多元化农业推广组织协同运行机制研究
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摘要
本研究着眼于目前我国多元化农业推广组织之间分工不明确,协作运转无序,利益协调不清,难以优势互补发挥整体效益的现状,以农业推广框架理论、农户行为产生和改变理论、自组织发展理论和超循环理论为指导,借鉴国外农业推广组织协同运行的成功经验,以河北省梨产业技术为研究载体,通过对河北省多元化农业推广组织运行现状,河北省梨主产区标准化栽培技术推广现状,农户对梨产业技术需求与供给意愿的调查分析,明确推广组织在河北省梨产业技术推广中的作用空间;运用层次分析和模糊综合评判相结合的方法,基于农户视角对推广组织的服务绩效进行评价,以期从评价结果中发现和纠正推广组织在推广中存在的问题;运用超循环理论构建从“政府一元供给”到“多元主体协同供给”动力机制模型,以期为政府及相关决策部门建立以“农户合理需求为导向,市场运作为基础,政府主导、多方主体互动”的协同治理机制提供参考。并通过机制的运行力求使各推广组织高效有序,协同运行,进而提高农业技术采纳率,实现农户稳定增收、农业与农村可持续发展。主要结论如下:
1.针对现阶段我国农业推广体系存在的职能定位不清、管理体制不顺、多元投资机制尚不健全、政府主导型推广服务体系自身实力不够等问题,借鉴国外农业推广组织协同运行模式的成功经验,提出我国的农业推广模式要逐步优化到多元化公益与市场相结合的综合型发展模式:一是推广组织多元化;二是推广内容全程化;三是推广行为社会化;四是推广方式多样化;五是农业推广从“以技术为本”向“以人为本”的方向发展。
2.河北省多元化农业推广组织建设不断完善,主要表现在:公益性农业推广机构服务功能逐步完善;农业院校和科研院所服务水平不断提升;农业龙头企业服务带动能力不断提高;农民合作经济组织自我服务意识逐步增强。多元化推广组织在梨产业技术推广上形成了政府的政策扶持和资金投入,农业院校和科研院所的技术研发和培训,龙头企业带动三大支撑体系。但是从总体上看,在多元化农业推广体系建设上,河北省统筹规划和协调指导滞后,推广组织之间尚未形成良好的紧密协同运行机制。
3.以农户对河北省梨产业技术需求与供给意愿为分析的切入点,运用对河北省冀中南部梨区597户梨农的问卷调查数据,对于依据样本区域实际情况选择的9项技术,得出生产资料是目前农户最需要的技术类型,农户对技术信息、新品种、病虫害综合防治、配方施肥四项技术有着较强需求,不同区域农户技术需求优先序有一定差异。从技术总供给意愿来看,政府推广组织和龙头企业在样本区域9项技术的推广中发挥着至关重要的作用,成为农户技术推广选择的主体,大学科研机构和合作组织仅起到了辅助作用。从分区域技术供给意愿来看,政府推广组织、龙头企业、大学科研机构、合作组织均有所涉及,但不同地区这些组织发挥的作用强度不一样:政府推广组织依然是辛集、赵县地区农户最希望提供技术服务的首选组织;龙头企业成为泊头地区农户最信赖的技术推广组织;“其它”和示范户在魏县地区发挥的推广作用较大。
4.从农户获取技术受不同组织的影响分析可以得出:农户采纳梨果新技术的决策依据主要是亲友邻居和政府推广组织;农户接受培训的主体主要是政府推广组织,其次是大学科研机构;推广人员推广的技术与农户的需求有一定的锲合,但也有一定的矛盾;推广人员的推广方式与农户的喜好有一定差距。现阶段大学科研机构、龙头企业和合作组织均已参与到梨果技术推广服务中,但推广区域和辐射农户面还很窄。首次基于农户视角,运用层次分析和模糊综合评判相结合的方法,对多元化推广组织的服务绩效进行了评价,评价结果是:认为推广组织服务绩效优秀的农户达到了7.3%,良好的农户达到了25.1%,一般的农户达到了34.6%,说明推广组织的推广绩效在农户评价中处于一般水平。基于评价结果提出了建立适合农户需求的农业技术推广机制的建议。
5.依据多元化农业推广组织在梨产业技术推广中的作用现状,梨农的技术需求与供给意愿,以及农户对推广组织的服务绩效评价,结合我国国情,首次基于超循环理论构建了多元化农业推广组织协同运行机制。在系统内,组织之间进行有效的沟通和合作,可以大大提高农业推广的整体效率,体现出超循环系统的优越性。在现实工作中,要化解超循环主体在运行中的障碍,促进主体之间的协同运行。
6.提出以河北农业大学和泊头东方果品公司为典型案例的多元化农业推广组织的协同运行模式。其中河北农业大学创建的与政府推广部门、合作组织、龙头企业相结合,多主体共同参与的新型农业推广服务体系,实现了推广队伍多元化、推广行为社会化、推广形式多样化,国家扶持与自我发展相结合的目标宗旨。泊头东方果品公司创建的“专家+公司+合作社+农户”型技术推广协同模式一方面优化完善了我国现有的农业推广体系,提高了农业科技成果转化率,一方面吸引了合作各方的积极性,促进了所联结农户的经营增收。多元化农业推广组织协同模式的运行还需建立政府的政策扶持和投入保障机制,多元化推广组织之间的利益联结和风险抵御分担机制等。
The study focuses on that, among China’s diversified agricultural extension organizations, the working division is not clear, the collaborative operation is in disorder, the coordination of interests is indistinctive, and that it is difficult to make complementary advantages and an overall efficiency. This study, based on the theory of agricultural extension frames, of household behavior generation and change, of the development of self-organization, and the supercycle theory, learns from the successful experiences of organization and coordination of agricultural technology extension from abroad. We choose the pear industry technology of Hebei province for the study carrier. Through the investigation and analysis on the operation situation of the diversified agricultural extension system, the applications of standard cultivation techniques in main pears producion areas, the will of supply and demand of pear producion techniques, we make clear the responsibility and the role of extension organizations’functional space in pear industry technology extension. Through the analysis hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods, we evaluate the effects of service of diversified agricultural extension system based on the perspective of farmers, in order to find and correct the problems in the promotion from the results of evaluation. Through the supercycle theory to build the dynamic mechanism from the "government supply alone" to "multi-subject co-supply", we provide reference for the government and the relevant decision-making orgnizations about building the collaborative governance mechanisms of farmers’reasonable demand-oriented, market-based, government-led, multi-body interaction. And through the operation of the mechanisms, we want to make each extension organization efficient and orderly and to run concurrently, thereby increase the adoption rate of agricultural technology extension and make farmers increase their income steadily and make agriculture and rural areas develop sustainably. