我国区域科技集群现状评价与发展对策研究
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摘要
科技进步已经成为促进世界发展的重要驱动力,但是由于经济发展水平和经济基础存在差异,各地区科技资源配置也存在巨大差异,这种差异的累积正是典型的科技要素集群过程。本文在对大量文献进行分析的基础上,从理论和实证两方面对我国区域科技集群的现状及发展对策进行了研究。
首先,从理论上对区域科技集群现象进行了研究,指出我国存在区域科技集群现象,并探讨了区域科技集群的定义及宏观意义,指出形成科技集群的两大核心要素是科研资本和科技人才,还探讨了区域科技集群具有的特征和效应。
其次,以形成科技集群的两大核心要素为基础,从科技人力和科技财力两方面建立评价我国区域科技集群现状的指标体系,提出评价方法。评价方法采用SOM自组织神经网络方法,该方法能避免指标确权过程中的主观性。评价过程采用MATLAB软件进行仿真,简洁、高效。
随后,采用文中给出的评价方法,对我国区域科技集群的现状进行了实证研究。研究分析了区域科技集群的分布特征,发展方式和形成机理,并与区域经济发展情况进行了比较。
最后,从稳定现有发展水平、提升集群竞争力、缩小集群差异三个方面,分层次的探讨了我国区域科技集群的发展对策。
Science and Technology has become an important factor to accelerate the social development. But science and technology resources allocation also has a large regional difference owing to the different economical level and foundation. The cumulation of difference is a typical cluster process of science and technology element. The paper based on analysing many literature will evaluates the status quo of regional science and technology cluster in our country and discusses its countermeasure in theoretically and practically.
Firstly, the paper analyses the science and technology cluster phenomenon and points out the phenomenon exists in our country. The paper also gives the definition and macroscopical meaning of science and technology cluster, considers its two nuclear factor is capital and person with ability, discusses its character and effect.
Secondly, on the basis of two nuclear factor the paper constructs the index system and method to evaluate the cluster. SOM can avoid the subjectivity in weighting coefficient. The results is completed by MATLAB.
Thirdly, the paper uses the method to evaluate the status quo of regional science and technology cluster. The results analyses its distribution character, developmental manner and formation mechanism, compares with regional economy.
Lastly, the paper brings forward the countermeasure of science and technology cluster in our country from stabilizing current level, upgrading competetiveness, reducing difference. It points out the cluster developmental way.
首先,从理论上对区域科技集群现象进行了研究,指出我国存在区域科技集群现象,并探讨了区域科技集群的定义及宏观意义,指出形成科技集群的两大核心要素是科研资本和科技人才,还探讨了区域科技集群具有的特征和效应。
其次,以形成科技集群的两大核心要素为基础,从科技人力和科技财力两方面建立评价我国区域科技集群现状的指标体系,提出评价方法。评价方法采用SOM自组织神经网络方法,该方法能避免指标确权过程中的主观性。评价过程采用MATLAB软件进行仿真,简洁、高效。
随后,采用文中给出的评价方法,对我国区域科技集群的现状进行了实证研究。研究分析了区域科技集群的分布特征,发展方式和形成机理,并与区域经济发展情况进行了比较。
最后,从稳定现有发展水平、提升集群竞争力、缩小集群差异三个方面,分层次的探讨了我国区域科技集群的发展对策。
Science and Technology has become an important factor to accelerate the social development. But science and technology resources allocation also has a large regional difference owing to the different economical level and foundation. The cumulation of difference is a typical cluster process of science and technology element. The paper based on analysing many literature will evaluates the status quo of regional science and technology cluster in our country and discusses its countermeasure in theoretically and practically.
Firstly, the paper analyses the science and technology cluster phenomenon and points out the phenomenon exists in our country. The paper also gives the definition and macroscopical meaning of science and technology cluster, considers its two nuclear factor is capital and person with ability, discusses its character and effect.
Secondly, on the basis of two nuclear factor the paper constructs the index system and method to evaluate the cluster. SOM can avoid the subjectivity in weighting coefficient. The results is completed by MATLAB.
Thirdly, the paper uses the method to evaluate the status quo of regional science and technology cluster. The results analyses its distribution character, developmental manner and formation mechanism, compares with regional economy.
Lastly, the paper brings forward the countermeasure of science and technology cluster in our country from stabilizing current level, upgrading competetiveness, reducing difference. It points out the cluster developmental way.
