基于多数据源的广州市城市森林景观格局研究
|
摘要
本论文采用广州市1985年、1995年和2007年1:10万土地利用图和2004年航片以及2005年1:1万基础地理信息等数据,通过在市域和建成区两个尺度上对广州市城市森林景观格局进行了相关的分析。市域尺度上主要研究了林地覆盖类型和景观边界的发生范围和变化趋势,并对森林覆盖的环境效应进行分析。建成区尺度上,根据高分辨率航片的目视解译,构建了基于树冠覆盖的城市森林基础数据,并对其分类景观格局的尺度效应、格局特征、特征梯度和景观连接度以及街区单元的城市森林可达性进行了分析,为更小尺度上城市森林景观格局优化提供参考。结果表明:
(1)广州市林地覆盖总体上升,稳定林地覆盖占35.81%,是土地覆盖的主导类型。距离主干道路越远或道路密度越高,稳定林地覆盖比例升高,稳定非林地覆盖减少;变化类型中以1995年以后的退林和新造林类型为主,新造林类型多位于稳定林地与非林地的周边区域,而退林类型则多在稳定林地和非林地的内部区域,主要由于城市化对于林地的开发。
(2)林地边界类型中,林-建类型分布以靠近主干道路区域为主,而林-耕型则远离主干道路分布,而林-水型在1995年以后向靠近主干道路的区域增加。1985-2007年,林地边界持续增加且以后期增加为主,其中林-耕类型减少,而林-水、林-建类型增加,且林-建类型增加显著,到2007年时达林地总边界的26.8%。林-建类型中,1995年以前以林-城类型的增长为主,之后以林-村和林-它类型增加为主且在远离主干道路的区域明显,其中林-它型在1995年以前以中心城区变化为主,之后以花都和从化南部区域相对显著。
(3)研究区林地林龄与NDVI值呈正相关,以稳定林地对应的NDVI最高。全市尺度上NDVI与基于热红外波段计算的亮温值的相关性较差,但在受人类活动强烈影响的中心城区,考虑水体因素的影响,NDVI与亮温之间表现为显著的负相关关系。广州市热岛效应在中心城区有几个相对集中的区域。城市居民对于城市热环境的感知发生于更小尺度上,反映较大尺度上热量平衡的结果的区域下垫面性质的异质性形成的不同景观构成会通过局地小气候环流对小尺度的热环境及市民身体的舒适度产生不同程度的影响。
(4)中心城区大于1hm2的斑块面积占78.83%,以生态片林为优势覆盖类型,主要分布于白云山景区及天河区、黄埔区的北部,多是原来大型林地斑块的破碎化成分;其次为小于0.1hm2以居所林占优的小斑块覆盖。树冠覆盖格局分析表明,白云区的斑块密度最小的,而最大斑块指数、平均斑块面积和连接度指数在研究区范围最大;芳村区没有形成较大面积的树冠连续覆盖,破碎化程度在各区中最明显。城市化程度高且处在老城区的东山区、荔湾区和越秀区的斑块密度最大,人为活动影响下,树冠斑块的破碎化严重。中心城区核心区(外环高速内区域)树冠总覆盖率为13.1%,以居所林和生产林覆盖为主,受城市化发展阶段等因素的影响,核心区各亚区之间树冠覆盖差异大,以南区的树冠覆盖占17.4%为最高。
(5)从分类景观格局指数的尺度效应表明,多数景观指数与粒度变化之间都存在很强的正/负相关性,但因景观组成结构形成差异,多数响应曲线符合CUB、QUA或INV函数,随粒度增加特征值序列发生变化的可能性变大。核心区树冠覆盖景观格局分析表明,中区表现更为破碎,许多的生态过程可能发生于更小尺度,但中区的大型生态林斑块覆盖使其最大斑块指数最高。南区受“万亩果园”影响其斑块平均面积最大,面积标准差也最大。
(6)基于移动窗口分析法对树冠覆盖类型景观选取了几个常用的景观指数,进行了尺度效应分析,在更小尺度上探讨了景观格局特征的梯度变化特征并进行了定量化显示表达,为更精细尺度上景观格局的空间量化和可视化提供了可能性。
(7)核心区大于0.5hm2的树冠连续覆盖斑块景观连接度分析表明,整体景观连接度较低,以重要性高的斑块为中心形成的各连接组分,随着距离阈值增加迅速减少,在2km时研究区大型斑块之间能够互相连接。最大的组分出现在研究区中北部、东北部和东南部地区,也是最重要斑块相对集中的区域,大型组分之间随着距离阈值增加连接成大的组分,而研究区西南部区域的组分相对独立,与其它区域缺少连接。
(8)能够在0.5km内能够步行到达大型城市森林的街区面积仅占核心区街区总面积的17.9%。越秀区在步行0.5km和1km范围内能够到达大型城市森林斑块的街区分别占52.3%和93.1%,为各区最好,其次为东山区、荔湾区(1km可达性街区分别有76.1%和69.8%)且明显好于其它四区(天河区、白云区、海珠区、芳村区)。核心区0.5km内不能到达大型城市森林斑块且树冠覆盖超过30%的街区中,多为单位专有绿地树冠覆盖类型;而以居住区占主要建筑类型的街区中,90%以上的街区树冠覆盖低于10%,其中64%的街区树冠覆盖低于5%。
土地利用/覆盖变化类型和林地边界动态能反映林地覆盖/变化发生的区域分布和人类活动的干扰强度下的变化细节,受研究区主要道路影响域的而不同,对其深入分析对于较大尺度上的景观格局变化驱动力研究有重要意义。在快速城市化地区,发展以乔木为主体的城市森林,形成连续的树冠覆盖表面来形成小气候可提升城市舒适度,也是缓解城市热岛效应最有效的手段。在老城区改造或大型生态空间建设中,应结合生态学过程增加景观连接度的量度内容,提升“重要性节点斑块”的质量,通过在中心城区建成区增加中、小树冠斑块的密度,能够加强各类型城市森林斑块间的景观连接度,能发挥城市森林整体效应。重视高分辨率影像在生态学研究中的作用,结合社会经济的统计资料,将小尺度上的生态学过程与格局特征关联分析并进行空间化和可视化表达,有助于在细尺度上了解城市森林格局动态变化的驱动力,使城市森林景观的格局、过程和功能分析统一于不同尺度上的城市生态建设,对解决城市环境问题的更有实效性。可达性是反映城市森林服务功能的重要指标,注重发挥GIS空间分析在生态规划中的强效性,将自然要素和相关的社会经济因素叠加分析,更加科学有效地分析城市问题。
As the main element of ecological landscape, urban forest has become the principal part of ecological construction in urban region. The high resolution aerial photo in 2004 and the TM images in 1985, 1995 and 2007, combined with fundamental geographic information(1:10 000)in 2005, were used to explore the landscape pattern of urban forest in Guangzhou on two research scales, including urban and built-up area. On urban scale, the changing extent and tendency of forestland cover type and landscape boundary were analyzed, and the environmental effects of urban forest as well. On built-up area scale, the fundamental data of urban forest was built based on tree-canopy cover derived from the visual interpretation on aerial photo. The scale effects and gradient of landscape pattern characteristics were discussed detailedly, as well as the landscape connectivity and accessibility of neighborhood block units considering the concerned large patches. The results acquired from high resolution imagery provided valuable information for the landscape pattern optimization of urban forest on small scale in Guangzhou. The results showed that:
The forestland area of Guangzhou was increased from 1985 to 2007, and stable forestland was the dominant land cover type with the percentage of 35.81%. The proportion of stable forestland increased with the distance away from main roads and the density of roads net, and the stable no-forestland was contrary. The deforestation and afforestation were dominant in the change type in 1995, and the afforestation occurred mostly at the periphery of the stable forestland and non-forestland, while the deforestation dispersed within the boundary of stable types and mainly affected by the urbanized exploiting.
