老年人日常活动对成功老龄化的影响
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摘要
日常活动作为一种具有高生态效度的研究概念,可以描绘老年人生活的基本图景。通过日常活动,能了解老年人在毕生累积下来的内、外部机会和限制条件下,如何构造生活内容和框架。因此,老年人的活动方式和参与程度是各种老年适应理论的焦点,积极的参与活动被认为是成功老龄化的支柱内容之一。但是由于活动概念定义、研究方法的差异,目前有关老年人活动的研究结果众说纷纭。在我国,较为完整、系统的针对老年人日常活动及其与成功老龄化关系的研究更为罕见。
鉴于此,本文在确定老年人日常活动类别的基础上,从成功老龄化的心理社会功能入手,首先研究了老年人日常活动方式及其影响因素,在将传承感和社会支持质量引入老年人心理社会功能评价体系后,进一步分析了不同活动类型和活动多样性对老年人心理社会功能的影响,最后,本研究还分析了活动多样性对心理社会功能的作用路径和机制。结果发现,老年人的日常活动方式受到个人资源因素的影响；不同类型的日常活动影响心理社会功能的不同侧面；活动多样性对幸福感有直接和间接两种作用路径。
具体而言,本文的主要研究结论如下：
1上海市老年人活动方式
本研究整理区分出了15类老年人日常活动方式,用参加率表示的主要活动是个人娱乐活动(95.6%),家务活动(85.4%),和家人的交流活动(83.7%),社会交往活动(80.5%)。平均参与活动类别为6.47。
2影响老年人活动方式的因素
本研究考察了年龄、性别、婚姻状态、家庭收入、教育程度、职业以及个人生活目标等个人资源因素对老年人活动方式的影响：
(1)有关年龄因素的研究表明,随着年纪增长,活动多样性下降。在具体的活动类别上,高龄老人仅在家务活动、个人兴趣活动、照顾上一代、照顾下一代、有偿工作和旅游活动上表现出显著低的参与率。
(2)有关性别因素的研究表明,男女在活动多样性上不存在差异。性别差异主要体现在家务活动、个人兴趣、正式和非正式志愿活动上,其中,女性更多地参加家务活动、正式和非正式志愿活动,男性则参加更多的团体娱乐活动。
(3)在婚姻状态因素上,已婚的人比未婚\丧偶\离异的人表现出更高活动多样性。具体到活动类别上,已婚的人更多地参加家务劳动、继续教育、照顾下一代和上一代、有偿工作和旅游活动。
(4)在社会经济地位因素上,高社会经济地位的老人表现出更高活动多样性,更多地参加个人爱好、继续教育、正式和非正式志愿活动、旅游等个人发展和生产性活动。
(5)不同活动类型以及不同活动多样性水平的老年被试的个人生活目标差异研究表明,高活动多样性被试表现出对生活独立、经济安全、个人实现和发展以及社会价值和贡献等个人生活目标的重视；在具体的活动类别上,参加者和非参加者都在一个或者几个个人生活目标上存在差异。
3老年人日常活动参与对心理社会功能的影响
(1)首先发展了心理社会功能指标体系：
第一,编制了传承感量表,将传承感分为三个因子,创造性、责任感和赋予感。量表符合心理测量学要求。
第二,编制了社会支持质量量表。将社会支持质量分为三个因子,工具性支持、情感性支持和消极互动。量表符合心理测量学要求。
(2)日常活动参与对心理社会功能的影响研究发现：
第一,分别以生活满意度、正性情绪、负性情绪、一般自我效能、传承感和社会支持质量为因变量,在控制了性别、年龄、教育程度等个人因素变量影响后,除了照顾上一代,其他活动类别都对心理社会功能都有影响,但是影响方向和效力不同,不同的活动作用于心理社会功能的不同侧面。
第二,不同活动多样性水平对老年人心理社会功能影响的研究发现,不同活动多样性水平的老年人在生活满意度、一般自我效能感、赋予感、工具及情感性支持上表现出差异。
第三,活动多样性对心理社会功能的路径分析结果显示,活动多样性对由情绪、生活满意度和传承感构成的潜变量幸福感具有直接和间接两种作用方式。在间接作用过程中,存在两个中介变量：一般自我效能感和社会支持质量。
本论文的研究发现描绘了上海城区老年人活动方式的基本图景,支持了老年人保持较高的活跃度和活动多样性有助于提高心理社会功能的活动理论,丰富了成功老龄化模型中关于积极参与活动的论述,指出除生产性活动外的其他活动也能起到积极作用,同时,负性情绪对活动不具有导向作用的研究发现补充了情绪选择理论。本研究能在观念上帮助人们客观地看待老年人的活动,不要因为社会需要或者主观偏见而忽视、损害老年人的利益,并为社区管理者和老年活动组织者根据老年人群的特点营造活动氛围、提供活动设施提供了事实依据；同时,各类日常活动和心理社会功能关系的研究结果也可以为利用日常活动对老年人进行心理干预与心情调整提供了可借鉴思路。
Daily activity, as a concept with high ecological validity, can provide a glimpse into entire prospect of elder individual's life. Daily activities shape the content and structure of the person's entire life. People select the activities in which they will invest time and attention from an enormous variety of possible activities. Thus, the sum of choices reflects his or her motivation and personal goals. Daily activities also reflect the accumulation of differential opportunities and constrains throughout the life course. Therefore, the issue of activity engagement is among flashpoints in theories of aging, and leading an active life is considered a hallmark in the model of successful aging. But due to categorizations of activity have been conceptually uncertain, and because different research design and method have been used in different studies, there still exists large between-study variations. Especially in China, little attempt has been made to investigate daily activities and their effects on successful aging in a relatively systemic-wholistic way.
