自然保护区生态旅游特征界定及旅游活动对白骨顶繁殖行为的影响
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摘要
界定自然保护区生态旅游是否符合生态旅游的基本原则与特征、确定旅游活动对繁殖期白骨顶(Fulica atra)取食、孵卵等行为的影响,这对保护区提高生态旅游的可持续性、完善生态旅游规划和管理、有效进行物种及生物多样性保护、协调旅游和保护的关系至关重要。
基于生态旅游的概念和基本原则,确定了10个自然保护区生态旅游需要满足的基本特征界定指标:自然区域的旅游、欣赏和学习动机、旅游的环境和社会文化影响、旅游者的环境态度、社区对资源保护的态度、旅游收益投入保护、旅游对社区的经济效益、社区对保护区旅游的参与、旅游者对当地文化的了解、尊重。各指标分别赋为3分,根据得分可将生态旅游定性划分为3个等级。
以扎龙自然保护区为例,通过问卷调查、访谈和直接观察等方法进行了旅游者、社区、自然和保护特征调查分析,结果显示:扎龙保护区游客动机以观赏风景和观鹤为主,具有学习动机的占18.1%,游客的NEP环境态度值为中等水平;8月外省游客多、由旅行社安排、团体更大,而5月游客学习动机更少,住宿条件要求更高,二者均显示了一定的大众性生态旅游特征;扎龙屯社区每年获得经济利益60～70万元,旅游带来的主要社会效益有交通便利、知名度提高、芦苇业收入更好,社区村民对保护区鹤类保护有很好的认识;保护区旅游区域湿地自然景观丰富,但圈养鹤的放飞活动一定程度上降低了生态旅游的自然度;保护区将23.3%的旅游收入用于鹤类的保护繁育和宣传教育,游客和摄影者与散养鹤接触时对丹顶鹤的干扰较小。
根据量化研究结果计算得出扎龙自然保护区生态旅游基本特征的界定得分为21分,属于等级Ⅱ——部分生态旅游,应从为游客提供更多的自然体验和环境教育、建立社区参与机制以及让当地文化更多的融入保护区的旅游等方面入手完善生态旅游管理。
在安邦河保护区研究了白骨顶繁殖生态,结果显示:白骨顶营巢于开阔水面边缘的草丛中,巢下水深多为20～80cm、距明水面0～5m、巢间距30m～50m、领域面积3000～5000m~2;窝卵数为6-13枚,孵化期23天,孵卵率为91.38%;旅游活动区与对照区相比,巢址距干扰源更近,巢距明水面距离、巢间距、领域面积无显著差异,但产卵、育雏和集群时间明显晚于对照区。
在安邦河湿地旅游活动区与对照区进行了产卵前期和孵卵期雌雄白骨顶的日行为时间分配和活动规律的研究,结果显示:产卵前期旅游活动区和对照区雌性取食时间比例均高于雄性,而雄性领域护卫行为较雌性的多;旅游区与对照区相比,白骨顶明显具有躲避行为。孵卵期雌性白骨顶的孵卵时间更长,旅游区和对照区之间雌性的孵卵、游走行为、雄性的整理行为以及雌雄白骨顶的躲避行为所占的时间比例存在显著差异;白骨顶在孵卵期比产卵前期所受的旅游干扰更大。旅游活动对孵卵期白骨顶的日活动规律的影响是一次性孵卵持续时间缩短,取食时间零散。
在安邦河湿地的高强度旅游区、低强度旅游区和对照区,观察分析了白骨顶成体和亚成体的日行为时间分配和活动节律。结果表明三个区域间成体的取食、游走、整理和躲避行为存在显著差异,亚成体具有差异的行为类型是取食、游走和躲避;高强度旅游区与对照区之间的行为差异更为显著,而低强度旅游区与对照区间的差异较小;成体在旅游干扰出现后的消失行为明显多于亚成体,在同等旅游强度下,对干扰的反应较亚成体敏感。
It's important for the evaluation on the essential principles and characteristics of ecotourism in nature reserves,and identifying the tourism impacts on the breeding behavior of common coots to the sustainable ecotourism,improvement of ecotourism planning and management,effective conservation of species and biodiversity,and the balance between tourism and conservation of nature reserves.
10 essential characteristics indexes were identified based on ecotourism definition and principles in an evaluation framework of Nature Reserves:nature-based tourism,motivation of appreciation and learning,environmental and soci-cultural impacts,environmental attitudes of tourists,conservation attitudes of community,conservation benefit from ecotorism,community benefit ecotourism,community participation,understand and respect to local culture tourists. Every index was 3 stores,and 3 levels were identified according to totoal stores.
