山东农村人力资本投资问题研究
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摘要
农村发展是中国未来发展中的一个关键所在。要顺利推进新农村建设、发展现代农业、保障农民收入持续稳定的增长和实现城镇化等目标,都必须以农村人力资本水平大幅度提高为基本前提。然而,农村人力资本水平的真实情况如何以及哪些因素制约着人力资本的提升等问题还缺乏足够清晰的认识。尤其是针对省域的农村人力资本研究文献更为稀少。基于此,本文以山东省为案例,根据山东省相关数据资料,尤其是从本人组织的大规模调研中获得的数据,从正规教育、在职培训、医疗健康、就业转移四个方面,全面考察了山东省农村人力资本投资的现状、制约因素和问题,最后提出了相应的对策建议。
全文的基本结构是,首先在导言部分对研究的背景、意义、主要内容、研究方法和所进行的调研的基本情况做了介绍;然后综述了人力资本、人力资本投资和中国农村人力资本投资的研究进展,并对人力资本、人力资本投资及农村人力资本投资等概念做出科学界定;随后以本人的调研数据和其他资料为基础,对教育、培训、医疗健康、就业转移这四个人力资本形成要素逐一展开了分析研究。
教育方面,山东的农村基础教育投入、办学条件等都在改善,但是整体水平依然不高,职业教育也处于全国前列,但与先进省区有较大差距,并且山东省东西部之间呈现出较大的地区差异。计量分析发现基础教育与农民收入之间不存在显著关系,职业教育投入则能较为显著地提高农民收入。因此,首先要加大职业教育的投入力度,争取短时期内使农民收入有快速增长,其次稳步提高基础教育水平,因为基础教育是职业教育以及其他人力资本形成要素的必备基础。
培训方面,在政府的推动下对农民进行了大规模的培训,培训投入、体系、成效都有着显著的进步,山东各地也发展出了各具特色的培训模式。但与先进省市相比还有不小的差距,省内区域间发展也不平衡,尤其是存在培训推动政出多门、体制不顺等突出问题。计量分析发现培训可以明显地增加农民的收入。因此,要理顺体制、创新模式、加大培训力度,争取实现提升农村人力资本和快速提高农民收入的目标。
劳动力转移方面,山东省坚持走农村劳动力就地就近转移的道路,主要是通过大力发展地方经济来推动农村劳动力向非农领域转移,且在省内呈现出劳动力由西部向东部流动的局面。但是受观念、体制、素质等因素的影响,山东农村尚有近千万人口需要转移。因此,要坚持通过地方经济发展促进农村劳动力就地就近转移的方向,进一步突破观念、体制等方面的约束,加速推动农村剩余劳动力的转移步伐。
医疗健康方面,山东的农村医疗卫生事业发展较快,尤其是农村合作医疗发展更是迅速,农民整体健康水平良好,但是农村医疗健康投入和体系建设与农民需求之间还有着很大的差距,山东省内的地区差异也十分显著。因此,今后要大力探索多元化的医疗保障模式、理顺管理体制、加大投入力度,持续稳定地提高农民的健康水平。
最后对全文进行了总结,指出了走出“人力资本投资低水平自我固化陷阱”的努力方向。强调正是因为农村人力资本的投资收益率低下抑制了本应作为农村人力资本投资主体——农民的投资主动性,导致人力资本投资被长期固化在低水平状态。因此要从根本上改变农村人力资本投资低水平的现状必须要着力走出“人力资本投资低水平自我固化陷阱”。
全文总的结论是,(1)山东省农村人力资本投资整体上处于低水平状态,不仅投资收益率低,而且部分投资形成因素与农民收入之间缺乏明确的关系。(2)投资形成中农民缺乏明显的投资积极性,主要依靠来自于政府的外部推动,但是政府等外部支持的制度化水平、持续性、系统性还不高。(3)职业教育、培训等有助于直接提高农民就业机会和收入水平的人力资本形成要素对山东省农村人力资本水平有着较为直接的正向影响。(4)提高农村人力资本投资水平的关键在于走出“人力资本投资低水平自我固化陷阱”。因此,在短期内围绕提高农民收入的目标,重点发展农村职业教育和培训;从长期看应强调逐步提高投资收益率,提高农村劳动力价格,促使农村人力资本走上良性自我循环的道路;与此同时,应加大基础教育和医疗卫生投入,改善农村人力资本投资的内在基础,不断增加农村人力资本积累,形成农民增收的根本和长效机制。
主要创新,一是揭示了教育、培训、医疗卫生和就业转移在促进山东省农村人力资本形成中的作用。运用本人组织的农村调查所取得的较丰富的第一手资料(加之相关统计数据)对山东省农村人力资本投资的现状特征进行宏观分析和概括,明晰了山东农村地区教育、培训、农民转移与农民收入之间的关系,丰富了省域农村人力资本投资的研究。二是提出并阐释了“人力资本投资低水平自我固化陷阱”理论。三是从农村人力资本投资的角度,提出了如何建立山东省农民增收长效机制的政策建议。
The countryside development is a coax which is closely related to the future development of China. The level of rural human capital should be largely improved as a basic prerequisite to promote the new countryside construction, develop modern agriculture, ensure a constant growing of peasant income and attain the goal of urbanization, and so on. However, some problems such as what the real condition of the rural human capital is and which factors may set back the human capital improvement in peasants may not be scrutinized and understood deeply enough. Particularly, the studies of the condition of rural human capital in province wide are scarce. For these reasons, Shandong province is taken as a research object in this article. According to the relevant data of the province, especially data from a big scale investigation and research which was organized by the writer, through the following four facets, including the formal education system, on-the-job training, medical care and health and employment transfer, the article has fully investigated the current situation of rural human capital investment in Shandong province, and some existing problems and constraining factors in this area, finally, the writer gives some countermeasures to solve these problems.
The structure of this article is as follows: the introduction includes the research background, significance, main content, study method and the basic situation of the investigation embraced in the article. And then, the article reviews the former studies on human capital, human capital investment and Chinese rural human capital investment. The writer also gives clear definitions for these questions. After that, the writer uses the data and materials obtained from the investigation and research and carries out an comprehensive analysis according to four factors-education, training, medical care and health and employment transfer-which greatly affect the formation of human capital.