Thus, the purposes of this dissertation are:(a) to provide a description of daily life of the elders in terms of engagement and diversity of activities, (b) to assess the effects of personal resources variables such as age, gender, marital status, socioeconomic status(SES), as well as personal life goals on daily activities, and (c) to explore the relationship between activity engagement and activity diversity and psychosocial functioning after controlling for age, gender and education variables. The results show:the personal resources are related to activity engagement and activity diversity; Activity engagement influence psychosocial functioning, however, different categories is significantly related to different aspects of psychosocial functioning which included life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, general self-efficacy, sense of generativity, and social support quality. Activity diversity directly influences psychosocial functioning and also has indirect effects, by creating sense of self-efficacy and social support.
To be specific, the main results of this dissertation are as follows:
1 Daily activity pattern in old age
Basically, for old people, time is spent in 15 activity categories. The distribution of top 4 activities are:personal entertainment (95.6%), housework (85.4%), communication with family members (83.7%), and social activity (80.5%)。Across all 15 activity categories, participants average about 6.47 different activities.
2 Effect of personal resources variables on activity engagement and diversity
(1) Significant effects of age were found on activity diversity which decreases with growing age. However, the elder group only shows lower engagement in housework, leisure activity, care-giving for elder generation, care-giving for younger generation, paid work and travel.
(2) A relatively small gender gap was found. There is no difference on activity diversity between man and women. The results show that higher commitment of women to housework, formal and informal volunteering activities, in contrast, men are more involved into group entertainment activity.
(3) With regard to marital status, group difference was noted. Married participants showed higher activity diversity and engage significantly more into housework, continuing education, care-giving, paid work and travel.
(4) SES was significant associated with activity engagement and diversity. Participants with higher SES showed higher activity diversity and involvement into more productive and personal development activity, such as hobby, continuing education, and travel.
(5) Personal goals had significant relationship with level of activity diversity and several specific activity categories. Participants involved more activities attached greater importance to autonomy, economic safety, personal achievement, and social contributions.
3 Relationship of daily activity to psychosocial functioning in old age
3.1 Two concepts were introduced and two scale were developed as psychosocial functioning indicators,
(1) After an exploratory factor analysis and a structure model, findings indicated that sense of generativity consisted of three types-i.e. sense of creativity, sense of responsibility, and sense of giving.
(2) After an exploratory factor analysis and a structure model, findings indicated that the social support consisted of three types-i.e. instrumental social support, emotional social support, and negative interaction.
3.2 Effect of daily activity on psychosocial functioning
(1) Except care-giving to the elders, the rest 14 activity categories were significantly related to different aspects of psychosocial functioning which included life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, general self-efficacy, sense of generativity, and social support quality after controlling for age, gender and education variance.
(2) It is observed that activity diversity facilitated the specific indicators of psychosocial functioning, namely general self-efficacy, sense of giving, and emotional social support.
(3) Path model suggested that activity diversity directly influenced psychosocial functioning and also had indirect effects, by creating sense of self-efficacy and social support.
