论夏目漱石的个人主义
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摘要
夏目漱石是日本近代著名的思想家和文学家。漱石在明治的作家中,是最彻底地追求个人主义的作家。夏目漱石的个人主义是漱石文学的思想核心,它贯穿于作品的始终,充满了明治这一特定历史时期的时代气息,代表了时代的进步。同时,对明治社会在吸收西方文化时出现的两种错误倾向——全盘欧化倾向和狭隘的国粹主义、国家主义倾向进行了无情的批判。夏目漱石的个人主义对日本近代文学以及日本思想文化界具有深远的影响。
    一、漱石个人主义的形成及发展
    漱石在文明开化的社会大气候中,最终放弃了自己喜爱的汉学而去学了西学。
    1888年,他考入第一高中学习英文,1890年他考入东京帝国大学英文科,从一高到大学毕业期间,对西方哲学著作的攻读,丰富了他的思想,锻炼了他的思考力,使他能够用西方先进的思想,思考明治社会所面临的现实问题。可以说漱石对西方的哲学思想有了初步的认识,这对他后来建立个人主义奠定了理论基础。
    夏目漱石在大学时代写的一篇教育论文《中学改良策》,反映了他这一时期的思想。夏目漱石注重西洋思想的效用,同时也注重和、汉文对青少年思想的影响。从他的观点中我们不难看出个人主义的雏形。
    1900年,夏目漱石赴英国留学。在二年的留学中,漱石对日本近代化道路有了更清醒的认识,他的思想发生了根本变化。
    十几年以后,漱石在《我的个人主义》的讲演中,回忆了在伦敦留学期间“以自我为中心”的个人主义的形成过程。据漱石说,直到留学英国他才弄明白,除了靠自己的力量从根本上弄清文学是什么这个问题以外,没有其他拯救自己的道路。从前自己是以他人为中心,就如同无根的浮萍一样漂来漂去,那是不行的。有了上述认识的漱石决定放弃以
    
    
    往的“以他人为中心”的原则,转而运用“以自我为中心”的原则,去研究文学,去对待西方文化。这种个人主义思想后来贯穿于漱石作品的始终,成为漱石的人生观、文学观。
    二、漱石个人主义的特质
    如上所述,漱石的个人主义是在西方文明思想的影响下形成的。在接受西方个人主义的基础上,他又给这种价值观赋予了新内涵,从而形成了他独特的“以自我为中心”的个人主义。
    漱石的个人主义虽然是在西方的个人主义影响下形成的,但是,并不是西方的个人主义的翻版。西方的个人主义偏重于人的个性的要求,而忽视了人的义务和责任。漱石的个人主义不同于西方的个人主义,它体现了个人与他人、个人与社会的对立统一关系。漱石在《我的个人主义》的讲演中,把这种对立统一的关系概括为以下三点:
    (1)欲使自己的个性得到发展,就必须同时尊重他人的个性。
    (2)欲行使自己所拥有的权力,就必须要知道有与此相伴随的义务。
    (3)欲炫耀自己的金钱,就必须遵守与之相伴的责任。
    从以上三点我们可以看出,漱石的个人主义不是无条件的,是道义上的个人主义。它要求一个人在发展自我的同时,必须意识到他人的存在,必须公正地处理自我和他人的关系,必须用人格、义务和责任等社会观念来约束自己。
    漱石的个人主义不仅不同于西方的个人主义,而且还充满了时代的特点,对明治社会资本主义的确立起到了积极的影响。漱石的个人主义即“以自我为中心”的思想,在日语中用“自我本位”四个字来表示。“以自我为中心”的思想就是以自己为主,以他人为辅的人生态度,它与以纯客观模仿为中心内容的“他人本位”是完全对立的。漱石认为,明治初期日本学习西方文化与科学技术时采取的全盘西化的态度就是“他人本位”型的,这种方法因为没有牢固的根基,所以没有远大的前途。, 他认为日本要想顺地实现现代化,就应该尊重和正视传统,要在
    
    
    立足于主体性的基础上向西方学习。
    夏目漱石的理想是把个人看得最宝贵的一种尊重道义的个人主义。因此对于没有理想,一味追求金钱和名誉地位,日趋堕落的日本资产阶级社会和生活在其中软弱无力的人,他暴发出道德的愤怒。“以自我为中心”的个人主义贯穿于漱石作品的始终。
    三、漱石个人主义的时代意义
    夏目漱石的这种体现个人与社会的对立统一关系的个人主义,在明治时代更具有现实意义。它具体体现在日本接受西方文化时如何处理好本国文化的主体性的问题上。
    漱石认为,日本要富强就必须向西方学习,走西方的发展道路。但是,这不是一味地模仿西方,完全照搬西方的东西。因此,日本在学习西方的过程中,最重要的是要具有自己的个性,始终坚持“以自我为中心”的立场,这样才能够触及学习内容的核心,才能在精神上融会贯通。
    明治中期开始,日本站在排外的立场上,盲目推崇传统,宣扬国粹主义,最后走向了封建的军国主义。漱石看清了日本社会的黑暗现实,他主张要在立足主体性的基础上向西洋学习,和一切的国粹主义、国家主义彻底决裂。
    夏目漱石是一位伟大的思想家,“以自我为中心”的个人主义贯穿于他的思想始终。漱石的以个人主义为核心的文明开化观,为日本的近代化指明了方向。今天,我们研究漱石的个人主义,不仅有助于我们了解日本的近代文学和近代化,而且在文化交流日益频繁的当今世界,对于我们探讨如何接受外来文化,也具有不同寻常的?
Natumesouseki was a famous thinker and writer in modern history of Japan. Among the writers of Ming Zhi Period, Natumesouseki was the most one who laid stress on individualism. Individualism was the ideological core of Natume’s writing, it spread through all his works, it was fulfilled with the flavor of the special history time, it showed the progress of the time. Natume’s individualism heavily criticized the two wrong tendencies----complete westernization and parochial nationalism which appeared when the Ming Zhi society absorbed western culture. Natume’s individualism put great influence on modern Japanese literature and Japanese ideological system.
    I.Shaping up and developing of Natume’s individualism
    In the main social environment of civilization, Natume gave up Sinology and turned to study Occidental culture. In 1888, he studied English in No.1 High School, and in 1890, he took English as his major in Tokyo National University. During this period, he read many western philosophic works which enriched his mentality and extended his ideation, so he was able to solve the problem faced by Ming Zhi society through the advanced western ideas. It’s safe to say he had a primary acknowledge of the western philosophy and this laid a theoretic foundation of his individualism.
    In his campus life, Natume wrote a educatory discourse----<< Amelioration of Middle—School Education>, which reflect his thought then. Natume paid attention to the effect of western ideas and the Chinese influence on youth’s thoughts. It’s easy to see the rudiment of individualism from his idea.
    