In the area of education, the rural elementary education investment and teaching conditions have been improved in Shandong province, but the entire standard is still at a much low level. Although the vocational education is at the first place in nationwide, it still has large lag compared with other advanced province. Moreover, there are significant differences between the western part and eastern part in the province. Through the econometric analysis, the writer finds that there is no significant relationship between the elementary education and peasant income. On the other hand, the vocational education investment has an obvious effect on raising the peasant income. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to increase the input in vocational education in order to raise peasant income as soon as possible. Secondly, the elementary education standard should be steadily improved, since this is the basis of vocational education and human capital accumulation.
In the respect of training, under the government promoting, the peasants have received big-scale training. The training input, system and effects have been largely enhanced and some of the special training modes, which have their local characteristic, have been developed all over the province. However, there is still big gap compared with other advanced provinces and places, the development of interior places of the province are also lack of balance, in particular, the phenomenon of mixed policy system and institutional inconsistent in promoting the training policy exist in Shandong province. According to the econometric analysis, the writer finds that training has a significant effect on raising peasant income. Therefore, clarifying the policy system, creating sufficient innovations in the area of training mode and putting more strength on training program can increase the standard of rural human capital and peasant income.
In the area of labor transfer, the province sticks to the way that transfers the rural labor forces in the local places, mainly by developing the local economy in order to transfer the rural labor forces into non-rural areas. As a result, the surplus rural labor forces of the west could flow to the east places in the province. However, under the constraints of old beliefs, conventions, institutions and other qualifications, there are almost ten millions of population need to be transferred in the province. Accordingly, it is necessary to keep developing the local economy in order to promote the rural labor forces transfer. On the other hand, the old beliefs, convention and other obsolete institutions should be broken and unfettered in order to accelerate the rural surplus labor forces transfer.
In the medical care and health respect, the rural medical care and sanitation industry has received fast development in Shandong province. The rural cooperative medical care system, in particular, has received faster development and the whole rural population health standard stands well. However, there is a great gap between the input of rural cooperative medical care system and the health care demanded by rural population. Still, the different places in the province may have much different condition. Therefore, more efforts should be devoted in order to find multi-directional medical care mode and smooth the medical care administration institution. In addition, the government should consistently enlarge the input to the rural medical care system to enhance the health standard of rural population.
