区域创新系统演化机理与西部区域创新系统培育
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摘要
在知识经济时代,知识资本是国家、地区和经济组织生存发展的基本要素,经济的持续繁荣并不直接取决于资源、资金和技术的规模存量,而是依赖于知识、技术和信息的生产、扩散、积累和应用过程中产生的知识资本增量。在经济全球化和区域化的搏弈过程中,“硅谷”、“新竹”、“中关村”等优势创新区域的发展历程体现出知识资本系统化创新的巨大能量。
区域创新系统根植于一定空间范围内的经济、社会和生态环境中,在内外部双重动力作用下形成组织内学习、组织间扩散和系统内溢出的连续作用机制,驱动创新主体建立起稳定的相互关系进而形成网络状的经济社会复合体。其中,知识是区域创新系统的基本动力因子,加快知识的生产、扩散和物化过程是推进区域创新系统演化的首要目标,这一过程促成了创新要素向创新主体集聚、创新主体向创新极聚拢、创新极向多创新极共生演化以及多个多创新极共生体形成区域创新系统的路径,体现了微观层面创新活动形成宏观层面创新系统的内在机理。在区域创新系统形成以后的演化过程中,系统内创新组织数量与规模的变化,以及创新环境的改变,最终都是通过影响知识资本生成、扩散和使用的方式作用于区域经济发展。区域创新系统的演化就是物质要素和知识资本在一定社会经济关系网络中的多层次、多通道配置过程；区域创新系统从创立孵化、成长、成熟,直到创新衰退或持续创新的演化路径,就是物质要素和知识资本通过创新系统配置实现创新和价值增值的过程；社会生产体系对商品价值以及社会消费体系对商品使用价值无限追求的过程,就是区域创新系统在内外部双重动力作用下不断发展和跃升的过程。
西部地区是我国的欠发达地区。依靠现有产业发展基础,走系统化创新道路是提高西部地区经济增长质量和加快区域发展速度的必由之路。在投入-产出集中度高、创新资源国有属性强、研发成果市场转化率低、大学和科研机构贡献率大和创新产出弹性小的情况下,以制度设计和政策引导为主要内容的外力先导推动是加速西部区域创新系统演化进程的必然选择。通过定性分析和定量分析,本文认为西部区域创新系统整体处在创立孵化阶段,其中四川、陕西和重庆三省市已进入成长阶段,广西、云南和内蒙古是西部其它省区中最有可能突破创立孵化阶段随后进入成长阶段的省区。在此基础上,本文构建了成都-重庆、西安-兰州、南宁-贵阳-昆明、呼和浩特-包头-银川四个跨省市区域创新系统作为培育西部地区创新系统的重点区域。
现阶段,经济体制障碍、主体功能错位、市场发育滞后、要素流通不畅和创新投入不足等因素导致的演化机理不健全和非效率,是西部区域创新系统演化的主要障碍,通过确立法律保障体系、规范政府管理体、强化政策引导机制、完善信息传递机制和建立监督评估机制等方式,激发并培育创新系统成长所需的内外部动力,健全并耦合区域创新系统形成与运行过程中的一系列机制,使组织学习、创新扩散和知识溢出机制连贯并持续作用于创新活动,是消除西部区域创新系统演化障碍的关键。强化政府先导作用,以促进产-学-研紧密结合、同步优化产业结构、协调工业化与城市化、培育创新优势区域为途径,以健全政策支持体系、构建创新通道网络、促进产业结构升级、加大创新投入力度、加快人才队伍建设、优化创新市场环境和完善城市网络体系为手段,整合西部地区创新资源,加快创新要素培育,推进重点区域创新系统的发展演化,逐步形成西部地区区域创新系统的整体框架。
Within times of knowledge economy, knowledge capital has been the basic elements for survival and development of a country, region or economic organization. Sustained economic prosperity has been not directly depending on the scale stock of resources, capital and technology, but increasingly on the knowledge capital increment originated from the production, diffusion, accumulation and application of knowledge, technology and information. As the game between globalization and regionalization,'Silicon Valley','Hsinchu' and 'Zhongguancun' have built lots of advantages owing to their perfect regional innovation systems (RIS).
Regional innovation system, rooting in the economic, social and ecological environment of certain space, works on a series of function mechanism including inner-organization learning, inter-organization diffusion and inner-system spillover. Meanwhile, all kinds of innovation subjects establishing a stable relationship then forms finely economic and social complexes under the dual power of the internal and external. Knowledge is considered as the basic motive of the regional innovation system and obviously accelerating knowledge's production, diffusion and the materialization can be the primary objective to promote the evolution of regional innovation system. This process is contributed to a path, that innovation elements converging to innovation subjects, innovation subjects closing to innovation pole, innovation poles evolving to innovation pole-symbiotic and several symbiotic formatting regional innovation system, and the path reflects the internal mechanism that microscopic innovation activities build up as macroscopic innovation system. In system's evolution process, innovation organization quantity, scale and outer environment keep changing, and finally effects on regional economic development by means of knowledge capital's formation, diffusion and use. In its nature, the evolution of regional innovation system is the substance elements and knowledge capital's multi-level and multi-channel allocation process in a certain social economic relationship network, and the evolutionary path from hatching, growth, maturity, until recession or continuous innovation is the process substance elements and knowledge capital realize innovation and their value through innovation system. To a certain extent, infinite pursuit of production system to commodity value and consumption system to commodity use value gives regional innovation system great power for continuously development and integral transition.
