社会资本对农业技术创新团队效能的影响研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代以来,技术创新由个人创新逐渐转向团队创新。团队集结了多学科、跨区域的人、财、物力更能适应知识经济时代的技术创新的特点和要求,已有研究表明,包含沟通、信任、领导、团队内外部非正式关系、共同愿景等因素的社会资本被认为是团队效能的重要影响因素。实践证实,在创新过程中,团队成员之间的沟通、信任、团队领导的态度等因素对团队的创新效果产生了重要的影响。由于农业技术创新团队实践起步较晚,研究有限,尤其是对社会资本与技术创新团队效能的系统、全面的研究仍然比较缺乏。本研究旨在通过社会资本对农业技术创新团队效能影响的研究,完善社会资本理论,提高其普适性,为农业技术创新团队的进一步发展提供理论指导,并为政府推进技术创新团队发展以及创新团队的自我完善提供实践指导。
本文在全球技术创新团队化、集群化的背景下,以社会资本理论、技术创新理论以及组织社会学理论为指导,以农业技术创新团队为研究对象,在对社会资本及团队效能的概念进行界定的基础上,提出了结构维度社会资本、关系维度社会资本、认知维度社会资本、任务绩效以及周边绩效及其衡量指标,对三维度社会资本之间的关系进行分析并提出假设,构建了社会资本三维度对团队效能及其两方面影响的理论框架,并就社会资本对团队效能的影响进行了理论分析,提出了社会资本对团队效能影响的理论假设；在此基础上,结合四川省农业科技创新产业链示范工程中农业技术创新团队的实践,利用调查收集的数据进行统计分析,在对数据的信度和效度进行评价的基础上,运用验证性因子分析(CFA)的方法对社会资本和团队效能的结构进行了检验；最后,在取得农业技术创新团队层次数据的基础上,运用相关分析、多元线性回归分析以及路径分析法,就社会资本对农业技术创新团队的效能影响的理论假设进行检验,得出研究结论,并提出了有针对性的,操作性强的对策建议。本文得出的主要结论是：
1、社会资本三维度：结构维度、关系维度、认知维度之间具有方向性的影响关系。其中,结构维度社会资本在三维度中具有基础性,结构维度社会资本对关系维度和认知维度社会资本具有正向影响,认知维度社会资本对关系维度社会资本具有正向影响。
2、团队效能包含任务绩效和周边绩效两个方面,二者在总体结构上可以区分开来,具有各自不同的构面,但是任务绩效和周边绩效之间的相互影响系数较大,二者之间存在高度的相互影响关系。
3、就社会资本总量而言,其对团队效能总量的影响是正向且显著的。
4、结构维度社会资本对团队效能及其两个方面均有直接的正向影响；对任务绩效和周边绩效存在间接影响。
5、认知维度社会资本对团队效能的影响不显著；对任务绩效具有负向影响作用,是结构维度社会资本对任务绩效产生间接影响的中介；对周边绩效存在直接影响和间接影响。
6、关系维度社会资本对团队效能及任务绩效的影响均不显著,对周边绩效存在正向显著的直接影响,且在结构维度及认知维度社会资本对周边绩效的间接影响中扮演了桥梁角色。
根据上述结论提出以下建议：首先,重视农业技术创新团队结构维度社会资本的培育和发展。在团队内部要加强成员之间的联系,形成以团队领导为中心的内部网络,维持团队成员相对稳定的局面,为团队内部资源和信息的交流奠定基础,注重团队外部网络的开拓,为团队获取外部资源和信息提供机会。其次,充分发挥认知维度社会资本对农业技术创新团队周边绩效的正向影响作用,抑制和避免其不良影响。一方面,在团队内部形成共同的语言和认知模式,以团队目标作为终极导向,在提升团队的创造力的同时为成员提供更多支持,提高其工作和组织满意度；另一方面,注意保护成员个人的创新精神和创新能力,从而使团队拥有不断创新的动力；再次,充分发挥关系维度社会资本在提高团队周边绩效中的直接正向影响作用和中介作用。就团队内部而言,提升团队主管的业务能力和管理水平,从而提升团队成员的心理安全度,提高其对领导的信任度和工作满意度,与此同时,促进成员之间的广泛深入交流,形成彼此信任的氛围,使其之间的互动更加自由和开放,以提升成员的工作满意度和组织认同感。在团队外部,提高成员与外部主体的相互信任水平,增大团队获取时效信息和有限资源的机率,从而提升成员对于团队发展和继续合作的预期。最后,在团队内部社会资本与外部社会资本的培育上面,应注意保持适当的比例,以平衡二者在时间和精力占用中形成的此消彼长关系。
本文的创新之处主要体现在三个方面：(1)厘清了社会资本的内部架构及相互作用机理,揭示了社会资本的结构、关系、认知三维度之间方向性的影响关系,丰富了社会资本理论。(2)剖析了社会资本对农业技术创新团队效能的影响路径。探明了关系维度和认知维度社会资本在影响团队效能中的中介作用,指明了关系维度扮演的社会资本桥梁角色,将从整体上影响社会资本对团队效能发挥作用的程度。(3)利用熵权法获取了社会资本总量和团队效能总量数据,实证了社会资本总量对农业技术创新团队效能总量的影响方向和影响程度,弥补了现有研究当中重视结构影响分析而总量影响分析不足的局限。
Since the Nineteen eighties, technological innovation has gradually shifted from the individual innovation to team innovation. The team can adapt the characteristics and requirements of technical innovation in the era of knowledge economy, because it can assemble people, money and things from different disciplines and regions. Some of the existing research has proved that social capital including communication, trust, leadership, informal relationship in and out of the team, shared vision can influence the teams' effectiveness. The practice has proved that in the process of innovation, communication among team members, trust, the attitude of the leader can greatly influence the teams' innovation. Because the practice of agricultural technology innovation team is late, the research is also limited, especially the systemic and comprehensive research between social capital and technological innovation teams' effectiveness is still lacking. The purpose of this research is to study the influence of social capital on agricultural technology innovation teams'effectiveness, to improve the theory of social capital and improve its universality. Theoretical guidance can be provided for the further development of agricultural technology innovation teams and practical guidance can be provided both for the government to promote the development of technology innovation team and the teams'self-improvement.