The process and intensity of land use can be reflected clearly from the shift and direction of forestland boundary. The analyses were taken based on boundary characters classification and different landscape accessibility zones from the main roads in Guangzhou. Based on the results that both the forestland patch number and the whole lengths of forestland boundary were increased, the trend could be formed that boundary became more complex and landscape became more fragmental. The situation, which the adjacent landscape types of forestland were dominated by cropland, was broken with the increasing of building area and water, the lengths of forest-cropland boundary reduced rapidly and both forest-water and forest-building increased markedly. The decreasing speed of forest-cropland boundary became slow with the increasing distance from the key roads. The most acute zones where the forest-building increased were far away from the key roads gradually, and the forest-water boundaries were mostly distributed in the area which was 1km away from the roads. According to the interaction of landscape types both sides of the boundary, forest-building boundary was a kind of tensed type, and the ecological function would be affected by the increasing. A discussed method based on the analysis of the density of forestland boundary type was tried to maintain the stability of forestland resource in the rapid urbanization areas.
Correlative analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between NDVI and the age of forestland, and stable forestland had the highest value of NDVI, while the corresponding value of afforestation recently was the lowest relatively. Although the effect of correlation between NDVI and brightness temperature from the thermal infrared band of TM imagery was unobvious relatively on urban scale, on built-up area scale which affected intensively by human activity, it showed a significant negative correlation. The heat island effect showed clearly in the central city of Guangzhou, and several heat island areas were concentrating
relatively. Tree canopy coverage landscape was analyzed based on the thought framework of function classification and scale system in the central city of Guangzhou. The results showed that the ratio of tree canopy coverage was 19.5%, and the ratio of Tianhe district was the highest (26.5%), while the ratio of Fangcun district was the lowest (6.6%). Ecological beneficial forests were dominant among the type groups of ecological benefits forests, public garden, residential forest stands, production forest stands and special protective forests. The coverage ratio of ecological beneficial forests was 55.4% of the total tree canopy, and secondly the ratio of production forest stands was 19.9%. Mean size of the ecological chunk forest was the largest, while the mean size of roadside trees was the smallest. The coverage ratio of extra large-sized patches larger than 1hm2 was 78.8%, the ratio of small-sized patches (<0.1hm2), medium-sized patches (0.1-0.5hm2) and large-sized patches (0.5-1hm2) was respectively 9.2%, 7.9% and 4.2%. The patch density of small-sized, medium-sized and large-sized patch in Dongshan district is the highest, but the density of extra large-sized patch in Huangpu was the highest, and the density of medium-sized and small-sized patch in Baiyun was the lowest, while the density of large-sized and extra large-sized patch in Fangcun district was the lowest. Extra large-sized patches were dominated by ecological beneficial forests and production forest stands, and residential forest stands were regnant in other sized patches. There were extra large-sized patches distributed mostly in the mountain area, which were located in the north of the central city and the east developing belt in Tianhe and Huangpu districts, and orchard fields in the south of Haizhu district as well. The number of small-sized patches which were planted artificially was the most and the patches of extra large-sized tree canopy coverage existed only in the parks of the old city area. Most of the large-sized patches between 0.5 and 1 hm2 were adjacent to the extra large-sized patches, the pattern might be caused by the fragment of extra large-sized patches in the process of urbanization. Continuous tree canopy is an effective approach for implementing the continuity of ecological progress and pattern. Roadside trees type, being the most at patch numbers and fragmental relatively, has the most potential for forming continuous coverage patch via spatial linkage. The results provided valuable information for related research of urban forest and the landscape pattern optimization at small scale in Guangzhou.
The scale effects of classified landscape metrics showed that there were strong positive or negative correlations between grain size and landscape metrics, varying with the landscape composition. Most response curves of landscape metrics with the grain size could be modeled by the CUB, QUA, or INV function explicitly. The probability of changes of sequences of landscape metrics might be higher with the increasing grain size. The results derived from the landscape pattern analysis at core area of the central city in Guangzhou showed that the sub zone of C was more fragmental and some ecological process might be taken place in smaller scale, but the value of LPI (largest patch index) was the biggest among the five sub zones because of the existing large ecological forest. The sub zone of S affected by the large orchards area had the biggest MPS (mean patch size), as well as the standard deviation simutaneously.
Several common landscape metrics were employed based on moving windows analysis in Fragstats3.3 software, and the results of scale effects of landscape metrics on grain size and extent were showed in explicit expression. Comparing with quantifying landscape pattern in the entire landscape previously, the explicit expression of partial quantification of landscape pattern could link the pattern and the ecological processes more effectively in smaller scale.
The results of landscape connectivity, based on the large patches of the area larger than 0.5 hm2 , showed that the connectivity of core area of the central city in Guangzhou was not so well and the components which were consisted of important patches and other patches were directly related to the thresholds distance of the landscape connectivity. The importance of patches was inspected in different distance thresholds, and the importance values of larger patches for connectivity of tree-canopy cover landscape were more than other sized patches. The large components located in the areas where the important patches existed in the research region. All the patches could be connected each other in the 2km distance thresholds. Respectively, the components sited in the southwest of core area were isolated and could not connect well with others.
The blocks were organic composition of urbanized area. Network analyst model in ArcGIS9.2 was used to analyze the accessibility between the blocks and urban forest patches within Outer Ring Highway in Guangzhou, and the service capacity of urban forest patches was examined as well. And then the difference among the blocks was analyzed, combined with tree canopy coverage from the interpretation of aerial photo. The results showed that 73% of the blocks could reach large green patch in 2km walk distance, and about 46% in 1km walk distance but only 18% of blocks could reach large green patch in 0.5km walk distance. Urban forest patches accessibility was the highest in Yuexiu District,while the provision and accessibility were the most inadequate and worst in Fangcun District and Haizhu District. Among blocks that could not reach large green patch in 0.5km walk distance but tree canopy coverage beyond 30%, the percent of institutions block was predominant, while the coverage of 90% of resident blocks was under 10%, and even 64% of those under 5%. The results acquired from Network Analyst model based on block units provided valuable information for the landscape pattern optimization of urban forest on small scale in Guangzhou.