As underdeveloped area, systematic innovation strategy, relying on existing industrial development foundation, is considered necessary and urgent to increase economic increase quality and accelerate regional development speed in western are of China But we must pay attention to the condition, including high input-output concentration, strong state-owned innovation resources, low market conversion rate of R&D achievements, mainly contribution of universities and research institutions, and small innovation output elasticity, so that the external force leading to accelerate regional innovation system's evolution process with institution design and policy guidance as the main contents could be the inevitable choice in West China. Based on qualitative and quantitative analysis, this paper argues that the regional innovation system in west China resorts in hatch stage still, but which was founded in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Chongqing has entered growth stage. In other provinces, Guangxi, Yunnan and Inner Mongolia are most likely to break into growth stage. Based on this, the paper put forwards to put emphasis on four transprovincially regional innovation system in western region, including Chengdu-Chongqing RIS, Xi'an-Lanzhou RIS, Nanning- Guiyang-Kunming RIS, and Hohhot-Baotou-Yinchuan RIS.
Evolution mechanism's distemperedness and efficiency, as the final result of economic system obstacle, subject misplacement, market development lag, factors' allocation difficulty and investment inequacy, is the main obstacle to the innovation system evolution in western regional. For this reason, to improve and couple a series of mechanism in the formation and operation process of regional innovation system, and to make them act on innovation activities uninterruptedly, could be the key to eliminate the evolution obstacle in western regional innovation system.
In order to connect enterprise-collage-research, synchronous optimize industrial structure, coordination between industrialization and urbanization, and cultivate advantaged innovation region, the governments should strengthen the leading role through a series of institutions, policies and measures, mainly involving perfecting the policy support system, constructing innovation channel-network, promoting industrial structure's upgrading, strengthening innovation investment, quickening human capital's construction, optimizing market environment and perfecting the urban network system. The main objective in a relatively long time can be described as integrating innovation resources, cultivating innovation elements, and promoting the evolution of four key regional innovation systems, gradually forming the whole framework of regional innovation system in west China.
区域创新系统根植于一定空间范围内的经济、社会和生态环境中,在内外部双重动力作用下形成组织内学习、组织间扩散和系统内溢出的连续作用机制,驱动创新主体建立起稳定的相互关系进而形成网络状的经济社会复合体。其中,知识是区域创新系统的基本动力因子,加快知识的生产、扩散和物化过程是推进区域创新系统演化的首要目标,这一过程促成了创新要素向创新主体集聚、创新主体向创新极聚拢、创新极向多创新极共生演化以及多个多创新极共生体形成区域创新系统的路径,体现了微观层面创新活动形成宏观层面创新系统的内在机理。在区域创新系统形成以后的演化过程中,系统内创新组织数量与规模的变化,以及创新环境的改变,最终都是通过影响知识资本生成、扩散和使用的方式作用于区域经济发展。区域创新系统的演化就是物质要素和知识资本在一定社会经济关系网络中的多层次、多通道配置过程；区域创新系统从创立孵化、成长、成熟,直到创新衰退或持续创新的演化路径,就是物质要素和知识资本通过创新系统配置实现创新和价值增值的过程；社会生产体系对商品价值以及社会消费体系对商品使用价值无限追求的过程,就是区域创新系统在内外部双重动力作用下不断发展和跃升的过程。
西部地区是我国的欠发达地区。依靠现有产业发展基础,走系统化创新道路是提高西部地区经济增长质量和加快区域发展速度的必由之路。在投入-产出集中度高、创新资源国有属性强、研发成果市场转化率低、大学和科研机构贡献率大和创新产出弹性小的情况下,以制度设计和政策引导为主要内容的外力先导推动是加速西部区域创新系统演化进程的必然选择。通过定性分析和定量分析,本文认为西部区域创新系统整体处在创立孵化阶段,其中四川、陕西和重庆三省市已进入成长阶段,广西、云南和内蒙古是西部其它省区中最有可能突破创立孵化阶段随后进入成长阶段的省区。在此基础上,本文构建了成都-重庆、西安-兰州、南宁-贵阳-昆明、呼和浩特-包头-银川四个跨省市区域创新系统作为培育西部地区创新系统的重点区域。
现阶段,经济体制障碍、主体功能错位、市场发育滞后、要素流通不畅和创新投入不足等因素导致的演化机理不健全和非效率,是西部区域创新系统演化的主要障碍,通过确立法律保障体系、规范政府管理体、强化政策引导机制、完善信息传递机制和建立监督评估机制等方式,激发并培育创新系统成长所需的内外部动力,健全并耦合区域创新系统形成与运行过程中的一系列机制,使组织学习、创新扩散和知识溢出机制连贯并持续作用于创新活动,是消除西部区域创新系统演化障碍的关键。强化政府先导作用,以促进产-学-研紧密结合、同步优化产业结构、协调工业化与城市化、培育创新优势区域为途径,以健全政策支持体系、构建创新通道网络、促进产业结构升级、加大创新投入力度、加快人才队伍建设、优化创新市场环境和完善城市网络体系为手段,整合西部地区创新资源,加快创新要素培育,推进重点区域创新系统的发展演化,逐步形成西部地区区域创新系统的整体框架。
Within times of knowledge economy, knowledge capital has been the basic elements for survival and development of a country, region or economic organization. Sustained economic prosperity has been not directly depending on the scale stock of resources, capital and technology, but increasingly on the knowledge capital increment originated from the production, diffusion, accumulation and application of knowledge, technology and information. As the game between globalization and regionalization,'Silicon Valley','Hsinchu' and 'Zhongguancun' have built lots of advantages owing to their perfect regional innovation systems (RIS).