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. In view of the present situation that the functions of the agricultural technology extension organizations in our country are not clear, the management system is not smooth, the multivariate investment mechanism is not perfect, and the power of the government-led extension service system is insufficient, we draw lessons from foreign agricultural extension organizations’coordination modes of successful experiences and put forward our country’s agricultural popularizing modes of optimizing gradually into the integrated development models of a plurality of public welfare combined with the markets: One is diversification of the extension organizations; two is whole process of the extension contents; three is socialization of the extension behavior; four is diversification of the methods of extension; five is the development of agricultural extension should be from“technology-based”to“people-oriented”.
2. The construction of the diversified agricultural extension system of Hebei province is perfected continuously. It mainly displays that the functions of the public agricultural extension service are improved gradually; the agricultural universities and research institutes have improved their service; the driving abilities of the agricultural leading enterprise services are increasingly strengthened; the self-service abilities of the organizations of farmers’collaboration economy become more and more powerful. Diversified agricultural extension organizations in pear industry development have formed three major supporting systems, which are government policy support and capital investment systems; the technical research, development and training systems of agricultural universities and research institutes; and leading enterprises driving systems. But on the whole, in the construction of diversified agricultural extension systems of Hebei province, overall planning and coordination guidance are lagging; promotion organizations have not yet formed close operation mechanism.
3. This study bases on the entry point of the analysis on the farmers’will of supply and demand of pear techniques in Hebei province. According to the 597 pear households’investigation data of the central and southern regions of Hebei province, and the selected nine technologies based on the actual situation of the sample areas, we conclude that production goods is the most needed type of technology for the households at present, the four technologies of technology information, new breeds, integrated pest management, and fertilization technologies are strongly demanded, the sorts of households in different regions have different demands of technology. Viewing from the will of overall technology supply, the government agricultural extension organizations and leading enterprises play a vital role in the 9 kinds of technology extension in the sample areas, it becomes the main subject of the households’technology extension. The universities, research institutes and cooperation organizations play only an auxiliary role. Viewing from the will of region technology supply, government agricultural extension organizations, leading enterprises, universities and research institutes, cooperation organizations are all involved, but these organizations have different effect intensity in different areas. The government agricultural extension organizations are still the first choice of technical service organizations for the farmers of Xinji and Zhaoxian areas. Leading enterprises in Botou become the most trusted technology extension organizations.“Other”and demonstration households play a promotion role of larger in Weixian region.