引文
1 Erik Dietzenbacher, Bart Los. Externalities of R&D Expenditures. Economic Systems Research, 2002, 14(4): 407-425
2 Chiang, Jong-Tsong. From "Mission-Oriented"to "Diffusion-Oriented" Paradigm: The New Trend of U.S. Industrial Technology Policy. Technovation, 1991, 11(6):339-356
3 John A Alic. Postindustrial Technology Policy. Research Policy, 2001,30(6):873-889
4 D. Lederman, W. F. Maloney. R&D and Development. World Bank, Mimeo, 2003.
5 Scholefield, J.H.. The Allocation of R&D Resource. R&D Management, 1994, 24(1):91-97
6 Katharine Wakelin. Productivity Growth and R&D Expenditure in UK Manufacturing Firms. Research Policy, 2001, 30(7): 1079-1090
7吴勤堂.产业集群与区域经济发展耦合机理分析.管理世界, 2004, (2): 133-136
8 Adam Smith. AnInquiryinto the Nation and Causes of the Wealth of Nation.北京:商务印书馆, 1983: 32-43
9 Marshall A. The Principles of Economics. London:Macmillan, 1922: 22
10 Weber A. Alfred Weber. Theory of the Location of Industries. Friedrichc, Trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1929: 12
11王缉慈.创新的空间-企业集群与区域发展.北京:北京大学出版社, 2001:51
12 Porter M E. The Competition Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press, 1990
13 Ricky Yee-kwong Chan, Y H. Wong. Bank Generic Strategies: Does Porter's Theory Apply in an International Banking Center. International Business Review, 1999, (8):561-590
14 M Steiner. Clusters and Regional Specialization. London: Pion Limited, 1998: 226- 236
15 J. A. Schumpeter. Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. New York: McGrew-Hill, 1939:100-101
16 Shantha Liyanage. Breeding Innovation Clusters through collaborative Research Networks. Technovation, 1998, 15(9): 54-58
17 Alfred Spielkamp, Katrin Vopel. Mapping innovative Clusters in national Innovation Systems. ZEW CENTRE FOR European Economic Research. Gerymany, 1998: 10
18 Padmore T, Gibson H. Modelling Systems of innovation:II. A Framework for industrial Cluster Analysis in regions Research Policy, 1998, 26 (6): 625-641
19 Spinoza L M, Quandt C.AnI,“T-based framework for Knowledge Management in Networked Organizations”. E-business and virtual enterprises, 2000: 371-380
20 Meyer-Stamer J. Clustering and the Creation of an Innovation-oriented Environment for industrial competitiveness: beware of overly optimistic Expectations. revised draft paper, 2002
21周寄中.科技资源论.陕西:陕西人民教育出版社, 1999:107-113
22徐晓霞.中国科技资源的现状及开发利用中存在的问题.资源科学, 2003, (5):83-89
23徐建国.“科技集聚区”的界定及其战略意义.科技进步与对策, 2005, (4):165-167
24牛树海等.科技资源配置的区域差异.资源科学, 2004, (1):61-67
25孙宝风等.运用DEA方法评价地区科技资源配置的相对有效性.数理统计与管理, 2004, (3):52-58
26邵云飞,谭劲松.区域技术创新能力形成机理探析.管理科学学报, 2006, 9(4):1-11
27华瑶等.层次分析法在科技资源配置能力综合评价中的应用.华北电力学院学报, 2004, (2):42-44
28马刚.产业集群演进机制和竞争优势研究述评.科学学研究, 2005, 23 (2):188- 196
29仇保兴.小企业集群研究.上海:复旦大学出版社, 1999:25
30黄省志.产业集群的动力机制分析.中国科技论坛, 2007, (9):36-39
31徐康宁.开放经济条件下的产业集群及其竞争力.中国工业经济, 2001, (11):40-45
32符正平.论企业集群的产生条件和形成机制.中国工业经济, 2002, (10):60
33刘爱中等.产业集群竞争力的形成机制分析.科学学与科学技术管理, 2006, (5):95-101
34李煜华等.产业集群规模与集群效应的关联性分析.科学学与科学技术管理, 2006, 6: 91-96