Regional innovation system, rooting in the economic, social and ecological environment of certain space, works on a series of function mechanism including inner-organization learning, inter-organization diffusion and inner-system spillover. Meanwhile, all kinds of innovation subjects establishing a stable relationship then forms finely economic and social complexes under the dual power of the internal and external. Knowledge is considered as the basic motive of the regional innovation system and obviously accelerating knowledge's production, diffusion and the materialization can be the primary objective to promote the evolution of regional innovation system. This process is contributed to a path, that innovation elements converging to innovation subjects, innovation subjects closing to innovation pole, innovation poles evolving to innovation pole-symbiotic and several symbiotic formatting regional innovation system, and the path reflects the internal mechanism that microscopic innovation activities build up as macroscopic innovation system. In system's evolution process, innovation organization quantity, scale and outer environment keep changing, and finally effects on regional economic development by means of knowledge capital's formation, diffusion and use. In its nature, the evolution of regional innovation system is the substance elements and knowledge capital's multi-level and multi-channel allocation process in a certain social economic relationship network, and the evolutionary path from hatching, growth, maturity, until recession or continuous innovation is the process substance elements and knowledge capital realize innovation and their value through innovation system. To a certain extent, infinite pursuit of production system to commodity value and consumption system to commodity use value gives regional innovation system great power for continuously development and integral transition.
As underdeveloped area, systematic innovation strategy, relying on existing industrial development foundation, is considered necessary and urgent to increase economic increase quality and accelerate regional development speed in western are of China But we must pay attention to the condition, including high input-output concentration, strong state-owned innovation resources, low market conversion rate of R&D achievements, mainly contribution of universities and research institutions, and small innovation output elasticity, so that the external force leading to accelerate regional innovation system's evolution process with institution design and policy guidance as the main contents could be the inevitable choice in West China. Based on qualitative and quantitative analysis, this paper argues that the regional innovation system in west China resorts in hatch stage still, but which was founded in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Chongqing has entered growth stage. In other provinces, Guangxi, Yunnan and Inner Mongolia are most likely to break into growth stage. Based on this, the paper put forwards to put emphasis on four transprovincially regional innovation system in western region, including Chengdu-Chongqing RIS, Xi'an-Lanzhou RIS, Nanning- Guiyang-Kunming RIS, and Hohhot-Baotou-Yinchuan RIS.
Evolution mechanism's distemperedness and efficiency, as the final result of economic system obstacle, subject misplacement, market development lag, factors' allocation difficulty and investment inequacy, is the main obstacle to the innovation system evolution in western regional. For this reason, to improve and couple a series of mechanism in the formation and operation process of regional innovation system, and to make them act on innovation activities uninterruptedly, could be the key to eliminate the evolution obstacle in western regional innovation system.
In order to connect enterprise-collage-research, synchronous optimize industrial structure, coordination between industrialization and urbanization, and cultivate advantaged innovation region, the governments should strengthen the leading role through a series of institutions, policies and measures, mainly involving perfecting the policy support system, constructing innovation channel-network, promoting industrial structure's upgrading, strengthening innovation investment, quickening human capital's construction, optimizing market environment and perfecting the urban network system. The main objective in a relatively long time can be described as integrating innovation resources, cultivating innovation elements, and promoting the evolution of four key regional innovation systems, gradually forming the whole framework of regional innovation system in west China.
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