(1)广州市林地覆盖总体上升,稳定林地覆盖占35.81%,是土地覆盖的主导类型。距离主干道路越远或道路密度越高,稳定林地覆盖比例升高,稳定非林地覆盖减少;变化类型中以1995年以后的退林和新造林类型为主,新造林类型多位于稳定林地与非林地的周边区域,而退林类型则多在稳定林地和非林地的内部区域,主要由于城市化对于林地的开发。
(2)林地边界类型中,林-建类型分布以靠近主干道路区域为主,而林-耕型则远离主干道路分布,而林-水型在1995年以后向靠近主干道路的区域增加。1985-2007年,林地边界持续增加且以后期增加为主,其中林-耕类型减少,而林-水、林-建类型增加,且林-建类型增加显著,到2007年时达林地总边界的26.8%。林-建类型中,1995年以前以林-城类型的增长为主,之后以林-村和林-它类型增加为主且在远离主干道路的区域明显,其中林-它型在1995年以前以中心城区变化为主,之后以花都和从化南部区域相对显著。
(3)研究区林地林龄与NDVI值呈正相关,以稳定林地对应的NDVI最高。全市尺度上NDVI与基于热红外波段计算的亮温值的相关性较差,但在受人类活动强烈影响的中心城区,考虑水体因素的影响,NDVI与亮温之间表现为显著的负相关关系。广州市热岛效应在中心城区有几个相对集中的区域。城市居民对于城市热环境的感知发生于更小尺度上,反映较大尺度上热量平衡的结果的区域下垫面性质的异质性形成的不同景观构成会通过局地小气候环流对小尺度的热环境及市民身体的舒适度产生不同程度的影响。
(4)中心城区大于1hm2的斑块面积占78.83%,以生态片林为优势覆盖类型,主要分布于白云山景区及天河区、黄埔区的北部,多是原来大型林地斑块的破碎化成分;其次为小于0.1hm2以居所林占优的小斑块覆盖。树冠覆盖格局分析表明,白云区的斑块密度最小的,而最大斑块指数、平均斑块面积和连接度指数在研究区范围最大;芳村区没有形成较大面积的树冠连续覆盖,破碎化程度在各区中最明显。城市化程度高且处在老城区的东山区、荔湾区和越秀区的斑块密度最大,人为活动影响下,树冠斑块的破碎化严重。中心城区核心区(外环高速内区域)树冠总覆盖率为13.1%,以居所林和生产林覆盖为主,受城市化发展阶段等因素的影响,核心区各亚区之间树冠覆盖差异大,以南区的树冠覆盖占17.4%为最高。
(5)从分类景观格局指数的尺度效应表明,多数景观指数与粒度变化之间都存在很强的正/负相关性,但因景观组成结构形成差异,多数响应曲线符合CUB、QUA或INV函数,随粒度增加特征值序列发生变化的可能性变大。核心区树冠覆盖景观格局分析表明,中区表现更为破碎,许多的生态过程可能发生于更小尺度,但中区的大型生态林斑块覆盖使其最大斑块指数最高。南区受“万亩果园”影响其斑块平均面积最大,面积标准差也最大。
(6)基于移动窗口分析法对树冠覆盖类型景观选取了几个常用的景观指数,进行了尺度效应分析,在更小尺度上探讨了景观格局特征的梯度变化特征并进行了定量化显示表达,为更精细尺度上景观格局的空间量化和可视化提供了可能性。
(7)核心区大于0.5hm2的树冠连续覆盖斑块景观连接度分析表明,整体景观连接度较低,以重要性高的斑块为中心形成的各连接组分,随着距离阈值增加迅速减少,在2km时研究区大型斑块之间能够互相连接。最大的组分出现在研究区中北部、东北部和东南部地区,也是最重要斑块相对集中的区域,大型组分之间随着距离阈值增加连接成大的组分,而研究区西南部区域的组分相对独立,与其它区域缺少连接。
(8)能够在0.5km内能够步行到达大型城市森林的街区面积仅占核心区街区总面积的17.9%。越秀区在步行0.5km和1km范围内能够到达大型城市森林斑块的街区分别占52.3%和93.1%,为各区最好,其次为东山区、荔湾区(1km可达性街区分别有76.1%和69.8%)且明显好于其它四区(天河区、白云区、海珠区、芳村区)。核心区0.5km内不能到达大型城市森林斑块且树冠覆盖超过30%的街区中,多为单位专有绿地树冠覆盖类型;而以居住区占主要建筑类型的街区中,90%以上的街区树冠覆盖低于10%,其中64%的街区树冠覆盖低于5%。
土地利用/覆盖变化类型和林地边界动态能反映林地覆盖/变化发生的区域分布和人类活动的干扰强度下的变化细节,受研究区主要道路影响域的而不同,对其深入分析对于较大尺度上的景观格局变化驱动力研究有重要意义。在快速城市化地区,发展以乔木为主体的城市森林,形成连续的树冠覆盖表面来形成小气候可提升城市舒适度,也是缓解城市热岛效应最有效的手段。在老城区改造或大型生态空间建设中,应结合生态学过程增加景观连接度的量度内容,提升“重要性节点斑块”的质量,通过在中心城区建成区增加中、小树冠斑块的密度,能够加强各类型城市森林斑块间的景观连接度,能发挥城市森林整体效应。重视高分辨率影像在生态学研究中的作用,结合社会经济的统计资料,将小尺度上的生态学过程与格局特征关联分析并进行空间化和可视化表达,有助于在细尺度上了解城市森林格局动态变化的驱动力,使城市森林景观的格局、过程和功能分析统一于不同尺度上的城市生态建设,对解决城市环境问题的更有实效性。可达性是反映城市森林服务功能的重要指标,注重发挥GIS空间分析在生态规划中的强效性,将自然要素和相关的社会经济因素叠加分析,更加科学有效地分析城市问题。
As the main element of ecological landscape, urban forest has become the principal part of ecological construction in urban region. The high resolution aerial photo in 2004 and the TM images in 1985, 1995 and 2007, combined with fundamental geographic information(1:10 000)in 2005, were used to explore the landscape pattern of urban forest in Guangzhou on two research scales, including urban and built-up area. On urban scale, the changing extent and tendency of forestland cover type and landscape boundary were analyzed, and the environmental effects of urban forest as well. On built-up area scale, the fundamental data of urban forest was built based on tree-canopy cover derived from the visual interpretation on aerial photo. The scale effects and gradient of landscape pattern characteristics were discussed detailedly, as well as the landscape connectivity and accessibility of neighborhood block units considering the concerned large patches. The results acquired from high resolution imagery provided valuable information for the landscape pattern optimization of urban forest on small scale in Guangzhou. The results showed that:
The forestland area of Guangzhou was increased from 1985 to 2007, and stable forestland was the dominant land cover type with the percentage of 35.81%. The proportion of stable forestland increased with the distance away from main roads and the density of roads net, and the stable no-forestland was contrary. The deforestation and afforestation were dominant in the change type in 1995, and the afforestation occurred mostly at the periphery of the stable forestland and non-forestland, while the deforestation dispersed within the boundary of stable types and mainly affected by the urbanized exploiting.
The process and intensity of land use can be reflected clearly from the shift and direction of forestland boundary. The analyses were taken based on boundary characters classification and different landscape accessibility zones from the main roads in Guangzhou. Based on the results that both the forestland patch number and the whole lengths of forestland boundary were increased, the trend could be formed that boundary became more complex and landscape became more fragmental. The situation, which the adjacent landscape types of forestland were dominated by cropland, was broken with the increasing of building area and water, the lengths of forest-cropland boundary reduced rapidly and both forest-water and forest-building increased markedly. The decreasing speed of forest-cropland boundary became slow with the increasing distance from the key roads. The most acute zones where the forest-building increased were far away from the key roads gradually, and the forest-water boundaries were mostly distributed in the area which was 1km away from the roads. According to the interaction of landscape types both sides of the boundary, forest-building boundary was a kind of tensed type, and the ecological function would be affected by the increasing. A discussed method based on the analysis of the density of forestland boundary type was tried to maintain the stability of forestland resource in the rapid urbanization areas.