The tourists,community,nature and conservation character of ecotourism were surveyed and analyzed in Zhalong Nature Reserve by the methods of questionnaires,farmers,managers and staff interview,and indirect observation and the level of Zhalong ecotourism was evaluated. The main motivation of tourists is scenery viewing and cranes watching,and the motivation for learning about wetland is 18.1%of total tourists.The score of 8 NEP questions is 30.2 and environmental attitude is medium.There are some differences between May and July surveys, more tourists in July were from other province,arranging by travel agency,with bigger group, and tourists in May had less learning motivation and more requirements to accommodation,so these two parts tourists all had some characteristics of mass tourism.The Zhalong village got 600 000～700 000 RMB from ecotourism in 2006,and most villagers thought Zhalong had convenient traffic,advantages for reed sale and were more well-known after ecotourism.Most villagers had good awareness for the cranes conservation.There are abundant natural landscapes in Zhalong wetland,but the activities of watching flying captive-breeding cranes decreased the nature level to some extent.Zhalong Reserves put 23.3%of total ecotourism benefits to cranes conservation,breeding and public education.There were little disturbance from photographers and general tourists to captive breeding cranes.
The total score of 10 characteristics of Nature Reserves ecotourism is 21 stores,which can be classified to levelⅡ,part ecotourism.Some suggests such as providing more nature experience,environmental education,forming community participation to ecotourism, immerging more local culture were proposed to improving the ecotourism management.
The breeding ecology and the impacts of tourism on common coot(Fulica atra) were investigated in Anbang River Nature Reserve.The results indicated that most nests were built among plants patch near open water.The water depth of most nests is 20～80cm,distance to open water is 0～5m,distance between nests is 30m～50m,the territory area is 3000～5000m2.The clutch size is 6-13,incubation date is 23 days and incubation rate is 91.38%.
The nesting site in areas with tourism activities is nearer to disturbance source,but the distance to open water,distance between nests,territory area have no significant difference with compare area.The laying date,brooding date and grouping date are all later than compare area.
The behavior time budget and activity rhythm of common coots in pre-laying and incubation period were studied in the tourism activities area and compare area of Anbang River wetland.Females spent more time than males feeding during pre-laying,and males spent slightly more time at defensive activities than females.Avoiding behavior were significant different between tourism area and compare area.In incubation period coot females spent more time on sitting nest,and females of tourism spent less time on incubating and more locomotion than compare area,male spent less time on maintenance than compare area.Coots were more easily to be disturbance in incubation than pre-laying period.The tourism impacts on activity rhythm of coot were focused on continuous sitting time and the fragmental feeding time.
The behavior time budget and activity rhythm of adults and juvenile common coots in intensive tourism area,mild tourism area and compare area in Anbang River wetland.There are significant differences in feeding,locomotion,maintenance and avoiding behavior of the adults among three areas.Juveniles of intensive tourism area,mild tourism area spent less time on feeding,locomotion,maintenance and more time on avoiding than compare area.The behavioral differences between intensive area and compare area were more than that between mild tourism area and compare area.By same degree of disturbance,adults disappeared from open water more frequently than juveniles,and were more sensitive to disturbance than juveniles.
基于生态旅游的概念和基本原则,确定了10个自然保护区生态旅游需要满足的基本特征界定指标:自然区域的旅游、欣赏和学习动机、旅游的环境和社会文化影响、旅游者的环境态度、社区对资源保护的态度、旅游收益投入保护、旅游对社区的经济效益、社区对保护区旅游的参与、旅游者对当地文化的了解、尊重。各指标分别赋为3分,根据得分可将生态旅游定性划分为3个等级。
以扎龙自然保护区为例,通过问卷调查、访谈和直接观察等方法进行了旅游者、社区、自然和保护特征调查分析,结果显示:扎龙保护区游客动机以观赏风景和观鹤为主,具有学习动机的占18.1%,游客的NEP环境态度值为中等水平;8月外省游客多、由旅行社安排、团体更大,而5月游客学习动机更少,住宿条件要求更高,二者均显示了一定的大众性生态旅游特征;扎龙屯社区每年获得经济利益60～70万元,旅游带来的主要社会效益有交通便利、知名度提高、芦苇业收入更好,社区村民对保护区鹤类保护有很好的认识;保护区旅游区域湿地自然景观丰富,但圈养鹤的放飞活动一定程度上降低了生态旅游的自然度;保护区将23.3%的旅游收入用于鹤类的保护繁育和宣传教育,游客和摄影者与散养鹤接触时对丹顶鹤的干扰较小。
根据量化研究结果计算得出扎龙自然保护区生态旅游基本特征的界定得分为21分,属于等级Ⅱ——部分生态旅游,应从为游客提供更多的自然体验和环境教育、建立社区参与机制以及让当地文化更多的融入保护区的旅游等方面入手完善生态旅游管理。
在安邦河保护区研究了白骨顶繁殖生态,结果显示:白骨顶营巢于开阔水面边缘的草丛中,巢下水深多为20～80cm、距明水面0～5m、巢间距30m～50m、领域面积3000～5000m~2;窝卵数为6-13枚,孵化期23天,孵卵率为91.38%;旅游活动区与对照区相比,巢址距干扰源更近,巢距明水面距离、巢间距、领域面积无显著差异,但产卵、育雏和集群时间明显晚于对照区。
在安邦河湿地旅游活动区与对照区进行了产卵前期和孵卵期雌雄白骨顶的日行为时间分配和活动规律的研究,结果显示:产卵前期旅游活动区和对照区雌性取食时间比例均高于雄性,而雄性领域护卫行为较雌性的多;旅游区与对照区相比,白骨顶明显具有躲避行为。孵卵期雌性白骨顶的孵卵时间更长,旅游区和对照区之间雌性的孵卵、游走行为、雄性的整理行为以及雌雄白骨顶的躲避行为所占的时间比例存在显著差异;白骨顶在孵卵期比产卵前期所受的旅游干扰更大。旅游活动对孵卵期白骨顶的日活动规律的影响是一次性孵卵持续时间缩短,取食时间零散。
在安邦河湿地的高强度旅游区、低强度旅游区和对照区,观察分析了白骨顶成体和亚成体的日行为时间分配和活动节律。结果表明三个区域间成体的取食、游走、整理和躲避行为存在显著差异,亚成体具有差异的行为类型是取食、游走和躲避;高强度旅游区与对照区之间的行为差异更为显著,而低强度旅游区与对照区间的差异较小;成体在旅游干扰出现后的消失行为明显多于亚成体,在同等旅游强度下,对干扰的反应较亚成体敏感。
It's important for the evaluation on the essential principles and characteristics of ecotourism in nature reserves,and identifying the tourism impacts on the breeding behavior of common coots to the sustainable ecotourism,improvement of ecotourism planning and management,effective conservation of species and biodiversity,and the balance between tourism and conservation of nature reserves.