The researches in this dissertation provide a basic and wholistic picture of daily activities in old age for urban residents in shanghai, results from this work support the active theory of aging which advocated keeping active lifestyle is beneficial for old people, extend successful aging model by demonstrating that non-productive activities also facilitates psychosocial functioning, supplement socioemotional selectivity theory by proving that negative affect has no orientation function. These results can be helpful to set an appropriate mind-set about activities in old age, avoid damaging interests of the elder by the bias. These results can be used as reference to create more friendly activities environment, to provide more activities facilitation to old people. And the results also provide reference to daily activity counseling and intervention for the elders.
鉴于此,本文在确定老年人日常活动类别的基础上,从成功老龄化的心理社会功能入手,首先研究了老年人日常活动方式及其影响因素,在将传承感和社会支持质量引入老年人心理社会功能评价体系后,进一步分析了不同活动类型和活动多样性对老年人心理社会功能的影响,最后,本研究还分析了活动多样性对心理社会功能的作用路径和机制。结果发现,老年人的日常活动方式受到个人资源因素的影响；不同类型的日常活动影响心理社会功能的不同侧面；活动多样性对幸福感有直接和间接两种作用路径。
具体而言,本文的主要研究结论如下：
1上海市老年人活动方式
本研究整理区分出了15类老年人日常活动方式,用参加率表示的主要活动是个人娱乐活动(95.6%),家务活动(85.4%),和家人的交流活动(83.7%),社会交往活动(80.5%)。平均参与活动类别为6.47。
2影响老年人活动方式的因素
本研究考察了年龄、性别、婚姻状态、家庭收入、教育程度、职业以及个人生活目标等个人资源因素对老年人活动方式的影响：
(1)有关年龄因素的研究表明,随着年纪增长,活动多样性下降。在具体的活动类别上,高龄老人仅在家务活动、个人兴趣活动、照顾上一代、照顾下一代、有偿工作和旅游活动上表现出显著低的参与率。
(2)有关性别因素的研究表明,男女在活动多样性上不存在差异。性别差异主要体现在家务活动、个人兴趣、正式和非正式志愿活动上,其中,女性更多地参加家务活动、正式和非正式志愿活动,男性则参加更多的团体娱乐活动。
(3)在婚姻状态因素上,已婚的人比未婚\丧偶\离异的人表现出更高活动多样性。具体到活动类别上,已婚的人更多地参加家务劳动、继续教育、照顾下一代和上一代、有偿工作和旅游活动。
(4)在社会经济地位因素上,高社会经济地位的老人表现出更高活动多样性,更多地参加个人爱好、继续教育、正式和非正式志愿活动、旅游等个人发展和生产性活动。
(5)不同活动类型以及不同活动多样性水平的老年被试的个人生活目标差异研究表明,高活动多样性被试表现出对生活独立、经济安全、个人实现和发展以及社会价值和贡献等个人生活目标的重视；在具体的活动类别上,参加者和非参加者都在一个或者几个个人生活目标上存在差异。
3老年人日常活动参与对心理社会功能的影响
(1)首先发展了心理社会功能指标体系：
第一,编制了传承感量表,将传承感分为三个因子,创造性、责任感和赋予感。量表符合心理测量学要求。
第二,编制了社会支持质量量表。将社会支持质量分为三个因子,工具性支持、情感性支持和消极互动。量表符合心理测量学要求。
(2)日常活动参与对心理社会功能的影响研究发现：
第一,分别以生活满意度、正性情绪、负性情绪、一般自我效能、传承感和社会支持质量为因变量,在控制了性别、年龄、教育程度等个人因素变量影响后,除了照顾上一代,其他活动类别都对心理社会功能都有影响,但是影响方向和效力不同,不同的活动作用于心理社会功能的不同侧面。
第二,不同活动多样性水平对老年人心理社会功能影响的研究发现,不同活动多样性水平的老年人在生活满意度、一般自我效能感、赋予感、工具及情感性支持上表现出差异。
第三,活动多样性对心理社会功能的路径分析结果显示,活动多样性对由情绪、生活满意度和传承感构成的潜变量幸福感具有直接和间接两种作用方式。在间接作用过程中,存在两个中介变量：一般自我效能感和社会支持质量。
本论文的研究发现描绘了上海城区老年人活动方式的基本图景,支持了老年人保持较高的活跃度和活动多样性有助于提高心理社会功能的活动理论,丰富了成功老龄化模型中关于积极参与活动的论述,指出除生产性活动外的其他活动也能起到积极作用,同时,负性情绪对活动不具有导向作用的研究发现补充了情绪选择理论。本研究能在观念上帮助人们客观地看待老年人的活动,不要因为社会需要或者主观偏见而忽视、损害老年人的利益,并为社区管理者和老年活动组织者根据老年人群的特点营造活动氛围、提供活动设施提供了事实依据；同时,各类日常活动和心理社会功能关系的研究结果也可以为利用日常活动对老年人进行心理干预与心情调整提供了可借鉴思路。
Daily activity, as a concept with high ecological validity, can provide a glimpse into entire prospect of elder individual's life. Daily activities shape the content and structure of the person's entire life. People select the activities in which they will invest time and attention from an enormous variety of possible activities. Thus, the sum of choices reflects his or her motivation and personal goals. Daily activities also reflect the accumulation of differential opportunities and constrains throughout the life course. Therefore, the issue of activity engagement is among flashpoints in theories of aging, and leading an active life is considered a hallmark in the model of successful aging. But due to categorizations of activity have been conceptually uncertain, and because different research design and method have been used in different studies, there still exists large between-study variations. Especially in China, little attempt has been made to investigate daily activities and their effects on successful aging in a relatively systemic-wholistic way.
