科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国中小企业蓬勃发展,在繁荣经济、推动创新、扩大出口、增加就业等方面发挥了重要作用,成为构造市场经济主体、促进社会稳定发展的一支基础力量。但是,由于中小企业自身的技术创新能力薄弱,随着经济全球化浪潮的到来,产品和技术升级换代速度进一步加快,中小企业单纯依靠自身实力很难跟上技术和市场发展的步伐,必须依赖外部知识源提高技术创新能力。20世纪中后期以来,随着经济的发展和科学技术的不断进步,以提供技术和知识服务为主要特征的科技服务业蓬勃发展,成为当今科技与经济相结合中发展最快、最活跃的领域之一。科技服务业的诞生有效解决了中小企业技术创新难题,成为中小企业重要的外部知识源,对中小企业发展呈现出日益显著的支撑性、驱动性、甚至先导性作用。通过科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移,实现了资源共享、优势互补、缩短了创新周期,不仅能熟练科技服务业机构自身知识的运用,产生更多的创新方案和创新活动,还能提升中小企业的知识存量,大大促进中小技术创新能力的提高。
科技服务业是新兴行业,学术界对科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的研究还处于起步阶段,对双方知识转移过程的认识还不够清晰明朗,对影响双方知识转移的因素还没有进行深入的分析,对双方知识转移的运行趋势缺乏预测,这导致了实践界缺乏有效的促进双方知识转移的对策。因此,开展明确的针对科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的研究具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。
本研究以区域创新理论、知识转移理论等理论为理论基础,综合运用文献综述、逻辑推理、案例分析、问卷调查、实证研究、系统分析等方法,对科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的过程、影响因素、系统运行进行分析,提出提高知识转移效果的对策建议。本文共分为五个部分,各部分的研究内容如下：
在第一部分中,对研究背景、目的意义、研究路线和方法进行介绍,对国内外研究成果进行综述,对科技服务业的内涵和外延进行界定,并对容易混淆的概念如知识密集型服务业、科技中介服务业进行了辨析。
在第二部分中,对科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的过程进行研究,分析了参与双方知识转移的行为主体,对知识转移的模式进行归纳与分析,运用博弈论方法分析双方选择知识转移模式的过程和策略,对知识转移过程进行阶段划分并分析每一阶段的活动内容,建立互动流程模型,在此基础上总结双方知识转移的运行机制和特征。
在第三部分中,基于科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的互动流程模型,挖掘出影响知识转移的6个影响因素,包括信息不对称、关系信任、知识粘滞性、知识距离、知识转移能力、知识吸收能力,建立影响因素概念模型并提出相关假设,通过问卷调查收集97家中小企业的224份调查问卷,运用结构方程模型方法对影响因素进行路径分析并对模型和假设进行检验。
在第四部分中,为得到具有普遍适用性的结论并预测运行趋势,避免调查问卷所得数据的局限性和片面性,从系统运行的角度,建立了科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的系统动力学模型并进行分析。首先,建立了知识转移二元系统动力学模型并进行仿真,重点研究知识转移过程中科技服务业机构和中小企业知识存量的变化趋势；其次,建立了知识转移三元系统动力学模型并进行仿真,不仅对第五章实证研究的结论进行验证,还对决策的实施效果进行分析和比较,为制定促进知识转移效果的对策提供了依据。
在第五部分中,在前文分析的基础上,建立提高知识转移效果的对策框架,明确责任主体,将问题和责任主体挂钩,从政府、科技服务业机构和中小企业三个层面提出对策建议。
Since the reform and opening up, China's SMEs had a great boom, and played an important role in promoting economic prosperity, promoting innovation, expanding exports, increasing employment, and constructed a foundation strength of the main market economy, promote social stable development. However, the disadvantage of SMEs in terms of technology, information, personnel, equipment, resulted in the lack of technological innovation capability, due to internal limitations of technological innovation as well as technical knowledge spillovers leading to the weakening of the corporate R&D investment, it made more and more SMEs tend to cooperate with a variety of the main innovations. Since the late20th century, with the economic development and the continuous progress of science and technology, the science and technology services industry which provided technology and knowledge services had a vigorous development, and become one of the combination of the fastest growing and the most active areas in today's technology and the economy. Science and technology services has become an important part of the knowledge base structure of the society of knowledge economic, and assume a basic knowledge of production and re-configured dual function. The birth of science and technology services effectively solved the problem of technological innovation for SMEs, become an important external knowledge sources of SMEs, showing the increasingly significant support, drivers, and even leading role to SMEs. The knowledge transfer with science and technology services and SMEs realized resource sharing, complementary advantages, shortening the innovation cycle, not only skilled knowledge usage of technology services, generated more innovative solutions and innovative activities, but also enhanced the SMEs the stock of knowledge, and contributed greatly to the improvement of the competitiveness of SMEs in the core.