10 essential characteristics indexes were identified based on ecotourism definition and principles in an evaluation framework of Nature Reserves:nature-based tourism,motivation of appreciation and learning,environmental and soci-cultural impacts,environmental attitudes of tourists,conservation attitudes of community,conservation benefit from ecotorism,community benefit ecotourism,community participation,understand and respect to local culture tourists. Every index was 3 stores,and 3 levels were identified according to totoal stores.
The tourists,community,nature and conservation character of ecotourism were surveyed and analyzed in Zhalong Nature Reserve by the methods of questionnaires,farmers,managers and staff interview,and indirect observation and the level of Zhalong ecotourism was evaluated. The main motivation of tourists is scenery viewing and cranes watching,and the motivation for learning about wetland is 18.1%of total tourists.The score of 8 NEP questions is 30.2 and environmental attitude is medium.There are some differences between May and July surveys, more tourists in July were from other province,arranging by travel agency,with bigger group, and tourists in May had less learning motivation and more requirements to accommodation,so these two parts tourists all had some characteristics of mass tourism.The Zhalong village got 600 000～700 000 RMB from ecotourism in 2006,and most villagers thought Zhalong had convenient traffic,advantages for reed sale and were more well-known after ecotourism.Most villagers had good awareness for the cranes conservation.There are abundant natural landscapes in Zhalong wetland,but the activities of watching flying captive-breeding cranes decreased the nature level to some extent.Zhalong Reserves put 23.3%of total ecotourism benefits to cranes conservation,breeding and public education.There were little disturbance from photographers and general tourists to captive breeding cranes.
The total score of 10 characteristics of Nature Reserves ecotourism is 21 stores,which can be classified to levelⅡ,part ecotourism.Some suggests such as providing more nature experience,environmental education,forming community participation to ecotourism, immerging more local culture were proposed to improving the ecotourism management.
The breeding ecology and the impacts of tourism on common coot(Fulica atra) were investigated in Anbang River Nature Reserve.The results indicated that most nests were built among plants patch near open water.The water depth of most nests is 20～80cm,distance to open water is 0～5m,distance between nests is 30m～50m,the territory area is 3000～5000m2.The clutch size is 6-13,incubation date is 23 days and incubation rate is 91.38%.
The nesting site in areas with tourism activities is nearer to disturbance source,but the distance to open water,distance between nests,territory area have no significant difference with compare area.The laying date,brooding date and grouping date are all later than compare area.
The behavior time budget and activity rhythm of common coots in pre-laying and incubation period were studied in the tourism activities area and compare area of Anbang River wetland.Females spent more time than males feeding during pre-laying,and males spent slightly more time at defensive activities than females.Avoiding behavior were significant different between tourism area and compare area.In incubation period coot females spent more time on sitting nest,and females of tourism spent less time on incubating and more locomotion than compare area,male spent less time on maintenance than compare area.Coots were more easily to be disturbance in incubation than pre-laying period.The tourism impacts on activity rhythm of coot were focused on continuous sitting time and the fragmental feeding time.
The behavior time budget and activity rhythm of adults and juvenile common coots in intensive tourism area,mild tourism area and compare area in Anbang River wetland.There are significant differences in feeding,locomotion,maintenance and avoiding behavior of the adults among three areas.Juveniles of intensive tourism area,mild tourism area spent less time on feeding,locomotion,maintenance and more time on avoiding than compare area.The behavioral differences between intensive area and compare area were more than that between mild tourism area and compare area.By same degree of disturbance,adults disappeared from open water more frequently than juveniles,and were more sensitive to disturbance than juveniles.
引文
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