Correlative analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between NDVI and the age of forestland, and stable forestland had the highest value of NDVI, while the corresponding value of afforestation recently was the lowest relatively. Although the effect of correlation between NDVI and brightness temperature from the thermal infrared band of TM imagery was unobvious relatively on urban scale, on built-up area scale which affected intensively by human activity, it showed a significant negative correlation. The heat island effect showed clearly in the central city of Guangzhou, and several heat island areas were concentrating
relatively. Tree canopy coverage landscape was analyzed based on the thought framework of function classification and scale system in the central city of Guangzhou. The results showed that the ratio of tree canopy coverage was 19.5%, and the ratio of Tianhe district was the highest (26.5%), while the ratio of Fangcun district was the lowest (6.6%). Ecological beneficial forests were dominant among the type groups of ecological benefits forests, public garden, residential forest stands, production forest stands and special protective forests. The coverage ratio of ecological beneficial forests was 55.4% of the total tree canopy, and secondly the ratio of production forest stands was 19.9%. Mean size of the ecological chunk forest was the largest, while the mean size of roadside trees was the smallest. The coverage ratio of extra large-sized patches larger than 1hm2 was 78.8%, the ratio of small-sized patches (<0.1hm2), medium-sized patches (0.1-0.5hm2) and large-sized patches (0.5-1hm2) was respectively 9.2%, 7.9% and 4.2%. The patch density of small-sized, medium-sized and large-sized patch in Dongshan district is the highest, but the density of extra large-sized patch in Huangpu was the highest, and the density of medium-sized and small-sized patch in Baiyun was the lowest, while the density of large-sized and extra large-sized patch in Fangcun district was the lowest. Extra large-sized patches were dominated by ecological beneficial forests and production forest stands, and residential forest stands were regnant in other sized patches. There were extra large-sized patches distributed mostly in the mountain area, which were located in the north of the central city and the east developing belt in Tianhe and Huangpu districts, and orchard fields in the south of Haizhu district as well. The number of small-sized patches which were planted artificially was the most and the patches of extra large-sized tree canopy coverage existed only in the parks of the old city area. Most of the large-sized patches between 0.5 and 1 hm2 were adjacent to the extra large-sized patches, the pattern might be caused by the fragment of extra large-sized patches in the process of urbanization. Continuous tree canopy is an effective approach for implementing the continuity of ecological progress and pattern. Roadside trees type, being the most at patch numbers and fragmental relatively, has the most potential for forming continuous coverage patch via spatial linkage. The results provided valuable information for related research of urban forest and the landscape pattern optimization at small scale in Guangzhou.
The scale effects of classified landscape metrics showed that there were strong positive or negative correlations between grain size and landscape metrics, varying with the landscape composition. Most response curves of landscape metrics with the grain size could be modeled by the CUB, QUA, or INV function explicitly. The probability of changes of sequences of landscape metrics might be higher with the increasing grain size. The results derived from the landscape pattern analysis at core area of the central city in Guangzhou showed that the sub zone of C was more fragmental and some ecological process might be taken place in smaller scale, but the value of LPI (largest patch index) was the biggest among the five sub zones because of the existing large ecological forest. The sub zone of S affected by the large orchards area had the biggest MPS (mean patch size), as well as the standard deviation simutaneously.
Several common landscape metrics were employed based on moving windows analysis in Fragstats3.3 software, and the results of scale effects of landscape metrics on grain size and extent were showed in explicit expression. Comparing with quantifying landscape pattern in the entire landscape previously, the explicit expression of partial quantification of landscape pattern could link the pattern and the ecological processes more effectively in smaller scale.
The results of landscape connectivity, based on the large patches of the area larger than 0.5 hm2 , showed that the connectivity of core area of the central city in Guangzhou was not so well and the components which were consisted of important patches and other patches were directly related to the thresholds distance of the landscape connectivity. The importance of patches was inspected in different distance thresholds, and the importance values of larger patches for connectivity of tree-canopy cover landscape were more than other sized patches. The large components located in the areas where the important patches existed in the research region. All the patches could be connected each other in the 2km distance thresholds. Respectively, the components sited in the southwest of core area were isolated and could not connect well with others.
The blocks were organic composition of urbanized area. Network analyst model in ArcGIS9.2 was used to analyze the accessibility between the blocks and urban forest patches within Outer Ring Highway in Guangzhou, and the service capacity of urban forest patches was examined as well. And then the difference among the blocks was analyzed, combined with tree canopy coverage from the interpretation of aerial photo. The results showed that 73% of the blocks could reach large green patch in 2km walk distance, and about 46% in 1km walk distance but only 18% of blocks could reach large green patch in 0.5km walk distance. Urban forest patches accessibility was the highest in Yuexiu District,while the provision and accessibility were the most inadequate and worst in Fangcun District and Haizhu District. Among blocks that could not reach large green patch in 0.5km walk distance but tree canopy coverage beyond 30%, the percent of institutions block was predominant, while the coverage of 90% of resident blocks was under 10%, and even 64% of those under 5%. The results acquired from Network Analyst model based on block units provided valuable information for the landscape pattern optimization of urban forest on small scale in Guangzhou.
引文
Addicott, J.F., Aho, J.M., Antolin, and M.F., et al. Ecological neighborhoods: scaling environmental patterns .Oikos.1987, 49:340~346.
Akbari, H., Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants. Environmental pollution 116(suppl.1), 2002:119~126
Alexis Comber,Chris Brunsdon and Edmund Green.Using a GIS~based network analysis to determine urban greenspace accessibility for different ethnic and religious groups.Landscape and urban planning, 2008,86(1):103~114
Alfonso Shimbel. Structural parameters of communication networks . Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 1953,15(4):501~507
Andrew T, Kaczynski, Lackey KJ. Correspondence of perceived and objective proximity to parks. National recreation and park association congress, 2009
Anna M Hersperger. Spatial adjacencies and interactions: Neighborhood mosaics for landscape ecological planning . Landscape and Urban Planning, 2006, 77:227~239.
Antrop M. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003, 67:9~26.
B. L. Ong.Green plot ratio:al ecological measure for architecture and urban planning.Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003, (63): 197~211.
Bach, L.. Locational models for systems of private and public facilities based on concepts of accessibility and access opportunity. Environ. Planning.A, 1980 12,301~320.
Beacher W J.Nesting birds and the vegetation substrate.Chicago Omithological Society,1942.
Bender D, Tischendorf L, Fahrig LUsing patch isolation metrics to predict animal movement in binary landscapes.Lands Ecol .2003,18:17~39
Benson BJ Mackenzie MD. Effects of sensor spatial resolution on landscape structure parameters. Landscape Ecology,1995,10:ll3~120.
Bolund, P., Hunhammar, S.. Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecol. Econ. , 1999,29(2), 293~301.
Boone, R. B. and Hunter, M. L.J., Using diffusion models to simulate the effects of land use on grizzly bear dispersal in the Rocky Mountains. Landscape Ecology, 1996 ,11(1): 51~64
Bowen J. Airline hubs in Southeast Asia: national economic development and nodal accessibility. Journal of Transport Geography.2000,8:25~41
Bunn AG, Urban DL, Keitt TH . Landscape connectivity: a conservation application of graph theory. J Environ Manage 2000,59:265~278
Cadenasso, M.L., Pickett, S.T.A., Band, L.E., Brush, G.S., Galvin, M.F., Groffman, P.M.,et al., 2008. Exchanges across land~water~scape boundaries in urban systems: strategies for reducing nitrate pollution. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1134, 213~232.