Technology and science service is an emerging industry, study on knowledge transfer with science and technology services and SMEs is still in its infancy, and it is uncertain for the process of knowledge transfer between the two sides, it is not enough depth discussion for factors that affect knowledge transfer, the knowledge transfer policy is also a lack of systematic and targeted, and therefore, it is clear to carry out research for the transfer of science and technology services and SMEs has important theoretical significance and practical value.
Based on the regional innovation theory and knowledge transfer theory, this article integrating use of literature review, game theory, principles and methods of the survey, structural equation modeling, system dynamics, analyzed knowledge transfer process, the impact factors and system operation, put forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the knowledge transfer effect. This paper is divided into five parts, each part of the study as follows:
In the first part, it introduced the study background, purpose, meaning, routes and methods, overviewed the research status, defined the connotation and extension of the science and technology services and distinguished the confused concepts such as knowledge-intensive service, science and technology intermediary service.
In the second part, it carried out basic research for knowledge transfer, drawing on the regional innovation system analyzed the actors, summed up the characteristics; summarize the knowledge transfer model, used game theory methods to analyze the main factors affecting the mode selection; drawing on the study of knowledge transfer process model, noting the importance of information search, match, negotiations, established the process model of knowledge transfer of technology services and SMEs, discussed interactive content of each stage.
In the third part, based on knowledge-process model, it excavated six influential factors, including information asymmetry, the relationship of trust, knowledge viscous, knowledge distance, knowledge transfer ability, knowledge absorptive capacity, established influencing factors model and make assumptions, selected97companies conducting a questionnaire survey and statistical analysis, using structural equation modeling, carried out path analysis and tested hypotheses.
In the fourth part, in order to get the general applicability of the conclusions and predict trend, avoid the limitations and one-sidedness of the questionnaire data, it established system dynamics model applying system dynamics method is running from the point of view of the system and then analyzed. First, it created a binary system dynamics model and simulated, focusing on the trend of the stock of knowledge; second, it established the ternary system dynamics model and simulated the impact of various factors put at Chapter IV, and discussed the simulation results.
In the fifth part, on the basis of the analysis of the previous text, it established the suggestions framework, cleared the main responsibility, linked to the main problems and responsibilities, proposed from the government, technology service and SMEs.
科技服务业是新兴行业,学术界对科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的研究还处于起步阶段,对双方知识转移过程的认识还不够清晰明朗,对影响双方知识转移的因素还没有进行深入的分析,对双方知识转移的运行趋势缺乏预测,这导致了实践界缺乏有效的促进双方知识转移的对策。因此,开展明确的针对科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的研究具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。
本研究以区域创新理论、知识转移理论等理论为理论基础,综合运用文献综述、逻辑推理、案例分析、问卷调查、实证研究、系统分析等方法,对科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的过程、影响因素、系统运行进行分析,提出提高知识转移效果的对策建议。本文共分为五个部分,各部分的研究内容如下：
在第一部分中,对研究背景、目的意义、研究路线和方法进行介绍,对国内外研究成果进行综述,对科技服务业的内涵和外延进行界定,并对容易混淆的概念如知识密集型服务业、科技中介服务业进行了辨析。
在第二部分中,对科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的过程进行研究,分析了参与双方知识转移的行为主体,对知识转移的模式进行归纳与分析,运用博弈论方法分析双方选择知识转移模式的过程和策略,对知识转移过程进行阶段划分并分析每一阶段的活动内容,建立互动流程模型,在此基础上总结双方知识转移的运行机制和特征。
在第三部分中,基于科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的互动流程模型,挖掘出影响知识转移的6个影响因素,包括信息不对称、关系信任、知识粘滞性、知识距离、知识转移能力、知识吸收能力,建立影响因素概念模型并提出相关假设,通过问卷调查收集97家中小企业的224份调查问卷,运用结构方程模型方法对影响因素进行路径分析并对模型和假设进行检验。
在第四部分中,为得到具有普遍适用性的结论并预测运行趋势,避免调查问卷所得数据的局限性和片面性,从系统运行的角度,建立了科技服务业机构与中小企业之间的知识转移的系统动力学模型并进行分析。首先,建立了知识转移二元系统动力学模型并进行仿真,重点研究知识转移过程中科技服务业机构和中小企业知识存量的变化趋势；其次,建立了知识转移三元系统动力学模型并进行仿真,不仅对第五章实证研究的结论进行验证,还对决策的实施效果进行分析和比较,为制定促进知识转移效果的对策提供了依据。
在第五部分中,在前文分析的基础上,建立提高知识转移效果的对策框架,明确责任主体,将问题和责任主体挂钩,从政府、科技服务业机构和中小企业三个层面提出对策建议。