The context of this paper is the global technology innovation based on the team and becoming cluster. It is guided by the theory of social capital, technological innovation and sociology of organization. The agricultural technology innovation team is taken as the research object. Based on the definition of the concepts of social capital and team effectiveness, the concepts and indexes of structural dimension, the relational dimension, the cognitive dimension of social capital, task performance and contextual performance are proposed. The relationships among the dimensions of social capital are analysed and supposed. The theoretical framework of the influence of social capital and its dimensions on team effectiveness and its aspects is built. The theoretical analysis about the influence of social capital on team effectiveness is done. The theoretical hypotheses about the influence of social capital on teams' effectiveness are put forward. Combine with the practice of agricultural technology innovation team in the demonstration project of agricultural technology innovating industry chain of Sichuan province. Statistical analysis is performed by using the collected data in the survey. The reliability and validity of the data is evaluated. The method of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to examine the structure of social capital and team effectiveness. Finally, the data of team level is gotten. The methods of correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and path analysis are used to inspect the theoretical assumptions of the influence of social capital on the efficiency of agricultural technology innovation teams. The conclusions are gotten. Niche targeting and strong operation suggestions are put forward. The main conclusions of this paper are:
1. The three dimensions of social capital:structural dimension relational dimension and cognitive dimension have directional relationship. Among them, structural dimension of social capital is fundamental, structural dimension of social capital has positive impact on the relational dimension and cognitive dimension of social capital. Cognitive dimension of social capital has positive impact on the relational dimension of social capital.
2. The effectiveness of team includes two aspects:task performance and contextual performance, the two can be distinguished in the overall structure, each has different dimensions, but the influence coefficient between task performance and contextual performance is big, so there is high interaction between them.
3. As to the total amount of social capital, its influence on the total amount of team effectiveness is positive and significant.
4. Structural dimension of social capital has a direct and positive influence on team effectiveness and its two aspects. It has indirect influence on the task performance and contextual performance.