Calabrese JM, Fagan WF. A comparison~shopper’s guide to connectivity metrics. Front Ecol Environ,2004, 2:529~536
Chen J,Franklin JF.Vegetation responses to edge environments in old growth Douglas fir forests.Ecol Appl, 1992,2:387~39
Costanza R,Maxwell T. Resolution and predictability:An approach to the scaling problem. Landscape Ecology,1994,9:47~57.
Cynthia Rosenzweig, William Solecki, Lily Parshall et al. Mitigating New York city’s heat island withurban forestry ,living roofs,and light surfaces.(2007) http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/103341.pdf
D’Eon RS, Glenn M, Parfitt I, Fortin MJ . Landscape connectivity as a function of scale and organism vagility in a real forested landscape. 2002..Conserv Ecol 6:10 (online) http://www. consecol. org/vol6/iss2/art10/
Dominsk T.The three stage evolution of eco~cities reduce,reuse,recycle.In:Bob W,Lois A,Richard C eds.Sustainable Cities:Concepts and Strategies for Eco~city Development.Eco~home Media. 1992: 16~18
Dwyer J.F.,McPherson E.G. and Schroeder et al. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. Arboriculture, 1992,18(5):227~234.
Edward A. Cook. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks . Landscape and Urban Planning. 2002, 58:269~280.
Eric Koomen, Jasper Dekkers, Mark Koetse, et al. Valuation of metropolitan open space; presenting the research framework paper for the 45th congress of the European Regional Science Association August 23~27, 2005 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Erkip FB. The distribution of urban public services: The case of parks and recreational services in Ankara . Cities,1997,14(6):353~36l
Fagan WF, Cantrell RS, Cosner C.. How habitat edges change species interactions. American Naturalist 1999,153:165~182.
Fahrig L, Merriam G. Habitat patch connectivity and population survival. Ecology,1985,66:1762~1768
Fang CF, Ling DL. Investigation of the noise reduction provided by tree belts . Landscape Urban Plan,2003 ,3:l87~l95
FH Kong, N Nakagoshi. Spatial~temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan, China. Landscape and urban planning, 2006(78):147~164
Forman and Godron. Landscape ecology principles and landscape function. The proceedings of the first international seminar on methodology in landscape ecological research and planning(vol.5). universitetsforlag GeoRuc. 1984:4~15
Forman R.T.T. Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology . Landscape Ecology,1995,10(3):133~142
Forman RTT, Godron M. Landscape Ecology . New York:John Wiley & Sons,1986.
Fujihara M,Hara K,Short KM. Changes in landscape structure of‘yatsu’valleys: A typical Japanese urban fringe landscape.Landscape and Urban Planning, 2005,70:261~270
Fujihara M,Kikuchi T. Changes in the landscape structure of the Nagara River Basin , central Japan.Landscape and Urban Planning, 2005,70:271~281.
G. Castilla , K. Larkin, J. Linke and G. J. Hay. The impact of thematic resolution on the patch~mosaic model of natural landscapes Landscape Ecology,2009, 24:15~23
Gillis EA, Krebs CJ. Natal dispersal of snowshoe hares during a cyclic population increase. J Mammal ,1999,80:933~939
Gross J, Yellen J Graph theory and its applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton,1999
Gutierrez J, Gonzalez R,Gomez G. The European high—speed train network: Predicted effects on accessibility patterns. Journal of Transport Geography, 1996, 4(4):227~238.
H. Akbari, M. Pomerantz and H. Taha. Cool surfaces and shades trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar Energy, 2001, 70(3): 295~310
H. Akbari. Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants. Environmental Pollution,2002, 116:119~126
Hansen WG. How accessibility shapes landuse. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1959,25:73~76.
Hanski I. Metapopulation dynamics.Nature, 1998,396:41~49
Hargis CD, Bissonette JA, David JL. The behavior of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation. Landsc Ecol 1998, 13:167~186
Harini N,Jane S. Catherine T.Accessibility as a determinant of landscape transformation in western Honduras:linking pattern and process.Landscape Ecology,2002,18:141~158.
Harris LD..Edge effect and conservation of biotic diversity.Conservation Biology, 1988,2(4):329~338
Harrison C,Burgess J,Millward A and Dawe G. 1995.Accessible natural greenspace in Towns and Cities:A review of appropriate size and distance criteria,English Nature Research Report No.153,English Nature,Peterborough
Hayes B . Graph theory in practice: part I. Am Sci 2000, 88:9~13
Hayes B. Graph theory in practice: part II. Am Sci88: 2000, 104~109
Heynen, N., Perkins, H.A., Roy, P. The political ecology of uneven urban green space: the impact of political economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in Milwaukee. Urban Affairs Review, 2006, 42:3~25.
Hogrefe , C.. Lynn, B. Civerolo, K.et al. Simulating changes in regional air pollution over the eastern United States due to changes in global and regional climate and emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004:109, D22301.
HOPE A S.M CDOWELL T P.The relationship between surface temperature and a spectral vegetation index of a tall grass prairie:effects of burning and other landscape control.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992,13:2849~2863.
Howard Frumkin,MD. Urban sprawl and public health. Public Health Report,2002
Huste A , Boulinier T . Determinants of local extinction and turnover rates in urban bird communities.Ecological Applications,2007,17: 168~180.
J Baudry. Effects of landscape structure on biogical communities: The proceedings of the first international seminar on methodology in landscape ecological research and planning(vol.1) universitetsforlag GeoRuc. 1984:55~65
J. Geoghegan, L.A. Wainger and N.E. Bockstael . Spatial landscape indeces in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GIS. Economical Economics, 1997,23(3):251~264
Jackson L E. The relationship of urban design to human health and condition. Landscape and urban planning. 2003,64:191~200
Jasinski, M. F. Sensitivity of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index to subpixel canopy cover, soil albedo, and pixel scale. Remote Sensing of Environment, .1990, 32:169~187.
Jianguo Wu. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis: scaling relations. Landscape Ecology , 2004(19): 125~138
Jim C.Y. Managing urban trees and their soil envelopes in a contiguously developed city environment. Environ Manage,2001,28(6):8l9~832
Jim C.Y., Chen, S.S. Comprehensive green space planning based on landscape ecology principles in compact Nanjing city, China. Landscape Urban Plan. 2003, 65, 95~116.
Jo H K .Impacts of urban green space on offsetting carbon emissions for middle Korea. J Environ Manage,2002 ,64:ll5~l26
Joan Marulli and Josep M. Mallarach. A GIS methodology for assessing ecological connectivity: application to the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. Landscape and urban planning,2005,71:243~262
John E. Kuser. Urban and community forestry in the Northeast.Springer.2007
Jongman R.H.G., Kulvik M.,Kristiansen I. European ecological networks and greenways. Landscape andUrban, Planning, 2004, 68:305~319.
Joseph C.Y. Lau and Catherine C.H.Chiu. Accessibility of low~income workers in Hong Kong. Cities, 2003, 20(3):197~204
Jun Yang, Qian Yu , Peng Gong . Quantifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicago. Atmospheric Environment ,2008 (42) 7266~7273
Karen E, Smoyer~tomic, Jared N. et al. Hewko,M.John Hodgson. Spatial accessibility and equity of playground in Edmonton,Canada. The Canadian Geographer, 2004, 48(3):287~302
Keitt TH, Urban DL, Milne BT .(1997) Detecting critical scales in fragmented landscapes. Conserv Ecol 1:4 (online) RL:http://www.consecol.org/Journal/vol1/iss1/art4
Kennedy J.J. ,Quigley T.M. . Evolution of USDA forest service organizational culture and adapt ion issues in embracing an ecosystem management paradigm. Landscape Urban Plan.1998,40:113~122
Knaapen, J. P., Scheffer, M. and Harms, B., Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Plan. 1992,23:101
Knowlton. K., Hogrefe, C., Lynn, B.et al. Climate~related changes in ozone mortality over the next 50 years in the New York City Metropolitan Region. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2004, 112~ 115.
