情绪反应的动力性及其影响因素的研究
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摘要
情绪是一个动力系统。情绪的动力性反映在情绪的指向性、稳定性、情绪体验的强度、频率、发动时间、持续时间、情绪变化的速度等方面。研究发现,许多临床上的情绪障碍具有情绪变化慢的特点。情绪反应的时间特性对人类的适应性具有重要的意义。情绪变化的速度是情绪动力性在时间方面的一个指标,也是情绪变化性的一个方面。以情绪变化速度为指标研究情绪的动力性对临床、医学、身心健康等领域具有非常重要的现实意义,并且可以为有关的情绪理论模型提供情绪反应时间动力性方面的证据,甚至为提出新的理论观点做出基础性贡献。
本研究分为三部分,前两部分考察实验室条件下情绪反应变化性的特点以及人格特质、性别、情绪恢复策略、恢复过程中的努力程度等因素对情绪变化性的影响,第三部分考察日常生活中个体情绪反应变化性的特点。实验室研究和日常生活状态的研究相结合,是为了加强研究的生态效度,使得研究结论具有更大的推论性。本研究以大学生为被试,采用问卷调查与实验室研究相结合、情绪体验主观报告与生理记录相结合等方法,采用多层线性模型、偏相关、协方差分析等统计方法,主要从情绪变化的速度、情绪强度的变化等指标上探讨情绪反应的动力性特点及其影响因素。
研究结果表明,(1)情绪诱发过程中,越神经质的人(相对于情绪稳定者)其消极情绪增加得越快。越外倾的人(相对于内倾者)其消极情绪增加得越慢。在消极情绪诱发过程中,女生比男生消极情绪增加得快;情绪产生过程中伴随着自主生理反应的变化,不同情绪性质下个体的自主生理反应变化是不同的。(2)情绪恢复阶段,情绪恢复效果在主观报告和自主生理反应上出现分离;从情绪的主观报告上看,情绪恢复效果显著;从自主生理反应上看,积极情绪恢复较快,消极情绪恢复较慢。在规定的5分钟时间内,消极情绪仍然有生理反应上的唤醒。在情绪恢复阶段,神经质者相对于情绪稳定者,其消极情绪衰退得慢;外倾者相对于内倾者,其消极情绪衰退得快。在消极情绪状态下,女生比男生消极情绪衰退得快。(3)情绪调节策略是影响情绪恢复的一个因素,分心策略对积极情绪的恢复最有效,认知重评对消极情绪的恢复最有效;消极情绪调节预期也是影响情绪恢复的一个因素,调节预期高的个体其消极情绪衰退得快。(4)在日常生活中,大学生积极情绪强度变化与消极情绪强度变化不存在显著差异;积极情绪强度变化与消极情绪强度变化均不存在性别差异;神经质与消极情绪强度变化显著正相关;女生与男生相比其积极情绪变化得慢;神经质者(相对于情绪稳定者)其积极情绪变化得慢;外倾者(相对于内倾者)其消极情绪变化得慢。
Emotion is a dynamic system. The dynamics of affective responding refers to the feature of directivity, stability, intensity, frequency, the time of onset, the time of duration, and rate of change etc. of emotion. The researches have found that most clinical emotion disorders have the feature of slow change on negative emotion. The temporal feature of affective responding has important significance on human adaptation. Rate of emotional change is an index of the dynamics of affective responding on time and one of aspect of emotion variability. Therefore, the researches on emotional variability have significant practical implication in the field of clinic, medicine, physical and psychological health and important theoretical implication on building more perfect emotion theory.
Three studies explore the feature of emotional variability and its influential factors. Two studies use experimental method and the third study use daily experience method. Integrating the two methods is to increase the ecological validity. Emotional responding is evaluated with self-report and autonomic response. We use Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), partial correlation analysts, covariance analysis, etc. statistic method to deal with the data.
Results indicate: (1) During emotional stimulation, Neurotics (vs. stables) exhibit a rapid rate of negative emotion increase, and extraverts (vs. introverts) exhibit a slow rate of negative emotion increase. During negative emotional stimulation, female (vs. male) exhibit a rapid rate of negative emotion increase. Autonomic response is difference during positive and negative emotional stimulation. (2) There is affective-autonomic dissociation during emotion recovery. On self-report positive and negative emotion has recovered during 5 minutes, but autonomic response remained in negative experimental condition. Therefore, we think autonomic response recovered faster in positive experimental condition. During emotion recovery, Neurotics (vs. stables) manifest a slow rate of negative emotion decay, and extraverts (vs. introverts) manifest a rapid rate of negative emotion decay. Under negative experimental condition, female manifest faster rate of negative emotion decay than male. (3) Emotion regulation strategy is an influential factor on emotion recovery. Distraction is the most effective strategy for positive emotion, and cognitive reappraisal is the most effective strategy for negative emotion. The expectancy for negative emotion regulation is an influential factor on emotion recovery too. Among participants those higher on the expectancies scale who decreased faster in negative emotion. (4) In daily life, there isn't difference between the intensity change of positive and negative emotion. There isn't gender difference in the intensity change of positive and negative emotion. There is significant positive correlation between neurotic trait and the intensity change of negative emotion. Female exhibits slower rate of change than male in positive emotion. Neurotics exhibit slower rate of change than stables in positive emotion. Extraverts exhibit slower rate of change than introverts in negative emotion.
