公共住房保障中的政府责任研究
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摘要
公共住房问题是重要的民生问题,也是重要的经济问题和政治问题。公共住房问题的妥善解决,直接关系到人民群众的安居乐业,关系到经济平稳发展,关系到社会的稳定和谐。综观世界各国的住房政策,政府都把妥善解决各个收入层次居民的住房问题作为重要的施政目标,并采取多方面的措施,努力提高全体居民的居住环境和居住水平,改善其居住条件。自改革开放以来,我国经济保持了长期快速增长势头,人民生活水平显著改善,随着住房制度改革的深入推进,我国逐步建立了与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的新的住房制度,住房资源的市场化配置作用日益增强,城镇居民总体居住条件比改革之前有了很大的改观。然而,由于住房分配的过分市场化、商品化,而且,由于漠视住房准公共产品的属性,过度依赖市场机制,导致近年来快速攀升的房价和居民收入增长缓慢之间的矛盾日益尖锐。不少城市房价居高不下、群众买不起房,很多中低收入阶层家庭,特别是低收入家庭既无法通过市场又无法通过保障途径解决住房困难问题,住房问题成为了生活不能承受之重,因此出现了“蜗居”、“蚁族”等社会现象,住房困难成为了困扰社会和谐发展的重大问题之
公共住房保障问题的研究归根结底来说,就是政府责任问题的研究。要妥善解决公共住房保障问题,关键在于明确公共住房保障中的政府责任。政府在解决公共住房保障问题中承担着最为重要的责任,是必不可缺的角色。为解决广大中低收入家庭住房困难的问题,我国已经初步建立起了多层次保障性住房体系。但是,由于公共住房保障中政府责任定位的失误、理念的模糊,我国公共住房保障制度的模式设计与解决目前的住房困难问题的要求还有很大的差距。
我国现今社会主义市场经济体制基本形成,但是还不够成熟。人均国民生产总值较为落后,各项社会保障事业都需要国家的大量资金投入,因而分配到公共住房保障领域的份额就会相对减少。所以,政府在设计公共住房保障模式时,应当着眼于我国市场经济体制尚不完善和财政资源、房屋资源、土地资源相对紧张的情况。在商品房市场运行的前提下,尽可能多地把受益群体囊括进公共住房保障模式中来,降低中低收入家庭的受惠门槛,并针对不同的目标群体采取不同水平的保障模式,充分考虑到各种群体对租房和购房所能承受的经济能力。同时,公共住房保障模式的设计不能仅仅停留在“纸面”上的内容,更重要的是需要政府在公共住房保障中能够承担起自己应有的责任,这才最终能够使公共住房保障制度真正地发挥其利国利民的作用。因此,在政府责任的横向分配中,政府要在公共住房保障制度中承担起规划责任、资源供给责任、组织责任、分配责任以及
监督责任,并且要在公共住房保障运行前、公共住房保障运行中、公共住房保障
运行后的全过程中都要履行其职责。而在政府责任的纵向分配中,中央政府应该
承担起比地方政府更重的财政责任、制度建设责任以及监管责任。政府责任的履
行不仅需要政府自身的约束,同时还需要一套完善的监督机制来促使政府更公平
地、更富有效率地履行责任。这就要求建立起立法监督、司法监督、社会舆论监
督的全方位监督机制。
Public housing is an important livelihood problem, and it is also an important economic and political problem. Resolving the problem of public housing properly is related to people's live and work in peace, and also is impacted on the stable development of economy and the stability and harmoniousness of the society. Looking the public housing policies all around the world, the government usually view the solution of the housing problems of the residents of all kinds of income levels as an important policy objective, and pay more attention on the problems of the protection of public housing.Meanwhile, the government also take all kinds of measures to improve the living environment and conditions of all residents. Since the reformation and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly in a long time, and the people's living standards has improved significantly. As the reformation of china's housing system deeply, our country has gradually established a new housing system which compatible with the market economic system. At the same time, the resources of the housing market has been allocated more and more effectively, and the living conditions of urban residents have been improved more significant than before the reformation. However, as the excessive marketization and commercialization in the allocation of housing market, our country has ignored the quasi public product attributes and relied on the market mechanisms excessively, the contradictions between the rapid rise in housing prices and the dweller income grow slow has been increasing sharp in the recent years. In the many cities, the price of the housing was very high, and many people could not afford housing, especially for low-income families, they could not afford housing by the market and other measures of the protection. So it has caused "dwelling" and "ant tribe" and other social phenomena in our country, and the problem of the housing difficulties has become one of the major problems to the harmonious development of the society.