Konijinendijk C.C, Randrup T B, Nilsson K. Urban forestry research in Europe: an overview . Journal of Arboriculture, 2000, 26(3):152~161.
Konijnendijk C.C. A decade of urban forestry in Europe. Forest Policy and Economics .2003,5 :173~186
Konijnendijk C.C., Robert M. R, Andy Kenney et al. Defining urban forestry :A comparative perspective of North America and Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.2006,4(3-4): 93~103
Konijnendijk, C.C., Nilsson K., Randrup, T.B., Schipperijn, J., eds. Urban Forests and Trees. Springer, Berlin. 2005.
Kramer~Schadt, S., Revilla, E., Wiegand, T., Breitenmoser, U.. Fragmented landscapes, road mortality and patch connectivity: modeling influences on the dispersal of Eurasian lynx. J. Appl. Ecol. , 2004,41 (4), 711~723.
Krugman P.The role of geography in development international regional regional. Science Review, 1999, 22:142~161.
Kunkel, K. E., Changnon, S. A., Reinke, B. C. and R. W.Arritt. The July 1995 heat wave and critical weather factors, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,, 1996,77(7): 1507~1518.
Kuo F.E. The role of arboriculture in healthy social ecology. Journal of Arboriculture,2003,29(3):148~155
Kuo, F.E., Sullivan, W.C.,. Aggression and violence in the inner city—effects of environment via mental fatigue. Environ. Behav. 2001, 33 (4), 543~571.
Kuo, F.E., Sullivan, W.C.,. Environment and crime in the inner city—does vegetation reduce crime? Environ. Behav. 2001, 33 (3), 343~367.
Kwan M P,Murray A T. Recent advances in accessibility research: Representation, methodology and applications. Geographical Systems, 2003, 5:129~138.
Kweon, B.S., Sullivan, W.C., Wiley, A.R., 1998. Green common spaces and the social integration of inner~city older adults. Environ. Behav. 30 (6), 832~858.
Levin SA. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 1992, 73: 1943~1967.
Liisa Tyrv?inen and Antti Miettinen. Property Prices and Urban Forest Amenities . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2000,39(2):205~223
Limburg KE, O’Neill RV, Costanza R, Farber S. Complex systems and valuation. Ecological Economics, 2002, 41: 409~420.
Lofvenhaft K,Bjom C,lhse M . Biotope patterns in urban areas: A conceptual model integrating biodiversity issues in spatial planning. Landscape Urban Plan. 2002, 58:223~240.
Mackiewicz A,Ratajczak W. Towards a new definition of topological accessibility. Transportation Research B, 1996,30 (1):47~79.
Mahon, J.R., Miller, R.W.. Identifying high value green space prior to land development . Arboriculture. 2003, 29 (1), 25~33.
Makoto Y,Robert D,Yoshitake K,eta1.The cooling effect of paddy fields on summertime air temperature in residential Tokyo,Japan.Landscape and Urban Planning,2001,53: 17～27.
McAllister, D.M., 1976. Equity and efficiency in public facility location. Geography. Anal. 8, 47~63.
McGarigal, K., S. A. Cushman, M. C. Neel, and E. Ene. 2002. FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at the following web site: www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html
McPherson, E.G.,. Sacramento’s parking lot shading ordinance: environmental and economic costs of compliance. Landscape Urban Planning 2001,57: 105~123.
McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., Rowntree, R.A.. Chicago’s Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. (No. Gen. Tech. Rep.NE~186). USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor,PA. 1994
Mehta D,Pathak P. Financing of urban services in India: A case for appropriate pricing and Costs recovery. Habitat Intern. 1998,22(4):487~502
Merriam G, Kozokiewicz M, Tsuchiya E, Hawley K.. Barriers as boundaries for metapopulations and demes of Peromyscus leucopus in farm landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 1989, 2:227~235.
Merriam G.. Corridors and connectivity: animal populations in heterogeneous environments. In: Nature Conservation: the Role of Corridors (eds Saunders DA, Hobbs R), J Beatty & Sons, Surrey. 1984.
Miller RW. Planning and Managing urban Green spaces.(Second edition).Urban Forestry.New Jersey;Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 1996.
Miller, Robert W. Urban forestry: planning and managing urban greenspaces[M]. Prentice Hall ,1998 Mitchell R, Popham F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet, 2008,.372: 1655~1660
Moilanen A, Nieminen M Simple connectivity measures in spatial ecology. Ecology .2002, 83:1131~1145
More TA, Stevens T, Allen PG. Valuation of urban parks . Landscape and urban planning.1988,15:139~152
Murray AT,Davis R,Stimson R J et al.. Public transport access. Transportation Research D, .1998,3:319~328.
Naiman RJ,Decamps H,Pastor J and Johnston CA. The potential importance of boundaries to fluvial ecosystems.The north American benthological society, 1988,7(4):289~306
Neel MC, McGarigal K, Cushman SA. Behavior of class~level landscape metrics across gradients of class aggregation and area. Landsc Ecol, 2004, 19:435~455
Nelson G C. Hellerstein D.Do roads cause deforestation? Using satellite images of econometric analysis of 1and use.American Journal Agricultural Economics. 1997, 79: 80~88.
Nepstad D,Carvalho G. Barrens A C,et a1.Road paving,fire regime feedbacks,and the future of Amason forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2001,l54:395~407.
Nicholls S. Measuring the accessibility and equity of public parks: a case study using GIS. Managing Leisure, 2001,6:201~219.
Nikolakaki, P..A GIS site~selection process for habitat creation: estimating connectivity of habitat patches. Landscape Urban Plan. , 2004, 68, 77~94.
Noss, R.F., Daly, K.M.. Incorporating connectivity into broad~scale conservation planning. In: Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (Eds.), Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York, , 2006:587~619.
Nowak DJ. Understanding the structure of urban forests. Jour Forestry, 1994, 92(10):2~46.
Nowak, D.J., Dwyer, J.F. Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems, 2nd ed. Springer, New York.,2007
Nowark, D., Rowntree, R., McPherson, G. et al. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,36:49~57
O’Neil R V, Hunsaker CT, et al. Scale problems in reporting landscape pattern at the regional scale. Landscape Ecology,1996,11(3):169~180
O’Sullivan D, Morrison A, Shearer J. Using desktop GIS for the investigation of accessibility by public transport: an isochrones approach. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2000, 14(1):85~104
Oh K, Jeong S. Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning .2007.,82:25~32
Ong, BL. Green plot ratio: an ecological measure for architecture and urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003, 63:197~211.
Parker, J.. The effectiveness of vegetation on residential cooling. Passive Solar Journal , 1983, 2 (2), 123~132.
Pascual~Hortal L, Saura S Comparison and development of new graph~based landscape connectivity indices: towards the prioritization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation. Landsc Ecol , 2006, 21:959~967
Qihao Weng, Dengsheng Lu, Jacquelyn Schubring. Estimation of land surface temperature~vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, (89): 467~483
Qin Z, Karnieli A , Berliner P. A Mono~window Algorithm for Retrieving L and Surface Temperature from L andsat TM Data and Its Application to the Israel~Egyp t Border Region . International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2001, 22 (18) :3719～3746.