The final parts of the article give a conclusion and suggest the way by which to get over“the trap of self-cure of the low-level human capital investment”. It is the low rate of return on the rural human capital investment that inhibits the subjects initiative--peasants initiative in rural human capital investment. Consequently, it results that the human capital investment has been trapped at a low-level in a very long time. Therefore, it is necessary to get over“the trap of self-cure of the low-level human capital investment”in order to change current situation of the rural human capital investment completely.
Main conclusions in this article: First, the level of rural human capital investment in Shandong is rather low on the whole. Particularly, the rate of return on investment is low, the relationship between peasant income and some formative factors of investment is not clear either. Second, the peasant is lack of obvious initiative in the process of investment formation. In fact, the formation of rural human capital investment is mainly driven by government. However, the external support such as government is not sufficiently sustainable and systematical; the level of institutionalization is not adequate either. Third, some factors such as vocational education and training which is helpful to directly increase the employment opportunity and income level for the peasant have direct and positive effect on the level of rural human capital in Shandong Province. Fourth, the key of increasing the level of rural human capital investment in Shandong lies in getting away from“the trap of self-cure of the low-level human capital investment”. Therefore, in the short term, the government should set the peasant income increase as a fundamental goal and focus on the development of vocational education and training in rural region; while in the long run, the government should gradually improve the rate of return on investment, increase the price level of rural labor force, promote rural human capital to become virtuous self-circle. Meanwhile, the government should expand the investment on elementary education and medical care and health services improve the internal basis of rural human capital investment, increase the level of rural human capital, by doing so the government could construct a fundamental and long-effect mechanism to enhance the peasant income.
Main innovations in this article: First, the writer determines the major impact of four factors on promoting the formation of rural human capital in Shandong Province, which includes education, training, medical care and health services, and employment transfer. Applying the abundant and first hand information obtained in the rural survey which was organized by the writer himself, with the help of relevant statistical data, the writer analyses the current situation and characteristic of rural human capital investment in Shandong, and gives a comprehensive generalization in the article. Through the analysis and generalization, the writer confirms the relationship between peasants income and education, training, as well as peasants transfer, enriches the study on provincial rural human capital investment. Second, the writer puts forward and explains a theory which is called“the trap of self-cure of the low-level human capital investment”. Third, from the perspective of rural human capital investment, the writer gives some political advices on how to create a long-effect mechanism for increasing peasant income in Shandong Province.
全文的基本结构是,首先在导言部分对研究的背景、意义、主要内容、研究方法和所进行的调研的基本情况做了介绍;然后综述了人力资本、人力资本投资和中国农村人力资本投资的研究进展,并对人力资本、人力资本投资及农村人力资本投资等概念做出科学界定;随后以本人的调研数据和其他资料为基础,对教育、培训、医疗健康、就业转移这四个人力资本形成要素逐一展开了分析研究。
教育方面,山东的农村基础教育投入、办学条件等都在改善,但是整体水平依然不高,职业教育也处于全国前列,但与先进省区有较大差距,并且山东省东西部之间呈现出较大的地区差异。计量分析发现基础教育与农民收入之间不存在显著关系,职业教育投入则能较为显著地提高农民收入。因此,首先要加大职业教育的投入力度,争取短时期内使农民收入有快速增长,其次稳步提高基础教育水平,因为基础教育是职业教育以及其他人力资本形成要素的必备基础。
培训方面,在政府的推动下对农民进行了大规模的培训,培训投入、体系、成效都有着显著的进步,山东各地也发展出了各具特色的培训模式。但与先进省市相比还有不小的差距,省内区域间发展也不平衡,尤其是存在培训推动政出多门、体制不顺等突出问题。计量分析发现培训可以明显地增加农民的收入。因此,要理顺体制、创新模式、加大培训力度,争取实现提升农村人力资本和快速提高农民收入的目标。