Generally speaking, researching the problem of public housing security is the research of the government's responsibility. To resolve the problem of public housing properly, it is very important to research the responsibility of government in the protection of public housing. It is essential for the government to play an important responsibility on the protection of the public housing. In order to solve the housing problem for the low-income families, our country has established a multi-level affordable housing system initially. However, due to the errors of the orientation and the fuzzy concept of government responsibility in the protection of public housing, there is a great lap between the design and development of the patterns for public housing security system in our country and the solution of the housing problems.
Now, our country still on the reformation of the market economy intinally, market competition institution is not been established fully, the per capita GNP is very low, and the social security still requires significant capital investment, while the assignment of public housing security domains share will be reduced relatively. In order to design the patterns of public housing security, our country should take account of our country's economy are not been developed, and the financial resources, housing resources, land resources are relatively short. Under the premise of the housing market is running, our government should as much as possible to take the beneficiary groups into the protection model of public housing, and to lower the threshold to benefit for low and middle-income families, and to take different levels of protection patterns for different target groups, and taking account of the economic capacity of the various groups of renters and home buyers can afford fully. At the same time, the design of public housing security model should not only stay in the "paper" on the context, and more important is that our government should undertake its responsibilities in the protection of public housing, and make sure the ultimate public housing security system to play its role in our country. Therefore, on the horizontal distribution of government responsibility, our government should to take the responsibilities for planning, supplying, organizing, allocating and supervising resources, and to fulfil its responsibilities in the whole process of the protection of public housing. While on the vertical distribution of the government responsibility, the central government should undertake more responsibilities than the local government in financial, institution building and supervisory. Meanwhile, the government to fulfill the responsibility is not only depend on the government's own constraints, but also requires a comprehensive monitoring mechanism to urge the government fulfill its responsibility more equitable and efficient. It is require that our country to establish a comprehensive supervisory mechanism in the fields of legislative, judicial and social public opinion.
公共住房保障问题的研究归根结底来说,就是政府责任问题的研究。要妥善解决公共住房保障问题,关键在于明确公共住房保障中的政府责任。政府在解决公共住房保障问题中承担着最为重要的责任,是必不可缺的角色。为解决广大中低收入家庭住房困难的问题,我国已经初步建立起了多层次保障性住房体系。但是,由于公共住房保障中政府责任定位的失误、理念的模糊,我国公共住房保障制度的模式设计与解决目前的住房困难问题的要求还有很大的差距。
我国现今社会主义市场经济体制基本形成,但是还不够成熟。人均国民生产总值较为落后,各项社会保障事业都需要国家的大量资金投入,因而分配到公共住房保障领域的份额就会相对减少。所以,政府在设计公共住房保障模式时,应当着眼于我国市场经济体制尚不完善和财政资源、房屋资源、土地资源相对紧张的情况。在商品房市场运行的前提下,尽可能多地把受益群体囊括进公共住房保障模式中来,降低中低收入家庭的受惠门槛,并针对不同的目标群体采取不同水平的保障模式,充分考虑到各种群体对租房和购房所能承受的经济能力。同时,公共住房保障模式的设计不能仅仅停留在“纸面”上的内容,更重要的是需要政府在公共住房保障中能够承担起自己应有的责任,这才最终能够使公共住房保障制度真正地发挥其利国利民的作用。因此,在政府责任的横向分配中,政府要在公共住房保障制度中承担起规划责任、资源供给责任、组织责任、分配责任以及
监督责任,并且要在公共住房保障运行前、公共住房保障运行中、公共住房保障
运行后的全过程中都要履行其职责。而在政府责任的纵向分配中,中央政府应该
承担起比地方政府更重的财政责任、制度建设责任以及监管责任。政府责任的履
行不仅需要政府自身的约束,同时还需要一套完善的监督机制来促使政府更公平
地、更富有效率地履行责任。这就要求建立起立法监督、司法监督、社会舆论监
督的全方位监督机制。