Radeloff V C,Hammer R B,Stewart S I,et a1.The wildland~urban interface in the United States.Ecological Applications,2005,15:799~805.
Randall, T.A., Churchill, C.J., Baetz, B.W.,. A GIS~based decision support system for neighborhood greening. Environ. Plan. B: Plan. Des. 2003,30 (4):541~563.
RH MacArthur and EO Wilson.The Theory of Island Biography. Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ. 1967
Richard A. Bettis and Michael A. Hitt .The New Competitive Landscape.Strategic Management Journal, 1995,16:7~19
Ricotta, C., Stanisci, A., Avena, G.C., Blasi, C . Quantifying the network connectivity of landscape mosaics: a graph~theoretical approach. Commun. Ecol. 2000, 1 (1), 89~94.
Roseland, M , Dimensions of the future: An eco~city overview in Roseland M (ed. ),Eco~city Dimensions, Healthy Community Planet New Society Publishhers,1997:1~13
Rosenfeld, A.H., Akbari, H., Bretz, S.et al. Mitigation of urban heat island. Materials, Utility Programs,Updates, Energy and Buildings, 1995,22: 255~265.
Sailor, D. J., Kalkstein, L. S. and E. Wong, Alleviating heat~related mortality through urban heat island mitigation, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2002, 83(5), 663~664.
Santiago Saura and Javier Martinez~Mlian. Sensitivity of Landscape Pattern Metrics to Map Spatial Extent. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing. 2001, 67(9): 1027~1036.
Santiago Saura. Effects of remote sensor spatial resolution and data aggregation on selected fragmentationindices. Landscape Ecology, 2004 (19): 197~209
Schadt S, Knauer F, Kaczensky P, et al. Rule~based assessment of suitable habitat and patch connectivity for the Eurasian Lynx in Germany . Ecological Application. 2002, 12(5):1469~1483.
Schippers P, Verboom J, Knaapen P, Apeldoorn RC. Dispersal and habitat connectivity in complex heterogeneous landscapes: an analysis with a GIS~based random walk model. Ecography, 1996,19:97~106.
Schrijnen P J. Infrastructure networks and red—green patterns in city regions. Landscape and Urban Planning.2000,48:1 91~204.
Schroeder H W. Experiencing nature in special places . Journal For.2002,100(5):8~14
Schumacher NH. Using landscape indices to predict habitat connectivity. Ecology, 1996,77:1210~1225.
Seong~Hoon Cho, Neelam C. Poudyal and Roland K. Roberts. Spatial analysis of the amenity value of green open space. Ecological Economics, 2008,66(2~3):403~416
Shafer C. S. ,Lee,B. K. ,Turner,S. A tale of three Greenway trails: user perceptions related to quality of life . Landscape and Urban Planning, 2000, 49:163~178.
Shen Q. Spatial technologies,accessibility,and the social construction of urban space. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 1998,22(5):447~464.
Shigetok. Relation between vegetation,surface temperature,and surface composition in the Tokyo region during winter.Remote Sensing of Environment,1994,50:52~60.
Simberloff, D. S. and Wilson, E.O., Experimental zoogeography of islands: the colonization of empty islands. Ecology, 1969, 50:278~286 .
Si ming L,Yi~man S. Impact of the National Trunk Highway System on accessibility in China. Journal of Transport Geography, 2001,9:39~48.
Simone K. Heinz , Larissa Conradt, Christian Wissel et al., Dispersal behavior in fragmented landscapes: Deriving a practical formula for patch accessibility .Landscape Ecology .2005,20(1):83~99
Smith R C G,Choudhury B J. On the correlation of indices of vegetation and surface temperature over south eastern Australia . International Journal of Remote Sensing,1990(11):2113~2120.
Southworth J. and Tucker C.M. Fragmentation of a landscape: Incorporating landscape metrics into satellite analyses of land cover change. Landscape Research,27:253~269
Strayer DL,Power ME,Fagan WF et al..A classification of ecological boundaries.BioScience, 2003,53(8):723~729
Sullivan, W.C., Kuo, F.E., DePooter, S.F. The fruit of urban nature vital neighborhood spaces. Environ. Behav, 2004, 36 (5), 678~700.
Talen E. The social equity of urban service distribution: An exploration of park access in Pueblo, Colorado, and Macon. Georgia. Urban Geography, 1997,18(6):521~541.
Talen E. and Anselin L. Assessing spatial equity: an evualation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. Enviroment and planning A,1998,30:595~613
Taylor, P.D., Fahrig, L., Henein, K., Merriam, G. Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure . Oikos, 1993, 68:571~573.
Thinker DB,Resor CAC,Beauvais GP et a1. Watershed analysis of forest fragmentation by clearcuts and roads in Wyoming forest.Landscape Ecology, 1998, 13:149~165.
Tobler WR. A computer moviesimulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 1970,46:234~240
Trani MK,Giles J. An an alysis of deforestation:Metrics used to describe pattern change.Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, 114:459~470.
Trombulak SC and Frissell CA. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquaticcommunities.Conservation Biology, 2000, 14(1):18~30
Troy, A.R., Grove, J.M. Property values, parks, and crime: a hedonic analysis in Baltimore, Md. Landscape Urban Plann. 2008, 87 (3), 233~245.
Turner M G,Romme W H,Gardner R H,et al. A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: Disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes. Landscape Ecology,1993,8:213~227
Turvainen L. and A Miettinen . Property Prices and Urban Forest Amenities . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2000, 39: 205~213.
Tyrvainen L,Vaananen H . The economic value of urban forest amenities: An application of the contingent valuation method. Landscape Urban Plan. 1998,43:105~118
Tyrvainen L. The amenity value of the urban forest: An application of the hedonic pricing method. Landscape Urban Plan. 1997,37:211~222
Ulrich R.S.,Simons R.F.,Losito B.D. et al.. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. J. Environ. Psychol. 1991, 11:201~230.
Urban DL. Modeling ecological processes across scales. Ecology,2005, 86:1996~2006
Urban DL, Keitt TH . Landscape connectivity: a graph theoretic perspective. Ecology, 2001, 82:1205~1218
Van den Berg A.E. Preference for Nature in Urbanized Societies: Stress, Restoration, and the Pursuit of Sustainability. Journal of Social Issues, 2007, 63(1): 79~96
van Langevelde F . Scale of habitat connectivity and colonization in fragmented nuthatch populations. Ecography, 2000, 23:614~622
Vickerman R,Spiekerman K,Wegener M. Accessibility and Economic Development in Europe. Regional Studies, 1999, 33(1):1~15.
W.D. Solecki et al. Environmental Hazards. 2005,6: 39~49
Walsh, S. J., Moody, A., Allen, T. R., & Brown, D. G.. Scale dependence of NDVI and its relationship to mountainous terrain. In D. A. Quattrochi, & M. F. Goodchild (Eds.), Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS (27~55). Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. 1997
Wei Luo, Fahui Wang. Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 2003, 30:865~884
Weng Q,Lu D,Schubring J.Estimation of land surface temperature vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environm ent,2004, 89: 467~483.
Weng, Q.. A remote sensing~GIS evaluation of urban expansion and its impact on surface temperature in the Zhujiang Delta, China. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2001, 22, 1999~2014.
Weng, Q. Fractal analysis of satellite~detected urban heat island effect. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 2003, 69,555~566
Westphal LM. Urban greening and social benefits: A study of empowerment outcomes . Journal of Arboricultur.2003,29(3):137~147
Wiens J A,Schooley R L,Weeks Jr R D.Patchy landscapes and animal movements: do beetles percolate. Oikos, 1997,78:257~264.