5. The influence of cognitive dimension of social capital on team effectiveness is not significant. It has negative influence on task performance, and it is the intrmediaary of structural dimension of social capital's influence on task performance. It has direct and indirect influence on contextual performance.
6. The influence of relational dimension of social capital on team effectiveness and task performance are not significant. It has direct and positive influence on contextual performance, and it plays the role of bridge on the indirect influence of structural dimension and cognitive dimensions of social capital on contextual performance.
According to the above, the following suggestions can be put forward. First, pay attention to the cultivation and development of structural dimension of social capital in the agricultural technology innovation teams. Within the team, strengthen the links between members, form internal network taking team leader as the center, keep relatively stable situation of team members. This can make foundation for the exchange of resources and information in the team. Pay attention to the development of external network of the team, providing opportunity for the team to acquire external resources and information. Secondly, give full play to the positive influence of cognitive dimensions of social capital on contextual performance, restrain and avoid its adverse influence. On one hand, the common language and cognitive pattern should be formed within the team, making the team goals as the ultimate guide. Improve the creativity of the team and provide more support for members, raise their satisfaction about the work and organization; on the other hand, protect the innovation spirit and innovation ability of individual members to let the team have the power of innovation; Third, give full play to the direct positive effect and the intermediary role of relational dimension of social capital on contextual performance. Within the team, improve the business and management ability of the leader, enhance psychological safety of the members, raise their confidence about the leader and satisfaction about the work, at the same time, promote extensive and in-depth exchanges among members, forming trusting atmosphere among them. The interaction will be more open and liberal. The members' satisfaction about work and their organizational identity will be raised. In outside of the team, improve the level of mutual trust between members and the outer bodies, increase the probability to get the information and limited resources. This can enhance the expectation of the members about the development of the team and the continuing cooperation. Finally, in the cultivation of teams' internal social capital and external social capital, proper proportion should be maintained to balance the two aspects' occupation in time and effort.
There are three innovations in this paper:(1) The structure of social capital and the interaction mechanism are clarified. The directional relations between different dimensions of social capital are gotten, making the theory of social capital become perfect;(2) The influence paths of social capital on team effectiveness are cleared. The intermediary roles of relational dimension and cognitive dimension of social capital on team performance are analysed, especially the bridge role played by relational dimension of social capital will influence the influencing extent of social capital on team effectiveness as a whole;(3) Entropy approach is adopted to get the data of the total amount of social capital and team effectiveness. The direction and extent of influence made by the total amount of social capital on the total amount of team effectiveness are also gotten, to make up the existing research in the aspect that the structure effect analysis is taken seriously but the total effect analysis is deficient.