    In 1900, he went to England to study, and during the two years, Natume had a clearer recognition of Japanese modernization. There was a ultimate change of his thought constitution.
    Over ten years later, in the speech of ‘My Individualism’, Natume recalled the formation of his ‘self—center’individualism when he studied in England. According to him, he hadn’t understood until he had studied in England that there was no way but making clear what was literature by oneself. He said that before the ‘self—center’ idea, he had been same to the duckweed without root, and that couldn’t work. With the acquaintance above, Natume decided to give up the former ‘others—center’principle and took ‘self—center’ principle to study literature and treat western culture. This form of individualism spread through Natume’s works later, and became his life and literary attitude.
    II.The characteristics and Essence of Natume’s Individualism.
    As depicted above, Natume’s individualism was formed under the influence of western civilization. Upon the receiving of western individualism, he endued it with new meaning, and composed his own ‘self—center’individualism.
    Though Natume’s individualism formed under the influence of western individualism, it was not the reprint of the western edition. Western individualism put stress on the demands of individuality, bu neglected the commitment and responsibility of person. Natume’s individualism was different from the western one. It represented the mutual relationship between individual and others, individual and society. In the speech----‘My Individualism’,Natume had summarized the mutual relationship into three items:
    
    (1). In order to develop one’s characteristics, he must respects others’ characteristics.
    (2). In order to use one’s rights, he must bears the concomitant commitment.
    (3). In order to show off one’s wealth, he must bears the concomitant responsibility.
    We can see from above Natume’s individualism was not unconditional, it was moralistic individualism. It ordered that when one developed oneself, he must acknowledged the exist of others, managed the relation between others and himself fairly and obligated himself with personality, commitment and responsibility.
    Natume’s individualism was full of modern characteristics, it played an important role in the establishment of Ming Zhi capitalistic society. Natume’s individualism---- ‘self—center’ meant that oneself to
引文
[1]夏目漱石:《爱情三部曲》“其后”,上海译文出版社, 1988年,第515页。
    [2]夏目漱石:《漱石全集》第一卷,岩波書店,“我是猫”,1970年,第210ペ—ジ。
    [3]夏目漱石:《漱石全集》第三卷,岩波書店,“虞美人草”,1970年,第331ペ—ジ。
    [4]夏目漱石:《漱石全集》第二卷,岩波書店,“疾风”,1970年,第797ペ—ジ。
    [5]夏目漱石:《爱情三部曲》“其后”,上海译文出版社, 1988年,第281页。
    [6]夏目漱石:《爱情三部曲》“其后”,上海译文出版社, 1988年,第282页。
    [7]夏目漱石:《漱石全集》第一卷, “我是猫”,岩波書店,1970年,第295页。
    [8]夏目漱石:《漱石全集》第三卷, “虞美人草”,岩波書店,1970年,第83ペ—ジ。
    [9]夏目漱石:《漱石全集》第三卷, “虞美人草”,岩波書店,1970年,第83ペ—ジ。
    [10]夏目漱石:《爱情三部曲》“其后”,上海译文出版社, 1988年,第524页。
    
    
    
    参 考 文 献
    [1]三好行雄:《夏目漱石事典》,学登社,平成2年。
    [2]夏目漱石:《心の内と外》,大和出版社,1969年。
    [3]江藤淳:《漱石とその时代》,新潮社,昭和四十五年。
    [4]伊豆利彦:《漱石と天皇制》,有精堂,1989年。
    [5]家永三郎:《外来文化摄取史论》,吉林教育出版社,1990年。
    [6]西乡信纲:《日本文学史》,人民文学出版社,1978年。
    [7]李国栋:《夏目漱石文学主脉研究》,北京大学出版社,1990年
    [8]何乃英:《夏目漱石和他的小说》,北京出版社,1985年。
    [9]刘振瀛:《日本文学论集》,北京大学出版社,1991年。
    [10]康健:《生命之约——重读尼采》,人民出版社,1996年。
    [11]侯鸿勋:《孟德斯鸠极其启蒙思想》,人民出版社,1992年。
    [12]肖雪慧:《自我实现——主体论人生哲学》,河南人民出版社,1988年。
    [13]吴倬:《时代精神的思考》,清华大学出版社,1993年。

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