本研究分为三部分,前两部分考察实验室条件下情绪反应变化性的特点以及人格特质、性别、情绪恢复策略、恢复过程中的努力程度等因素对情绪变化性的影响,第三部分考察日常生活中个体情绪反应变化性的特点。实验室研究和日常生活状态的研究相结合,是为了加强研究的生态效度,使得研究结论具有更大的推论性。本研究以大学生为被试,采用问卷调查与实验室研究相结合、情绪体验主观报告与生理记录相结合等方法,采用多层线性模型、偏相关、协方差分析等统计方法,主要从情绪变化的速度、情绪强度的变化等指标上探讨情绪反应的动力性特点及其影响因素。
研究结果表明,(1)情绪诱发过程中,越神经质的人(相对于情绪稳定者)其消极情绪增加得越快。越外倾的人(相对于内倾者)其消极情绪增加得越慢。在消极情绪诱发过程中,女生比男生消极情绪增加得快;情绪产生过程中伴随着自主生理反应的变化,不同情绪性质下个体的自主生理反应变化是不同的。(2)情绪恢复阶段,情绪恢复效果在主观报告和自主生理反应上出现分离;从情绪的主观报告上看,情绪恢复效果显著;从自主生理反应上看,积极情绪恢复较快,消极情绪恢复较慢。在规定的5分钟时间内,消极情绪仍然有生理反应上的唤醒。在情绪恢复阶段,神经质者相对于情绪稳定者,其消极情绪衰退得慢;外倾者相对于内倾者,其消极情绪衰退得快。在消极情绪状态下,女生比男生消极情绪衰退得快。(3)情绪调节策略是影响情绪恢复的一个因素,分心策略对积极情绪的恢复最有效,认知重评对消极情绪的恢复最有效;消极情绪调节预期也是影响情绪恢复的一个因素,调节预期高的个体其消极情绪衰退得快。(4)在日常生活中,大学生积极情绪强度变化与消极情绪强度变化不存在显著差异;积极情绪强度变化与消极情绪强度变化均不存在性别差异;神经质与消极情绪强度变化显著正相关;女生与男生相比其积极情绪变化得慢;神经质者(相对于情绪稳定者)其积极情绪变化得慢;外倾者(相对于内倾者)其消极情绪变化得慢。
Emotion is a dynamic system. The dynamics of affective responding refers to the feature of directivity, stability, intensity, frequency, the time of onset, the time of duration, and rate of change etc. of emotion. The researches have found that most clinical emotion disorders have the feature of slow change on negative emotion. The temporal feature of affective responding has important significance on human adaptation. Rate of emotional change is an index of the dynamics of affective responding on time and one of aspect of emotion variability. Therefore, the researches on emotional variability have significant practical implication in the field of clinic, medicine, physical and psychological health and important theoretical implication on building more perfect emotion theory.
Three studies explore the feature of emotional variability and its influential factors. Two studies use experimental method and the third study use daily experience method. Integrating the two methods is to increase the ecological validity. Emotional responding is evaluated with self-report and autonomic response. We use Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), partial correlation analysts, covariance analysis, etc. statistic method to deal with the data.
Results indicate: (1) During emotional stimulation, Neurotics (vs. stables) exhibit a rapid rate of negative emotion increase, and extraverts (vs. introverts) exhibit a slow rate of negative emotion increase. During negative emotional stimulation, female (vs. male) exhibit a rapid rate of negative emotion increase. Autonomic response is difference during positive and negative emotional stimulation. (2) There is affective-autonomic dissociation during emotion recovery. On self-report positive and negative emotion has recovered during 5 minutes, but autonomic response remained in negative experimental condition. Therefore, we think autonomic response recovered faster in positive experimental condition. During emotion recovery, Neurotics (vs. stables) manifest a slow rate of negative emotion decay, and extraverts (vs. introverts) manifest a rapid rate of negative emotion decay. Under negative experimental condition, female manifest faster rate of negative emotion decay than male. (3) Emotion regulation strategy is an influential factor on emotion recovery. Distraction is the most effective strategy for positive emotion, and cognitive reappraisal is the most effective strategy for negative emotion. The expectancy for negative emotion regulation is an influential factor on emotion recovery too. Among participants those higher on the expectancies scale who decreased faster in negative emotion. (4) In daily life, there isn't difference between the intensity change of positive and negative emotion. There isn't gender difference in the intensity change of positive and negative emotion. There is significant positive correlation between neurotic trait and the intensity change of negative emotion. Female exhibits slower rate of change than male in positive emotion. Neurotics exhibit slower rate of change than stables in positive emotion. Extraverts exhibit slower rate of change than introverts in negative emotion.
引文
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