35魏守华,石碧华.论企业集群的竞争优势.中国工业经济, 2002, (1): 59-65
36蔡宁,杨闩柱.论企业集群竞争优势基础的转变.浙江大学学报, 2003, 33(6): 42-48
37钱平凡.基于产业集群的我国科技创新的战略研究.中国科技论坛, 2004, (2):33-38
38解学梅,隋映辉.科技产业集群持续创新的周期演化机理.科研管理, 2008, 29 (1): 107-112
39陈平.论高科技产业集群成长的驱动因素.科学学与科学技术管理, 2006, 12: 80-86
40魏世红,谭开明.高新技术产业集群协同效应分析.中国科技论坛, 2007, 5: 71- 74
41戴业炼,扬拉克.基于增强软实力的文化高科技产业集群研究.中国科技论坛, 2007, 12: 39-42
42陈云等.科技集群与产业集群的关联分析.科学学与科学技术管理, 2004(2): 41-43
43陈伯成,梁冰等.自组织映射神经网络(SOM)在客户分类中的一种应用.系统工程理论与实践, 2004,(3): 8-14
44 Moore G, Davis K. Learning the Silicon valley way. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004
45钱平凡.基于产业集群的我国科技创新的战略研究.中国科技论坛, 2004,(2): 33-38
46胡新智.中国国家级经济技术开发区产业集群效果分析.管理评论, 2007, 17(7):20-26
47赵玉林.高技术产业经济学.北京:中国经济出版社, 2004: 34-37
48 Saxenian A. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley andRoute 128. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1996
49钟书华.创新集群:概念、特征及理论意义.科学学研究, 2008, 26(1): 178-184
50魏世红,谭开明.高新技术产业集群协同效应分析.中国科技论坛, 2007, (5): 71-74
51张青贵.人工神经网络导论.北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2004:76
52韩力群.人工神经网络理论、设计及应用.第二版.北京:化学工业出版社, 2007:40-50
53闻新. MATLAB神经网络仿真与应用.北京:科学出版社, 2003: 56-60
54王崇曦,胡蓓.产业集群环境人才吸引力评价与分析.中国行政管理, 2007, (4):50-53
55周起业等.区域经济学.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 1989: 220-223
56刘勇.中国新三大地带宏观区域经济格局的划分.地理学报, 2005,(3):34
57仵凤清,李玉仙.中国科技与经济协调度的研究.统计与决策, 2008, (1):41-42
58新华时评:自主创新任重道远. .http://finance.sina.com.cn新华网, 2005,03,28
59王莹.东北老工业基地科技资源优化配置研究.[吉林大学硕士学位论文]. 2006:57-59
60李立辉.区域产业集群与工业化反梯度推移.北京:经济科学出版社, 2005:80-85
61王恩海,孙秀秀,钱华林.中国互联网发展的差异研究.统计研究, 2006 (8):41-44
2 Chiang, Jong-Tsong. From "Mission-Oriented"to "Diffusion-Oriented" Paradigm: The New Trend of U.S. Industrial Technology Policy. Technovation, 1991, 11(6):339-356
3 John A Alic. Postindustrial Technology Policy. Research Policy, 2001,30(6):873-889
4 D. Lederman, W. F. Maloney. R&D and Development. World Bank, Mimeo, 2003.
5 Scholefield, J.H.. The Allocation of R&D Resource. R&D Management, 1994, 24(1):91-97
6 Katharine Wakelin. Productivity Growth and R&D Expenditure in UK Manufacturing Firms. Research Policy, 2001, 30(7): 1079-1090
7吴勤堂.产业集群与区域经济发展耦合机理分析.管理世界, 2004, (2): 133-136
8 Adam Smith. AnInquiryinto the Nation and Causes of the Wealth of Nation.北京:商务印书馆, 1983: 32-43
9 Marshall A. The Principles of Economics. London:Macmillan, 1922: 22
10 Weber A. Alfred Weber. Theory of the Location of Industries. Friedrichc, Trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1929: 12
11王缉慈.创新的空间-企业集群与区域发展.北京:北京大学出版社, 2001:51
12 Porter M E. The Competition Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press, 1990
13 Ricky Yee-kwong Chan, Y H. Wong. Bank Generic Strategies: Does Porter's Theory Apply in an International Banking Center. International Business Review, 1999, (8):561-590
14 M Steiner. Clusters and Regional Specialization. London: Pion Limited, 1998: 226- 236
15 J. A. Schumpeter. Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. New York: McGrew-Hill, 1939:100-101
