不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对直播田生态环境的影响
摘要
我国是农业大国,农作物秸秆是自然界中数量极其丰富的资源,我国每年农作物秸秆产量达数亿吨,目前秸秆资源的利用中存在利用率和利用效率低的问题,造成了天然资源的巨大浪费与环境污染。
本试验分别于2006-2007年在沿江农科所和南京进行,采用大田试验研究了不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤结构和营养、稻田生物和水稻生长及产量的影响,采用盆栽模拟试验研究不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对水层氮动态影响,为实现作物可持续高产、高效、安全提供科学依据;为实现农业的可持续发展、农村生态环境保护和农业清洁化生产提供理论参考。
主要结论如下:
1、不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对土壤理化性质的影响
秸秆还田降低土壤的容重,土壤耕作显著影响土壤物理性质的垂直差异性,土壤耕作深度越深,影响越显著。秸秆还田显著增加土壤有机质含量、全氮含量和速效磷含量,对土壤有机质和速效钾含量的增加具有明显的促进作用;土壤耕作通过影响秸秆的垂直分布显著影响土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、速效磷含量和速效钾含量的垂直分布,免耕使土壤营养表层富集,深翻耕促使不同土层之间的营养平均化;旋耕+秸秆还田处理营养物质含量都比较高,利于秸秆的利用。
2、免、深耕和秸秆还田对直播稻水层氮动态的影响
采用盆栽试验研究了秸秆还田对免耕和深耕稻田田面水水层氮素动态变化的影响,研究结果表明,施用尿素后,田面水总氮、铵态氮浓度迅速增加;随时间的推移,田面水氮素浓度下降较快。全氮在施用尿素后第1天达到峰值,铵态氮在施肥后第2天达到高峰,施肥后7天氮素含量基本与施肥前水平一致。秸秆还田有效地降低了稻田田面水水层氮素含量,深耕处理有利于土壤对氮素吸收。秸秆还田和深耕处理均使氮素的流失几率降低。峰值时秸秆还田处理比无秸秆还田处理全氮、铵态氮分别减少了71.14mg.mL~(-1)、12.80 mg.mL~(-1)。秸秆还田处理使NH_4~+-N/TN最大值出现在第4天。秸秆深耕还田利于土壤对氮素的吸收,流失潜能趋势大大减小。本研究结果显示,施肥后一周是防止氮素流失的关键时期。
3、不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对直播稻田生物群落的影响
秸秆还田处理有明显的防治杂草的效果。秸秆全量还田处理杂草数量显著少于无秸秆还田各处理。杂草干物质重也有明显下降,全量还田处理杂草数量比无秸秆还田处理少228株/m~2,干物质重低86.80g/m~2。可见无论从株防效还是干物质重防效的效果看,稻草还田均有十分明显的防治作用。秸秆还田使以秸秆为越冬媒介的灰飞虱、纹枯病的加重,但增加均不显著,病情指数增加也没有达到显著水平。
4、不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对直播稻生长及产量形成的影响
秸秆还田对水稻出苗率产生不利影响,秸秆还田处理出苗率比无秸秆还田处理少25.66%,深耕+秸秆还田比其他三种耕作方式还田利于直播稻出苗。播种量的增加会减少不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对出苗率的影响;水分模拟试验结果显示,充足的水分也可以增加直播稻的出苗率。秸秆还田对水稻前期生长产生不利影响,黑根在在抽穗期最多,达到26条/株;随着秸秆还田深度的增加黑根数明显减少。不同土壤耕作深度和秸秆还田量对产量影响差异不显著,但农田的可持续发展能力得到了一定提高。
Straw is the extreme resource in nature.As a big agricultural country,our country's straw output amount to several million ton.At present there was low use efficiency in straw resource and that caused huge waste and environment pollution.
This experiment,which was conducted in Nanjing and Nantong from 2006 to 2007,by adopting field experiment,did research on the paddy soil physical-chemical properties and the yield under straws and tillage,and,by adopting potted simulating experiment,did research on the influence of straws and tillage on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamic.The purposes of this research were to supply the scientific basis for the sustainable development of the crops high yield,high efficiency and safety and provide the theoretical references to the protection of the rural ecological environment.
The results were as follows:
1 Effect of straw returning in different tillage on physical-chemical properties
Straw returning significantly decreased the bulk density and soil tillage significantly influenced the vertical diversity of soil physical properties.The deep the tillage was,the more remarkable the effect was.Straw returning increased the soil organic matter,total nitrogen content and available phosphorus content.Soil tillage influenced physical and chemical property by the distributions of straw.No-tillage caused nutrient enrichment on the soil surface-layer,while deep plowing urged different layers approaching average level. The treatment of rotary tillage,which was benefit to the enrichment of nutrition,promoted the utilization of straw.