本文在全球技术创新团队化、集群化的背景下,以社会资本理论、技术创新理论以及组织社会学理论为指导,以农业技术创新团队为研究对象,在对社会资本及团队效能的概念进行界定的基础上,提出了结构维度社会资本、关系维度社会资本、认知维度社会资本、任务绩效以及周边绩效及其衡量指标,对三维度社会资本之间的关系进行分析并提出假设,构建了社会资本三维度对团队效能及其两方面影响的理论框架,并就社会资本对团队效能的影响进行了理论分析,提出了社会资本对团队效能影响的理论假设；在此基础上,结合四川省农业科技创新产业链示范工程中农业技术创新团队的实践,利用调查收集的数据进行统计分析,在对数据的信度和效度进行评价的基础上,运用验证性因子分析(CFA)的方法对社会资本和团队效能的结构进行了检验；最后,在取得农业技术创新团队层次数据的基础上,运用相关分析、多元线性回归分析以及路径分析法,就社会资本对农业技术创新团队的效能影响的理论假设进行检验,得出研究结论,并提出了有针对性的,操作性强的对策建议。本文得出的主要结论是：
1、社会资本三维度：结构维度、关系维度、认知维度之间具有方向性的影响关系。其中,结构维度社会资本在三维度中具有基础性,结构维度社会资本对关系维度和认知维度社会资本具有正向影响,认知维度社会资本对关系维度社会资本具有正向影响。
2、团队效能包含任务绩效和周边绩效两个方面,二者在总体结构上可以区分开来,具有各自不同的构面,但是任务绩效和周边绩效之间的相互影响系数较大,二者之间存在高度的相互影响关系。
3、就社会资本总量而言,其对团队效能总量的影响是正向且显著的。
4、结构维度社会资本对团队效能及其两个方面均有直接的正向影响；对任务绩效和周边绩效存在间接影响。
5、认知维度社会资本对团队效能的影响不显著；对任务绩效具有负向影响作用,是结构维度社会资本对任务绩效产生间接影响的中介；对周边绩效存在直接影响和间接影响。
6、关系维度社会资本对团队效能及任务绩效的影响均不显著,对周边绩效存在正向显著的直接影响,且在结构维度及认知维度社会资本对周边绩效的间接影响中扮演了桥梁角色。
根据上述结论提出以下建议：首先,重视农业技术创新团队结构维度社会资本的培育和发展。在团队内部要加强成员之间的联系,形成以团队领导为中心的内部网络,维持团队成员相对稳定的局面,为团队内部资源和信息的交流奠定基础,注重团队外部网络的开拓,为团队获取外部资源和信息提供机会。其次,充分发挥认知维度社会资本对农业技术创新团队周边绩效的正向影响作用,抑制和避免其不良影响。一方面,在团队内部形成共同的语言和认知模式,以团队目标作为终极导向,在提升团队的创造力的同时为成员提供更多支持,提高其工作和组织满意度；另一方面,注意保护成员个人的创新精神和创新能力,从而使团队拥有不断创新的动力；再次,充分发挥关系维度社会资本在提高团队周边绩效中的直接正向影响作用和中介作用。就团队内部而言,提升团队主管的业务能力和管理水平,从而提升团队成员的心理安全度,提高其对领导的信任度和工作满意度,与此同时,促进成员之间的广泛深入交流,形成彼此信任的氛围,使其之间的互动更加自由和开放,以提升成员的工作满意度和组织认同感。在团队外部,提高成员与外部主体的相互信任水平,增大团队获取时效信息和有限资源的机率,从而提升成员对于团队发展和继续合作的预期。最后,在团队内部社会资本与外部社会资本的培育上面,应注意保持适当的比例,以平衡二者在时间和精力占用中形成的此消彼长关系。
本文的创新之处主要体现在三个方面：(1)厘清了社会资本的内部架构及相互作用机理,揭示了社会资本的结构、关系、认知三维度之间方向性的影响关系,丰富了社会资本理论。(2)剖析了社会资本对农业技术创新团队效能的影响路径。探明了关系维度和认知维度社会资本在影响团队效能中的中介作用,指明了关系维度扮演的社会资本桥梁角色,将从整体上影响社会资本对团队效能发挥作用的程度。(3)利用熵权法获取了社会资本总量和团队效能总量数据,实证了社会资本总量对农业技术创新团队效能总量的影响方向和影响程度,弥补了现有研究当中重视结构影响分析而总量影响分析不足的局限。
Since the Nineteen eighties, technological innovation has gradually shifted from the individual innovation to team innovation. The team can adapt the characteristics and requirements of technical innovation in the era of knowledge economy, because it can assemble people, money and things from different disciplines and regions. Some of the existing research has proved that social capital including communication, trust, leadership, informal relationship in and out of the team, shared vision can influence the teams' effectiveness. The practice has proved that in the process of innovation, communication among team members, trust, the attitude of the leader can greatly influence the teams' innovation. Because the practice of agricultural technology innovation team is late, the research is also limited, especially the systemic and comprehensive research between social capital and technological innovation teams' effectiveness is still lacking. The purpose of this research is to study the influence of social capital on agricultural technology innovation teams'effectiveness, to improve the theory of social capital and improve its universality. Theoretical guidance can be provided for the further development of agricultural technology innovation teams and practical guidance can be provided both for the government to promote the development of technology innovation team and the teams'self-improvement.