劳动力转移方面,山东省坚持走农村劳动力就地就近转移的道路,主要是通过大力发展地方经济来推动农村劳动力向非农领域转移,且在省内呈现出劳动力由西部向东部流动的局面。但是受观念、体制、素质等因素的影响,山东农村尚有近千万人口需要转移。因此,要坚持通过地方经济发展促进农村劳动力就地就近转移的方向,进一步突破观念、体制等方面的约束,加速推动农村剩余劳动力的转移步伐。
医疗健康方面,山东的农村医疗卫生事业发展较快,尤其是农村合作医疗发展更是迅速,农民整体健康水平良好,但是农村医疗健康投入和体系建设与农民需求之间还有着很大的差距,山东省内的地区差异也十分显著。因此,今后要大力探索多元化的医疗保障模式、理顺管理体制、加大投入力度,持续稳定地提高农民的健康水平。
最后对全文进行了总结,指出了走出“人力资本投资低水平自我固化陷阱”的努力方向。强调正是因为农村人力资本的投资收益率低下抑制了本应作为农村人力资本投资主体——农民的投资主动性,导致人力资本投资被长期固化在低水平状态。因此要从根本上改变农村人力资本投资低水平的现状必须要着力走出“人力资本投资低水平自我固化陷阱”。
全文总的结论是,(1)山东省农村人力资本投资整体上处于低水平状态,不仅投资收益率低,而且部分投资形成因素与农民收入之间缺乏明确的关系。(2)投资形成中农民缺乏明显的投资积极性,主要依靠来自于政府的外部推动,但是政府等外部支持的制度化水平、持续性、系统性还不高。(3)职业教育、培训等有助于直接提高农民就业机会和收入水平的人力资本形成要素对山东省农村人力资本水平有着较为直接的正向影响。(4)提高农村人力资本投资水平的关键在于走出“人力资本投资低水平自我固化陷阱”。因此,在短期内围绕提高农民收入的目标,重点发展农村职业教育和培训;从长期看应强调逐步提高投资收益率,提高农村劳动力价格,促使农村人力资本走上良性自我循环的道路;与此同时,应加大基础教育和医疗卫生投入,改善农村人力资本投资的内在基础,不断增加农村人力资本积累,形成农民增收的根本和长效机制。
主要创新,一是揭示了教育、培训、医疗卫生和就业转移在促进山东省农村人力资本形成中的作用。运用本人组织的农村调查所取得的较丰富的第一手资料(加之相关统计数据)对山东省农村人力资本投资的现状特征进行宏观分析和概括,明晰了山东农村地区教育、培训、农民转移与农民收入之间的关系,丰富了省域农村人力资本投资的研究。二是提出并阐释了“人力资本投资低水平自我固化陷阱”理论。三是从农村人力资本投资的角度,提出了如何建立山东省农民增收长效机制的政策建议。
The countryside development is a coax which is closely related to the future development of China. The level of rural human capital should be largely improved as a basic prerequisite to promote the new countryside construction, develop modern agriculture, ensure a constant growing of peasant income and attain the goal of urbanization, and so on. However, some problems such as what the real condition of the rural human capital is and which factors may set back the human capital improvement in peasants may not be scrutinized and understood deeply enough. Particularly, the studies of the condition of rural human capital in province wide are scarce. For these reasons, Shandong province is taken as a research object in this article. According to the relevant data of the province, especially data from a big scale investigation and research which was organized by the writer, through the following four facets, including the formal education system, on-the-job training, medical care and health and employment transfer, the article has fully investigated the current situation of rural human capital investment in Shandong province, and some existing problems and constraining factors in this area, finally, the writer gives some countermeasures to solve these problems.
The structure of this article is as follows: the introduction includes the research background, significance, main content, study method and the basic situation of the investigation embraced in the article. And then, the article reviews the former studies on human capital, human capital investment and Chinese rural human capital investment. The writer also gives clear definitions for these questions. After that, the writer uses the data and materials obtained from the investigation and research and carries out an comprehensive analysis according to four factors-education, training, medical care and health and employment transfer-which greatly affect the formation of human capital.
In the area of education, the rural elementary education investment and teaching conditions have been improved in Shandong province, but the entire standard is still at a much low level. Although the vocational education is at the first place in nationwide, it still has large lag compared with other advanced province. Moreover, there are significant differences between the western part and eastern part in the province. Through the econometric analysis, the writer finds that there is no significant relationship between the elementary education and peasant income. On the other hand, the vocational education investment has an obvious effect on raising the peasant income. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to increase the input in vocational education in order to raise peasant income as soon as possible. Secondly, the elementary education standard should be steadily improved, since this is the basis of vocational education and human capital accumulation.
