设座谈会上的讲话
3、中国科学院关于加强科研行为规范建设的意见
4、科技工作者科学道德规范(试行)
5、关于加强学术道德建设的若干意见
6、教育部关于树立社会主义荣誉观进一步加强学术道德建设的意见
7、教育部关于严肃处理高等学校学术不端行为的通知
8、伯克利大学学术行为规范,http://www.students, Berkeley.edu.sas/SJA/document/process.doc
9、加州大学学校研究诚信政策http.//sja.ucdavis.edu/sja/plagiarism.html.
10、斯坦福大学对科学不端行为的指控、调查及报告政策http://www.stanford.edu
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