4. Through the analysis of the households access to technology by the impact of different organizations, we can conclude that the households' adoption of new technology and decision-making basically depend on the relatives, friends, neighbors and the government extension organizations, the first choice of technical service organizations from which the households accept technology lectures or trainings is the government extension organizations, the second is universities and research institutions; There are some tally between the technology that the extension workers have extended and the demand of the farmers, but there are also some contradictions. There is a certain gap between the extension methods of the extension workers and the preferences of the households. Universities, research institutions, leading enterprises and cooperation organizations all have participated in the pear technology extension service, but the extension areas and the radiation areas are small. For the first time we use the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods based on the households’perspective to evaluate the effects of the service of the diversified agricultural extension system. The result of evaluation is that the households who performe excellent in promotion organization service are 7.3%, the good households are 25.1%, the general households are 34.6%, which shows that the promotion organizations’performance is in general level from the evaluation of the households. Based on the result of evaluation, this study puts forward the suggestions that the agriculture technology extension mechanism which is oriented to the needs of the farmers should be built.
5. Based on the present effects of the situation of the diversified agricultural extension organizations in pear industry technology extension, the technology demand and the will of supply of the pear households, and the service evaluation of the households on the extension organizations, combined with our country’s condition, we construct, for the first time, a coordination mechanism of diversified agricultural extension organization based on the supercycle theory. Within the system, all organizations will communicate and cooperate effectively, which can greatly increase the whole efficiency of agricultural promotion and embody the superiority of super circulation system. In practical work, the organizations should remove the barriers in the main supercycle operation and promote the cooperation among the subjects.
6. This study takes Agricultural University of Hebei and Botou Oriental Fruit Co. as typical case and puts forward the co-operation mode of the diversified agricultural extension organizations. The new type of agricultural extension service system that has been established by Agriculture University of Hebei, which combines with the extension departments of government, cooperation organizations, leading enterprises, and participation of multi-agents. It has achieved the diversification of extension teams, the socialization of extension behavior, the diversification of the forms of extension, and the combination of the government support with self-development. Botou Oriental Fruit Co. has established the technology extension cooperation mode of“experts + company + cooperatives + households”. On one hand, it can optimize and improve our existing agricultural extension system and raise the conversion rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. On the other hand, it can attract the cooperation of all parties to promote actively and help increase the business benefits of the linking farmers. The operation of the diversified agricultural extension organizations’cooperation mode needs to build the mechanisms of government policy support and investment protection, and the mechanisms of interests-linking and risk-sharing among the diversified agricultural extension organizations.
1.针对现阶段我国农业推广体系存在的职能定位不清、管理体制不顺、多元投资机制尚不健全、政府主导型推广服务体系自身实力不够等问题,借鉴国外农业推广组织协同运行模式的成功经验,提出我国的农业推广模式要逐步优化到多元化公益与市场相结合的综合型发展模式:一是推广组织多元化;二是推广内容全程化;三是推广行为社会化;四是推广方式多样化;五是农业推广从“以技术为本”向“以人为本”的方向发展。
2.河北省多元化农业推广组织建设不断完善,主要表现在:公益性农业推广机构服务功能逐步完善;农业院校和科研院所服务水平不断提升;农业龙头企业服务带动能力不断提高;农民合作经济组织自我服务意识逐步增强。多元化推广组织在梨产业技术推广上形成了政府的政策扶持和资金投入,农业院校和科研院所的技术研发和培训,龙头企业带动三大支撑体系。但是从总体上看,在多元化农业推广体系建设上,河北省统筹规划和协调指导滞后,推广组织之间尚未形成良好的紧密协同运行机制。