2 Effect of straw and no/deep tillage on dynamic of N in surface water of paddy soil
A pot experiment with different depth of straw amended was conducted to elucidate the dynamic characteristics of the N in field surface water.The results of the pot experiment showed that urea application sharply increased the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) and total nitrogen(TN) in field surface water and both subsequently declined as the time followed.The concentration of TN and NH_4~+-N in surface water reached its peak at the 1st and 2nd day,respectively,and decreased rapidly then.Surface water NO_3~- -N concentration was very low,though it showed a little raise at the 3rd day after applying urea.The treatment with straw amending decreased the concentrations of nitrogen in field surface water,while deep plowing boosted the absorption of nitrogen for paddy field soil.Contrast to no-straw field,the concentrations of total nitrogen(TN) and ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+ -N) in field surface water was decreased by 71.14mg·ml~(-1)、12.80 mg·ml~(-1) at the peak,.The key environmental monitoring index should be focused on total nitrogen(TN) and ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+ -N) in 0-4 days after N applying.The period within a week after N application was defined as the key time to control massive N loss from flooded paddy field.To control N non-point pollution from paddy field,further research must be focused on the best N and straw management for native rice production in field experiment.
3 Effect of straw returning in different tillage on biotic community
Weed Control Effects of straw returning was significantly.The population of weeds of straw returning was less than the treatment of no-straw returning by 228plant/m~2.Dry matter accumulation decreased 86.80g/m~2.The result showed that with the control effect, no matter stem control effect or dry matter accumulation control effect was significantly with the straw returning.On the other hand,straw returning made the brown planthopper, rice sheath blight increasing,but the difference is inconspicuousness.
4 Effect of straw returning in different tillage on growth and yield formation of direct seeding paddy
Straw returning was bad to rice seedling.Straw retuning rice seedling reduced 25.66% than no-straw returning treatment.Deep plowing &straw returning treatment(DTS) was beneficial to improve the rice seedling emergence rate than other treatment.The increasing of seeding rate could decrease the effect of straw returning in different tillage on seedling emergence rate.The simulation experiment of different moisture control showed that sufficient water could improve the rice seedling rate.The field investment showed that the black root number was the most in the heading stage.The deeper the straw returning was, the less the black root number was.At last,effect of straw returning in different tillage on yield was not significant.However,the sustained development ability of field improved.
本试验分别于2006-2007年在沿江农科所和南京进行,采用大田试验研究了不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤结构和营养、稻田生物和水稻生长及产量的影响,采用盆栽模拟试验研究不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对水层氮动态影响,为实现作物可持续高产、高效、安全提供科学依据;为实现农业的可持续发展、农村生态环境保护和农业清洁化生产提供理论参考。
主要结论如下:
1、不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对土壤理化性质的影响
秸秆还田降低土壤的容重,土壤耕作显著影响土壤物理性质的垂直差异性,土壤耕作深度越深,影响越显著。秸秆还田显著增加土壤有机质含量、全氮含量和速效磷含量,对土壤有机质和速效钾含量的增加具有明显的促进作用;土壤耕作通过影响秸秆的垂直分布显著影响土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、速效磷含量和速效钾含量的垂直分布,免耕使土壤营养表层富集,深翻耕促使不同土层之间的营养平均化;旋耕+秸秆还田处理营养物质含量都比较高,利于秸秆的利用。
2、免、深耕和秸秆还田对直播稻水层氮动态的影响
采用盆栽试验研究了秸秆还田对免耕和深耕稻田田面水水层氮素动态变化的影响,研究结果表明,施用尿素后,田面水总氮、铵态氮浓度迅速增加;随时间的推移,田面水氮素浓度下降较快。全氮在施用尿素后第1天达到峰值,铵态氮在施肥后第2天达到高峰,施肥后7天氮素含量基本与施肥前水平一致。秸秆还田有效地降低了稻田田面水水层氮素含量,深耕处理有利于土壤对氮素吸收。秸秆还田和深耕处理均使氮素的流失几率降低。峰值时秸秆还田处理比无秸秆还田处理全氮、铵态氮分别减少了71.14mg.mL~(-1)、12.80 mg.mL~(-1)。秸秆还田处理使NH_4~+-N/TN最大值出现在第4天。秸秆深耕还田利于土壤对氮素的吸收,流失潜能趋势大大减小。本研究结果显示,施肥后一周是防止氮素流失的关键时期。
3、不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对直播稻田生物群落的影响
秸秆还田处理有明显的防治杂草的效果。秸秆全量还田处理杂草数量显著少于无秸秆还田各处理。杂草干物质重也有明显下降,全量还田处理杂草数量比无秸秆还田处理少228株/m~2,干物质重低86.80g/m~2。可见无论从株防效还是干物质重防效的效果看,稻草还田均有十分明显的防治作用。秸秆还田使以秸秆为越冬媒介的灰飞虱、纹枯病的加重,但增加均不显著,病情指数增加也没有达到显著水平。
4、不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对直播稻生长及产量形成的影响
秸秆还田对水稻出苗率产生不利影响,秸秆还田处理出苗率比无秸秆还田处理少25.66%,深耕+秸秆还田比其他三种耕作方式还田利于直播稻出苗。播种量的增加会减少不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对出苗率的影响;水分模拟试验结果显示,充足的水分也可以增加直播稻的出苗率。秸秆还田对水稻前期生长产生不利影响,黑根在在抽穗期最多,达到26条/株;随着秸秆还田深度的增加黑根数明显减少。不同土壤耕作深度和秸秆还田量对产量影响差异不显著,但农田的可持续发展能力得到了一定提高。
Straw is the extreme resource in nature.As a big agricultural country,our country's straw output amount to several million ton.At present there was low use efficiency in straw resource and that caused huge waste and environment pollution.