16 Shantha Liyanage. Breeding Innovation Clusters through collaborative Research Networks. Technovation, 1998, 15(9): 54-58
17 Alfred Spielkamp, Katrin Vopel. Mapping innovative Clusters in national Innovation Systems. ZEW CENTRE FOR European Economic Research. Gerymany, 1998: 10
18 Padmore T, Gibson H. Modelling Systems of innovation:II. A Framework for industrial Cluster Analysis in regions Research Policy, 1998, 26 (6): 625-641
19 Spinoza L M, Quandt C.AnI,“T-based framework for Knowledge Management in Networked Organizations”. E-business and virtual enterprises, 2000: 371-380
20 Meyer-Stamer J. Clustering and the Creation of an Innovation-oriented Environment for industrial competitiveness: beware of overly optimistic Expectations. revised draft paper, 2002
21周寄中.科技资源论.陕西:陕西人民教育出版社, 1999:107-113
22徐晓霞.中国科技资源的现状及开发利用中存在的问题.资源科学, 2003, (5):83-89
23徐建国.“科技集聚区”的界定及其战略意义.科技进步与对策, 2005, (4):165-167
24牛树海等.科技资源配置的区域差异.资源科学, 2004, (1):61-67
25孙宝风等.运用DEA方法评价地区科技资源配置的相对有效性.数理统计与管理, 2004, (3):52-58
26邵云飞,谭劲松.区域技术创新能力形成机理探析.管理科学学报, 2006, 9(4):1-11
27华瑶等.层次分析法在科技资源配置能力综合评价中的应用.华北电力学院学报, 2004, (2):42-44
28马刚.产业集群演进机制和竞争优势研究述评.科学学研究, 2005, 23 (2):188- 196
29仇保兴.小企业集群研究.上海:复旦大学出版社, 1999:25
30黄省志.产业集群的动力机制分析.中国科技论坛, 2007, (9):36-39
31徐康宁.开放经济条件下的产业集群及其竞争力.中国工业经济, 2001, (11):40-45
32符正平.论企业集群的产生条件和形成机制.中国工业经济, 2002, (10):60
33刘爱中等.产业集群竞争力的形成机制分析.科学学与科学技术管理, 2006, (5):95-101
34李煜华等.产业集群规模与集群效应的关联性分析.科学学与科学技术管理, 2006, 6: 91-96
35魏守华,石碧华.论企业集群的竞争优势.中国工业经济, 2002, (1): 59-65
36蔡宁,杨闩柱.论企业集群竞争优势基础的转变.浙江大学学报, 2003, 33(6): 42-48
37钱平凡.基于产业集群的我国科技创新的战略研究.中国科技论坛, 2004, (2):33-38
38解学梅,隋映辉.科技产业集群持续创新的周期演化机理.科研管理, 2008, 29 (1): 107-112
39陈平.论高科技产业集群成长的驱动因素.科学学与科学技术管理, 2006, 12: 80-86
40魏世红,谭开明.高新技术产业集群协同效应分析.中国科技论坛, 2007, 5: 71- 74
41戴业炼,扬拉克.基于增强软实力的文化高科技产业集群研究.中国科技论坛, 2007, 12: 39-42
42陈云等.科技集群与产业集群的关联分析.科学学与科学技术管理, 2004(2): 41-43
43陈伯成,梁冰等.自组织映射神经网络(SOM)在客户分类中的一种应用.系统工程理论与实践, 2004,(3): 8-14
44 Moore G, Davis K. Learning the Silicon valley way. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004
45钱平凡.基于产业集群的我国科技创新的战略研究.中国科技论坛, 2004,(2): 33-38
46胡新智.中国国家级经济技术开发区产业集群效果分析.管理评论, 2007, 17(7):20-26
47赵玉林.高技术产业经济学.北京:中国经济出版社, 2004: 34-37
48 Saxenian A. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley andRoute 128. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1996
49钟书华.创新集群:概念、特征及理论意义.科学学研究, 2008, 26(1): 178-184
50魏世红,谭开明.高新技术产业集群协同效应分析.中国科技论坛, 2007, (5): 71-74
51张青贵.人工神经网络导论.北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2004:76
52韩力群.人工神经网络理论、设计及应用.第二版.北京:化学工业出版社, 2007:40-50
53闻新. MATLAB神经网络仿真与应用.北京:科学出版社, 2003: 56-60
54王崇曦,胡蓓.产业集群环境人才吸引力评价与分析.中国行政管理, 2007, (4):50-53
55周起业等.区域经济学.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 1989: 220-223
56刘勇.中国新三大地带宏观区域经济格局的划分.地理学报, 2005,(3):34
57仵凤清,李玉仙.中国科技与经济协调度的研究.统计与决策, 2008, (1):41-42
58新华时评:自主创新任重道远. .http://finance.sina.com.cn新华网, 2005,03,28
59王莹.东北老工业基地科技资源优化配置研究.[吉林大学硕士学位论文]. 2006:57-59
60李立辉.区域产业集群与工业化反梯度推移.北京:经济科学出版社, 2005:80-85
61王恩海,孙秀秀,钱华林.中国互联网发展的差异研究.统计研究, 2006 (8):41-44