3.以农户对河北省梨产业技术需求与供给意愿为分析的切入点,运用对河北省冀中南部梨区597户梨农的问卷调查数据,对于依据样本区域实际情况选择的9项技术,得出生产资料是目前农户最需要的技术类型,农户对技术信息、新品种、病虫害综合防治、配方施肥四项技术有着较强需求,不同区域农户技术需求优先序有一定差异。从技术总供给意愿来看,政府推广组织和龙头企业在样本区域9项技术的推广中发挥着至关重要的作用,成为农户技术推广选择的主体,大学科研机构和合作组织仅起到了辅助作用。从分区域技术供给意愿来看,政府推广组织、龙头企业、大学科研机构、合作组织均有所涉及,但不同地区这些组织发挥的作用强度不一样:政府推广组织依然是辛集、赵县地区农户最希望提供技术服务的首选组织;龙头企业成为泊头地区农户最信赖的技术推广组织;“其它”和示范户在魏县地区发挥的推广作用较大。
4.从农户获取技术受不同组织的影响分析可以得出:农户采纳梨果新技术的决策依据主要是亲友邻居和政府推广组织;农户接受培训的主体主要是政府推广组织,其次是大学科研机构;推广人员推广的技术与农户的需求有一定的锲合,但也有一定的矛盾;推广人员的推广方式与农户的喜好有一定差距。现阶段大学科研机构、龙头企业和合作组织均已参与到梨果技术推广服务中,但推广区域和辐射农户面还很窄。首次基于农户视角,运用层次分析和模糊综合评判相结合的方法,对多元化推广组织的服务绩效进行了评价,评价结果是:认为推广组织服务绩效优秀的农户达到了7.3%,良好的农户达到了25.1%,一般的农户达到了34.6%,说明推广组织的推广绩效在农户评价中处于一般水平。基于评价结果提出了建立适合农户需求的农业技术推广机制的建议。
5.依据多元化农业推广组织在梨产业技术推广中的作用现状,梨农的技术需求与供给意愿,以及农户对推广组织的服务绩效评价,结合我国国情,首次基于超循环理论构建了多元化农业推广组织协同运行机制。在系统内,组织之间进行有效的沟通和合作,可以大大提高农业推广的整体效率,体现出超循环系统的优越性。在现实工作中,要化解超循环主体在运行中的障碍,促进主体之间的协同运行。
6.提出以河北农业大学和泊头东方果品公司为典型案例的多元化农业推广组织的协同运行模式。其中河北农业大学创建的与政府推广部门、合作组织、龙头企业相结合,多主体共同参与的新型农业推广服务体系,实现了推广队伍多元化、推广行为社会化、推广形式多样化,国家扶持与自我发展相结合的目标宗旨。泊头东方果品公司创建的“专家+公司+合作社+农户”型技术推广协同模式一方面优化完善了我国现有的农业推广体系,提高了农业科技成果转化率,一方面吸引了合作各方的积极性,促进了所联结农户的经营增收。多元化农业推广组织协同模式的运行还需建立政府的政策扶持和投入保障机制,多元化推广组织之间的利益联结和风险抵御分担机制等。
The study focuses on that, among China’s diversified agricultural extension organizations, the working division is not clear, the collaborative operation is in disorder, the coordination of interests is indistinctive, and that it is difficult to make complementary advantages and an overall efficiency. This study, based on the theory of agricultural extension frames, of household behavior generation and change, of the development of self-organization, and the supercycle theory, learns from the successful experiences of organization and coordination of agricultural technology extension from abroad. We choose the pear industry technology of Hebei province for the study carrier. Through the investigation and analysis on the operation situation of the diversified agricultural extension system, the applications of standard cultivation techniques in main pears producion areas, the will of supply and demand of pear producion techniques, we make clear the responsibility and the role of extension organizations’functional space in pear industry technology extension. Through the analysis hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods, we evaluate the effects of service of diversified agricultural extension system based on the perspective of farmers, in order to find and correct the problems in the promotion from the results of evaluation. Through the supercycle theory to build the dynamic mechanism from the "government supply alone" to "multi-subject co-supply", we provide reference for the government and the relevant decision-making orgnizations about building the collaborative governance mechanisms of farmers’reasonable demand-oriented, market-based, government-led, multi-body interaction. And through the operation of the mechanisms, we want to make each extension organization efficient and orderly and to run concurrently, thereby increase the adoption rate of agricultural technology extension and make farmers increase their income steadily and make agriculture and rural areas develop sustainably. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. In view of the present situation that the functions of the agricultural technology extension organizations in our country are not clear, the management system is not smooth, the multivariate investment mechanism is not perfect, and the power of the government-led extension service system is insufficient, we draw lessons from foreign agricultural extension organizations’coordination modes of successful experiences and put forward our country’s agricultural popularizing modes of optimizing gradually into the integrated development models of a plurality of public welfare combined with the markets: One is diversification of the extension organizations; two is whole process of the extension contents; three is socialization of the extension behavior; four is diversification of the methods of extension; five is the development of agricultural extension should be from“technology-based”to“people-oriented”.