Thus, the purposes of this dissertation are:(a) to provide a description of daily life of the elders in terms of engagement and diversity of activities, (b) to assess the effects of personal resources variables such as age, gender, marital status, socioeconomic status(SES), as well as personal life goals on daily activities, and (c) to explore the relationship between activity engagement and activity diversity and psychosocial functioning after controlling for age, gender and education variables. The results show:the personal resources are related to activity engagement and activity diversity; Activity engagement influence psychosocial functioning, however, different categories is significantly related to different aspects of psychosocial functioning which included life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, general self-efficacy, sense of generativity, and social support quality. Activity diversity directly influences psychosocial functioning and also has indirect effects, by creating sense of self-efficacy and social support.
To be specific, the main results of this dissertation are as follows:
1 Daily activity pattern in old age
Basically, for old people, time is spent in 15 activity categories. The distribution of top 4 activities are:personal entertainment (95.6%), housework (85.4%), communication with family members (83.7%), and social activity (80.5%)。Across all 15 activity categories, participants average about 6.47 different activities.
2 Effect of personal resources variables on activity engagement and diversity
(1) Significant effects of age were found on activity diversity which decreases with growing age. However, the elder group only shows lower engagement in housework, leisure activity, care-giving for elder generation, care-giving for younger generation, paid work and travel.
(2) A relatively small gender gap was found. There is no difference on activity diversity between man and women. The results show that higher commitment of women to housework, formal and informal volunteering activities, in contrast, men are more involved into group entertainment activity.
(3) With regard to marital status, group difference was noted. Married participants showed higher activity diversity and engage significantly more into housework, continuing education, care-giving, paid work and travel.
(4) SES was significant associated with activity engagement and diversity. Participants with higher SES showed higher activity diversity and involvement into more productive and personal development activity, such as hobby, continuing education, and travel.
(5) Personal goals had significant relationship with level of activity diversity and several specific activity categories. Participants involved more activities attached greater importance to autonomy, economic safety, personal achievement, and social contributions.
3 Relationship of daily activity to psychosocial functioning in old age
3.1 Two concepts were introduced and two scale were developed as psychosocial functioning indicators,
(1) After an exploratory factor analysis and a structure model, findings indicated that sense of generativity consisted of three types-i.e. sense of creativity, sense of responsibility, and sense of giving.
(2) After an exploratory factor analysis and a structure model, findings indicated that the social support consisted of three types-i.e. instrumental social support, emotional social support, and negative interaction.
3.2 Effect of daily activity on psychosocial functioning
(1) Except care-giving to the elders, the rest 14 activity categories were significantly related to different aspects of psychosocial functioning which included life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, general self-efficacy, sense of generativity, and social support quality after controlling for age, gender and education variance.
(2) It is observed that activity diversity facilitated the specific indicators of psychosocial functioning, namely general self-efficacy, sense of giving, and emotional social support.
(3) Path model suggested that activity diversity directly influenced psychosocial functioning and also had indirect effects, by creating sense of self-efficacy and social support.
The researches in this dissertation provide a basic and wholistic picture of daily activities in old age for urban residents in shanghai, results from this work support the active theory of aging which advocated keeping active lifestyle is beneficial for old people, extend successful aging model by demonstrating that non-productive activities also facilitates psychosocial functioning, supplement socioemotional selectivity theory by proving that negative affect has no orientation function. These results can be helpful to set an appropriate mind-set about activities in old age, avoid damaging interests of the elder by the bias. These results can be used as reference to create more friendly activities environment, to provide more activities facilitation to old people. And the results also provide reference to daily activity counseling and intervention for the elders.
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