In the respect of training, under the government promoting, the peasants have received big-scale training. The training input, system and effects have been largely enhanced and some of the special training modes, which have their local characteristic, have been developed all over the province. However, there is still big gap compared with other advanced provinces and places, the development of interior places of the province are also lack of balance, in particular, the phenomenon of mixed policy system and institutional inconsistent in promoting the training policy exist in Shandong province. According to the econometric analysis, the writer finds that training has a significant effect on raising peasant income. Therefore, clarifying the policy system, creating sufficient innovations in the area of training mode and putting more strength on training program can increase the standard of rural human capital and peasant income.
In the area of labor transfer, the province sticks to the way that transfers the rural labor forces in the local places, mainly by developing the local economy in order to transfer the rural labor forces into non-rural areas. As a result, the surplus rural labor forces of the west could flow to the east places in the province. However, under the constraints of old beliefs, conventions, institutions and other qualifications, there are almost ten millions of population need to be transferred in the province. Accordingly, it is necessary to keep developing the local economy in order to promote the rural labor forces transfer. On the other hand, the old beliefs, convention and other obsolete institutions should be broken and unfettered in order to accelerate the rural surplus labor forces transfer.
In the medical care and health respect, the rural medical care and sanitation industry has received fast development in Shandong province. The rural cooperative medical care system, in particular, has received faster development and the whole rural population health standard stands well. However, there is a great gap between the input of rural cooperative medical care system and the health care demanded by rural population. Still, the different places in the province may have much different condition. Therefore, more efforts should be devoted in order to find multi-directional medical care mode and smooth the medical care administration institution. In addition, the government should consistently enlarge the input to the rural medical care system to enhance the health standard of rural population.
The final parts of the article give a conclusion and suggest the way by which to get over“the trap of self-cure of the low-level human capital investment”. It is the low rate of return on the rural human capital investment that inhibits the subjects initiative--peasants initiative in rural human capital investment. Consequently, it results that the human capital investment has been trapped at a low-level in a very long time. Therefore, it is necessary to get over“the trap of self-cure of the low-level human capital investment”in order to change current situation of the rural human capital investment completely.
Main conclusions in this article: First, the level of rural human capital investment in Shandong is rather low on the whole. Particularly, the rate of return on investment is low, the relationship between peasant income and some formative factors of investment is not clear either. Second, the peasant is lack of obvious initiative in the process of investment formation. In fact, the formation of rural human capital investment is mainly driven by government. However, the external support such as government is not sufficiently sustainable and systematical; the level of institutionalization is not adequate either. Third, some factors such as vocational education and training which is helpful to directly increase the employment opportunity and income level for the peasant have direct and positive effect on the level of rural human capital in Shandong Province. Fourth, the key of increasing the level of rural human capital investment in Shandong lies in getting away from“the trap of self-cure of the low-level human capital investment”. Therefore, in the short term, the government should set the peasant income increase as a fundamental goal and focus on the development of vocational education and training in rural region; while in the long run, the government should gradually improve the rate of return on investment, increase the price level of rural labor force, promote rural human capital to become virtuous self-circle. Meanwhile, the government should expand the investment on elementary education and medical care and health services improve the internal basis of rural human capital investment, increase the level of rural human capital, by doing so the government could construct a fundamental and long-effect mechanism to enhance the peasant income.
Main innovations in this article: First, the writer determines the major impact of four factors on promoting the formation of rural human capital in Shandong Province, which includes education, training, medical care and health services, and employment transfer. Applying the abundant and first hand information obtained in the rural survey which was organized by the writer himself, with the help of relevant statistical data, the writer analyses the current situation and characteristic of rural human capital investment in Shandong, and gives a comprehensive generalization in the article. Through the analysis and generalization, the writer confirms the relationship between peasants income and education, training, as well as peasants transfer, enriches the study on provincial rural human capital investment. Second, the writer puts forward and explains a theory which is called“the trap of self-cure of the low-level human capital investment”. Third, from the perspective of rural human capital investment, the writer gives some political advices on how to create a long-effect mechanism for increasing peasant income in Shandong Province.
引文
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