2. The construction of the diversified agricultural extension system of Hebei province is perfected continuously. It mainly displays that the functions of the public agricultural extension service are improved gradually; the agricultural universities and research institutes have improved their service; the driving abilities of the agricultural leading enterprise services are increasingly strengthened; the self-service abilities of the organizations of farmers’collaboration economy become more and more powerful. Diversified agricultural extension organizations in pear industry development have formed three major supporting systems, which are government policy support and capital investment systems; the technical research, development and training systems of agricultural universities and research institutes; and leading enterprises driving systems. But on the whole, in the construction of diversified agricultural extension systems of Hebei province, overall planning and coordination guidance are lagging; promotion organizations have not yet formed close operation mechanism.
3. This study bases on the entry point of the analysis on the farmers’will of supply and demand of pear techniques in Hebei province. According to the 597 pear households’investigation data of the central and southern regions of Hebei province, and the selected nine technologies based on the actual situation of the sample areas, we conclude that production goods is the most needed type of technology for the households at present, the four technologies of technology information, new breeds, integrated pest management, and fertilization technologies are strongly demanded, the sorts of households in different regions have different demands of technology. Viewing from the will of overall technology supply, the government agricultural extension organizations and leading enterprises play a vital role in the 9 kinds of technology extension in the sample areas, it becomes the main subject of the households’technology extension. The universities, research institutes and cooperation organizations play only an auxiliary role. Viewing from the will of region technology supply, government agricultural extension organizations, leading enterprises, universities and research institutes, cooperation organizations are all involved, but these organizations have different effect intensity in different areas. The government agricultural extension organizations are still the first choice of technical service organizations for the farmers of Xinji and Zhaoxian areas. Leading enterprises in Botou become the most trusted technology extension organizations.“Other”and demonstration households play a promotion role of larger in Weixian region.
4. Through the analysis of the households access to technology by the impact of different organizations, we can conclude that the households' adoption of new technology and decision-making basically depend on the relatives, friends, neighbors and the government extension organizations, the first choice of technical service organizations from which the households accept technology lectures or trainings is the government extension organizations, the second is universities and research institutions; There are some tally between the technology that the extension workers have extended and the demand of the farmers, but there are also some contradictions. There is a certain gap between the extension methods of the extension workers and the preferences of the households. Universities, research institutions, leading enterprises and cooperation organizations all have participated in the pear technology extension service, but the extension areas and the radiation areas are small. For the first time we use the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods based on the households’perspective to evaluate the effects of the service of the diversified agricultural extension system. The result of evaluation is that the households who performe excellent in promotion organization service are 7.3%, the good households are 25.1%, the general households are 34.6%, which shows that the promotion organizations’performance is in general level from the evaluation of the households. Based on the result of evaluation, this study puts forward the suggestions that the agriculture technology extension mechanism which is oriented to the needs of the farmers should be built.
5. Based on the present effects of the situation of the diversified agricultural extension organizations in pear industry technology extension, the technology demand and the will of supply of the pear households, and the service evaluation of the households on the extension organizations, combined with our country’s condition, we construct, for the first time, a coordination mechanism of diversified agricultural extension organization based on the supercycle theory. Within the system, all organizations will communicate and cooperate effectively, which can greatly increase the whole efficiency of agricultural promotion and embody the superiority of super circulation system. In practical work, the organizations should remove the barriers in the main supercycle operation and promote the cooperation among the subjects.
6. This study takes Agricultural University of Hebei and Botou Oriental Fruit Co. as typical case and puts forward the co-operation mode of the diversified agricultural extension organizations. The new type of agricultural extension service system that has been established by Agriculture University of Hebei, which combines with the extension departments of government, cooperation organizations, leading enterprises, and participation of multi-agents. It has achieved the diversification of extension teams, the socialization of extension behavior, the diversification of the forms of extension, and the combination of the government support with self-development. Botou Oriental Fruit Co. has established the technology extension cooperation mode of“experts + company + cooperatives + households”. On one hand, it can optimize and improve our existing agricultural extension system and raise the conversion rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. On the other hand, it can attract the cooperation of all parties to promote actively and help increase the business benefits of the linking farmers. The operation of the diversified agricultural extension organizations’cooperation mode needs to build the mechanisms of government policy support and investment protection, and the mechanisms of interests-linking and risk-sharing among the diversified agricultural extension organizations.
引文
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