This experiment,which was conducted in Nanjing and Nantong from 2006 to 2007,by adopting field experiment,did research on the paddy soil physical-chemical properties and the yield under straws and tillage,and,by adopting potted simulating experiment,did research on the influence of straws and tillage on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamic.The purposes of this research were to supply the scientific basis for the sustainable development of the crops high yield,high efficiency and safety and provide the theoretical references to the protection of the rural ecological environment.
The results were as follows:
1 Effect of straw returning in different tillage on physical-chemical properties
Straw returning significantly decreased the bulk density and soil tillage significantly influenced the vertical diversity of soil physical properties.The deep the tillage was,the more remarkable the effect was.Straw returning increased the soil organic matter,total nitrogen content and available phosphorus content.Soil tillage influenced physical and chemical property by the distributions of straw.No-tillage caused nutrient enrichment on the soil surface-layer,while deep plowing urged different layers approaching average level. The treatment of rotary tillage,which was benefit to the enrichment of nutrition,promoted the utilization of straw.
2 Effect of straw and no/deep tillage on dynamic of N in surface water of paddy soil
A pot experiment with different depth of straw amended was conducted to elucidate the dynamic characteristics of the N in field surface water.The results of the pot experiment showed that urea application sharply increased the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) and total nitrogen(TN) in field surface water and both subsequently declined as the time followed.The concentration of TN and NH_4~+-N in surface water reached its peak at the 1st and 2nd day,respectively,and decreased rapidly then.Surface water NO_3~- -N concentration was very low,though it showed a little raise at the 3rd day after applying urea.The treatment with straw amending decreased the concentrations of nitrogen in field surface water,while deep plowing boosted the absorption of nitrogen for paddy field soil.Contrast to no-straw field,the concentrations of total nitrogen(TN) and ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+ -N) in field surface water was decreased by 71.14mg·ml~(-1)、12.80 mg·ml~(-1) at the peak,.The key environmental monitoring index should be focused on total nitrogen(TN) and ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+ -N) in 0-4 days after N applying.The period within a week after N application was defined as the key time to control massive N loss from flooded paddy field.To control N non-point pollution from paddy field,further research must be focused on the best N and straw management for native rice production in field experiment.
3 Effect of straw returning in different tillage on biotic community
Weed Control Effects of straw returning was significantly.The population of weeds of straw returning was less than the treatment of no-straw returning by 228plant/m~2.Dry matter accumulation decreased 86.80g/m~2.The result showed that with the control effect, no matter stem control effect or dry matter accumulation control effect was significantly with the straw returning.On the other hand,straw returning made the brown planthopper, rice sheath blight increasing,but the difference is inconspicuousness.
4 Effect of straw returning in different tillage on growth and yield formation of direct seeding paddy
Straw returning was bad to rice seedling.Straw retuning rice seedling reduced 25.66% than no-straw returning treatment.Deep plowing &straw returning treatment(DTS) was beneficial to improve the rice seedling emergence rate than other treatment.The increasing of seeding rate could decrease the effect of straw returning in different tillage on seedling emergence rate.The simulation experiment of different moisture control showed that sufficient water could improve the rice seedling rate.The field investment showed that the black root number was the most in the heading stage.The deeper the straw returning was, the less the black root number was.At last,effect of straw returning in different tillage on yield was not significant.However,the sustained development ability of field improved.
引文
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