Public housing is an important livelihood problem, and it is also an important economic and political problem. Resolving the problem of public housing properly is related to people's live and work in peace, and also is impacted on the stable development of economy and the stability and harmoniousness of the society. Looking the public housing policies all around the world, the government usually view the solution of the housing problems of the residents of all kinds of income levels as an important policy objective, and pay more attention on the problems of the protection of public housing.Meanwhile, the government also take all kinds of measures to improve the living environment and conditions of all residents. Since the reformation and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly in a long time, and the people's living standards has improved significantly. As the reformation of china's housing system deeply, our country has gradually established a new housing system which compatible with the market economic system. At the same time, the resources of the housing market has been allocated more and more effectively, and the living conditions of urban residents have been improved more significant than before the reformation. However, as the excessive marketization and commercialization in the allocation of housing market, our country has ignored the quasi public product attributes and relied on the market mechanisms excessively, the contradictions between the rapid rise in housing prices and the dweller income grow slow has been increasing sharp in the recent years. In the many cities, the price of the housing was very high, and many people could not afford housing, especially for low-income families, they could not afford housing by the market and other measures of the protection. So it has caused "dwelling" and "ant tribe" and other social phenomena in our country, and the problem of the housing difficulties has become one of the major problems to the harmonious development of the society.
Generally speaking, researching the problem of public housing security is the research of the government's responsibility. To resolve the problem of public housing properly, it is very important to research the responsibility of government in the protection of public housing. It is essential for the government to play an important responsibility on the protection of the public housing. In order to solve the housing problem for the low-income families, our country has established a multi-level affordable housing system initially. However, due to the errors of the orientation and the fuzzy concept of government responsibility in the protection of public housing, there is a great lap between the design and development of the patterns for public housing security system in our country and the solution of the housing problems.
Now, our country still on the reformation of the market economy intinally, market competition institution is not been established fully, the per capita GNP is very low, and the social security still requires significant capital investment, while the assignment of public housing security domains share will be reduced relatively. In order to design the patterns of public housing security, our country should take account of our country's economy are not been developed, and the financial resources, housing resources, land resources are relatively short. Under the premise of the housing market is running, our government should as much as possible to take the beneficiary groups into the protection model of public housing, and to lower the threshold to benefit for low and middle-income families, and to take different levels of protection patterns for different target groups, and taking account of the economic capacity of the various groups of renters and home buyers can afford fully. At the same time, the design of public housing security model should not only stay in the "paper" on the context, and more important is that our government should undertake its responsibilities in the protection of public housing, and make sure the ultimate public housing security system to play its role in our country. Therefore, on the horizontal distribution of government responsibility, our government should to take the responsibilities for planning, supplying, organizing, allocating and supervising resources, and to fulfil its responsibilities in the whole process of the protection of public housing. While on the vertical distribution of the government responsibility, the central government should undertake more responsibilities than the local government in financial, institution building and supervisory. Meanwhile, the government to fulfill the responsibility is not only depend on the government's own constraints, but also requires a comprehensive monitoring mechanism to urge the government fulfill its responsibility more equitable and efficient. It is require that our country to establish a comprehensive supervisory mechanism in the fields of legislative, judicial and social public opinion.
引文
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