Since the reform and opening up, China's SMEs had a great boom, and played an important role in promoting economic prosperity, promoting innovation, expanding exports, increasing employment, and constructed a foundation strength of the main market economy, promote social stable development. However, the disadvantage of SMEs in terms of technology, information, personnel, equipment, resulted in the lack of technological innovation capability, due to internal limitations of technological innovation as well as technical knowledge spillovers leading to the weakening of the corporate R&D investment, it made more and more SMEs tend to cooperate with a variety of the main innovations. Since the late20th century, with the economic development and the continuous progress of science and technology, the science and technology services industry which provided technology and knowledge services had a vigorous development, and become one of the combination of the fastest growing and the most active areas in today's technology and the economy. Science and technology services has become an important part of the knowledge base structure of the society of knowledge economic, and assume a basic knowledge of production and re-configured dual function. The birth of science and technology services effectively solved the problem of technological innovation for SMEs, become an important external knowledge sources of SMEs, showing the increasingly significant support, drivers, and even leading role to SMEs. The knowledge transfer with science and technology services and SMEs realized resource sharing, complementary advantages, shortening the innovation cycle, not only skilled knowledge usage of technology services, generated more innovative solutions and innovative activities, but also enhanced the SMEs the stock of knowledge, and contributed greatly to the improvement of the competitiveness of SMEs in the core.
Technology and science service is an emerging industry, study on knowledge transfer with science and technology services and SMEs is still in its infancy, and it is uncertain for the process of knowledge transfer between the two sides, it is not enough depth discussion for factors that affect knowledge transfer, the knowledge transfer policy is also a lack of systematic and targeted, and therefore, it is clear to carry out research for the transfer of science and technology services and SMEs has important theoretical significance and practical value.
Based on the regional innovation theory and knowledge transfer theory, this article integrating use of literature review, game theory, principles and methods of the survey, structural equation modeling, system dynamics, analyzed knowledge transfer process, the impact factors and system operation, put forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the knowledge transfer effect. This paper is divided into five parts, each part of the study as follows:
In the first part, it introduced the study background, purpose, meaning, routes and methods, overviewed the research status, defined the connotation and extension of the science and technology services and distinguished the confused concepts such as knowledge-intensive service, science and technology intermediary service.
In the second part, it carried out basic research for knowledge transfer, drawing on the regional innovation system analyzed the actors, summed up the characteristics; summarize the knowledge transfer model, used game theory methods to analyze the main factors affecting the mode selection; drawing on the study of knowledge transfer process model, noting the importance of information search, match, negotiations, established the process model of knowledge transfer of technology services and SMEs, discussed interactive content of each stage.
In the third part, based on knowledge-process model, it excavated six influential factors, including information asymmetry, the relationship of trust, knowledge viscous, knowledge distance, knowledge transfer ability, knowledge absorptive capacity, established influencing factors model and make assumptions, selected97companies conducting a questionnaire survey and statistical analysis, using structural equation modeling, carried out path analysis and tested hypotheses.
In the fourth part, in order to get the general applicability of the conclusions and predict trend, avoid the limitations and one-sidedness of the questionnaire data, it established system dynamics model applying system dynamics method is running from the point of view of the system and then analyzed. First, it created a binary system dynamics model and simulated, focusing on the trend of the stock of knowledge; second, it established the ternary system dynamics model and simulated the impact of various factors put at Chapter IV, and discussed the simulation results.
In the fifth part, on the basis of the analysis of the previous text, it established the suggestions framework, cleared the main responsibility, linked to the main problems and responsibilities, proposed from the government, technology service and SMEs.
引文
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