The context of this paper is the global technology innovation based on the team and becoming cluster. It is guided by the theory of social capital, technological innovation and sociology of organization. The agricultural technology innovation team is taken as the research object. Based on the definition of the concepts of social capital and team effectiveness, the concepts and indexes of structural dimension, the relational dimension, the cognitive dimension of social capital, task performance and contextual performance are proposed. The relationships among the dimensions of social capital are analysed and supposed. The theoretical framework of the influence of social capital and its dimensions on team effectiveness and its aspects is built. The theoretical analysis about the influence of social capital on team effectiveness is done. The theoretical hypotheses about the influence of social capital on teams' effectiveness are put forward. Combine with the practice of agricultural technology innovation team in the demonstration project of agricultural technology innovating industry chain of Sichuan province. Statistical analysis is performed by using the collected data in the survey. The reliability and validity of the data is evaluated. The method of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to examine the structure of social capital and team effectiveness. Finally, the data of team level is gotten. The methods of correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and path analysis are used to inspect the theoretical assumptions of the influence of social capital on the efficiency of agricultural technology innovation teams. The conclusions are gotten. Niche targeting and strong operation suggestions are put forward. The main conclusions of this paper are:
1. The three dimensions of social capital:structural dimension relational dimension and cognitive dimension have directional relationship. Among them, structural dimension of social capital is fundamental, structural dimension of social capital has positive impact on the relational dimension and cognitive dimension of social capital. Cognitive dimension of social capital has positive impact on the relational dimension of social capital.
2. The effectiveness of team includes two aspects:task performance and contextual performance, the two can be distinguished in the overall structure, each has different dimensions, but the influence coefficient between task performance and contextual performance is big, so there is high interaction between them.
3. As to the total amount of social capital, its influence on the total amount of team effectiveness is positive and significant.
4. Structural dimension of social capital has a direct and positive influence on team effectiveness and its two aspects. It has indirect influence on the task performance and contextual performance.
5. The influence of cognitive dimension of social capital on team effectiveness is not significant. It has negative influence on task performance, and it is the intrmediaary of structural dimension of social capital's influence on task performance. It has direct and indirect influence on contextual performance.
6. The influence of relational dimension of social capital on team effectiveness and task performance are not significant. It has direct and positive influence on contextual performance, and it plays the role of bridge on the indirect influence of structural dimension and cognitive dimensions of social capital on contextual performance.
According to the above, the following suggestions can be put forward. First, pay attention to the cultivation and development of structural dimension of social capital in the agricultural technology innovation teams. Within the team, strengthen the links between members, form internal network taking team leader as the center, keep relatively stable situation of team members. This can make foundation for the exchange of resources and information in the team. Pay attention to the development of external network of the team, providing opportunity for the team to acquire external resources and information. Secondly, give full play to the positive influence of cognitive dimensions of social capital on contextual performance, restrain and avoid its adverse influence. On one hand, the common language and cognitive pattern should be formed within the team, making the team goals as the ultimate guide. Improve the creativity of the team and provide more support for members, raise their satisfaction about the work and organization; on the other hand, protect the innovation spirit and innovation ability of individual members to let the team have the power of innovation; Third, give full play to the direct positive effect and the intermediary role of relational dimension of social capital on contextual performance. Within the team, improve the business and management ability of the leader, enhance psychological safety of the members, raise their confidence about the leader and satisfaction about the work, at the same time, promote extensive and in-depth exchanges among members, forming trusting atmosphere among them. The interaction will be more open and liberal. The members' satisfaction about work and their organizational identity will be raised. In outside of the team, improve the level of mutual trust between members and the outer bodies, increase the probability to get the information and limited resources. This can enhance the expectation of the members about the development of the team and the continuing cooperation. Finally, in the cultivation of teams' internal social capital and external social capital, proper proportion should be maintained to balance the two aspects' occupation in time and effort.
There are three innovations in this paper:(1) The structure of social capital and the interaction mechanism are clarified. The directional relations between different dimensions of social capital are gotten, making the theory of social capital become perfect;(2) The influence paths of social capital on team effectiveness are cleared. The intermediary roles of relational dimension and cognitive dimension of social capital on team performance are analysed, especially the bridge role played by relational dimension of social capital will influence the influencing extent of social capital on team effectiveness as a whole;(3) Entropy approach is adopted to get the data of the total amount of social capital and team effectiveness. The direction and extent of influence made by the total amount of social capital on the total amount of team effectiveness are also gotten, to make up the existing research in the aspect that the structure effect analysis is taken seriously but the total effect analysis is deficient.
引文
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