Wiens JA,Crawford CS,Gosz JR..Boundary dynamics:A conceptual framework for studying landscape ecosystems. Oikos, l985, 45:42l~427
Winfree RJ, Dushoff J, Crone EE, Schultz CB, Budny RV, Williams NM, Kremen C . Testing simple indices of habitat proximity. Am Nat 2005,165:707~717
With K, Gardner RH, Turner MG. Landscape connectivity and population distributions in heterogeneous environments. Oikos, 1997, 78:151~169.
Wu J G ,Richard Hobb. Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: an idiosyncraticsynthesis. Landscape Ecology.2002,17:355~365
WU J G, Qi Y. Dealing with scale in landscape analysis: an overview. Geo. Inf Sci, 2000, 6(1):1~5
鲍淳松,楼建华,曾新宇等.杭州城市园林绿化对小气候的影响,浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2001,27(4):415～418
曹小曙,阎小培.经济发达地区交通网络演化对通达性空间格局的影响—以广东省东莞市为例.地理研究,2003,22(3):305~312.
柴一新,祝宁,韩焕金.城市绿化树种的滞尘效应.应用生态学报,2002,13(9):1121~1126
常禹,布仁仓,胡远满等.长白山森林景观边界动态变化研究.应用生态学报, 2004.,15(1):15~20
陈昌笃.十年来的我国景观生态学和全球生态学.生态学杂志,1992,11(1):15~16
陈利顶,傅伯杰,赵文武.“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义.生态学报,2006,26(5):1444~1449
陈利顶,傅伯杰.景观连接度的生态学意义及其应用.生态学杂志,1996,15(4):37~42
陈自新,苏雪痕,刘少宗等.北京市城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(1~3).中国园林,1998
程承旗,吴宁,郭仕德等.城市热岛强度与植被覆盖关系研究的理论技术路线和北京案例分析.水土保持研究, 2004 (3) :172～174.
崔步礼,常学礼,左登华等.沙地景观中矢量数据栅格化方法及尺度效应.生态学报,2009,29(5):2463~2472
邓绶林,刘文彰.地学词典.石家庄:河北教育出版社,1994
傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等.景观生态学原理及应用.北京:科学出版社,2001
傅伯杰.,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义.地理学报, 1996,51(5):454~462
龚建周,夏北成,李楠,等.快速城市化地区土地覆盖景观特征的粒度效应.生态学报, 2006, 26(7):2198~2206.
关卓今,裴铁璠.生态边缘效应与生态平衡变化方向.生态学杂志, 2001,20(2):52~55
郭泺,夏北成,刘蔚秋等.城市化进程中广州市景观格局的时空变化与梯度分异.应用生态学报,2006,17(9):1671~1676
何兴元,刘常富,陈玮等.城市森林分类探讨.生态学杂志, 2004 ,23(5):175~178
胡志斌,何兴元,陈玮等.城市绿量与生态效益初步分析.城市森林生态研究进展.中国林业出版社.2002.
胡志斌,何兴元,陆庆轩等.基于GIS的绿地景观可达性研究.沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版),2005,21(6):671~675
黄良美,黄玉源,黎桦等.南宁市植物群落结构特征与局地小气候效应关系分析,广西植物,2008,28(2):211～217
黄世能,王伯荪,李意德.海南岛尖峰岭次生热带山地雨林的边缘效应.林业科学研究, .2004,17(6):693~699
江学顶,夏北成,郭泺等.广州城市热岛空间分布及时域频域多尺度变化特征,应用生态学报,2007,18(1):133～139
蒋有绪.我国城市林业的发展趋势与特点.今日国土, 2003,4:21~23
焦绪娟,赵文飞,张衡亮等.几种绿化树种降低城市热岛效应的研究,江西农业大学学报,2007,29(1):89～94
金凤君,王姣娥.20世纪中国铁路网扩展及其空间通达性.地理学报,2004,59(2):293~302.
黎国健,丁少江,周旭平.华南12种垂直绿化植物的生态效应,华南农业大学学报,2008,29(2):11～15
李锋,王如松.城市绿色空间生态服务功能研究进展.应用生态学报,2004,15(3):527~531
李娟,温远光,王成等.南宁市城区森林灌木层优势种种间联结分析.林业科学研究,2009,22(2):230~236
李俊祥,王玉洁,沈晓虹等.上海市城乡梯度景观格局分析.生态学报,2004,24(9):1973~1980
李丽光,何兴元,李秀珍..景观边界影响域研究进展. 2006, 17(5):935~938
李平华,陆玉麒.可达性研究的回顾与展望.地理科学进展,2005,24(3):69~78
李炜民,李延明,谢军飞等.城市公共绿地应急避险功能中的人口服务辐射能力的研究.防灾减灾工程学报,2007,27(2): 223~229
李文华..生态学与城市建设.林业科技管理, 2002,4:12~15
李小马,刘常富.景观格局指数的粒度效应——以沈阳城市森林为例.西北林学院学报,2009,2:166~170,219
李小马,刘常富.基于网络分析的沈阳城市公园可达性和服务.生态学报, 2009,29(3):1554~1563
李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,等.景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应.生态学报.2004,24(1):123~134.
李月辉,胡远满,李秀珍等.道路生态研究进展.应用生态学报, 2003, 14(3):447~452
廖继武.地理边缘~地理学不应忽视的主题.中山大学研究生学刊:自然科学与医学版,2009,30(2):34~41
刘滨谊,万静.城市森林规划范围及其调查内容与方法的分析.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2009,33(1):151~154
刘滨谊,温全平,刘颂. 2006.城市森林规划中的城市森林分类.中国城市林业,4(4):4~8
刘常富,李玲,赵桂玲等.沈阳城市森林三维绿量的垂直分布.东北林业大学学报,2008,36(3):18~21
刘常富,孙冉,李小马等.基于RS与GIS的沈阳城市森林景观格局动态变化,东北林业大学学报2009,4:13~15
刘海燕,武志东.基于GIS的城市防灾公园规划研究.规划师, 2006, 22(10):54~57
刘娇妹,李树华,吴菲等.纯林、混交林型园林绿地的生态效益,生态学报,2007, 27(2):674～684
刘昕,国庆喜.基于移动窗口法的中国东北地区景观格局.应用生态学报, 2009, 20 (6) : 1415~ 1422
柳晶辉,邵芸,黄初冬.基于遥感影像的城市森林分类提取及生态价值估算研究.地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(4):33~36
陆大道.区域发展及其空间结构[M].北京:科学出版社,1995.
罗鹏飞,徐逸伦,张楠楠.高速铁路对区域可达性的影响研究—以沪宁地区为例.经济地理,2004,24(3):407～411
马林兵,曹小曙.2006.基于GIS的城市公共绿地景观可达性评价方法.中山大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(6):111~115
马世骏,王如松.边界效应及其在经济生态学中的应用,生态学杂志,1985,2:38～42
孟陈,李俊祥,朱颖,等.粒度变化对上海市景观格局分析的影响.生态学杂志.2007,26(7): 1l38~1142.
孟宪红,吕世华,张宇,等.使用LANDSAT~5 TM数据反演金塔地表温度.高原气象, 2005, 24 (5) : 721～726.
倪黎,沈守云,黄培森.园林绿化对降低城市热岛效应的作用,中南林业科技大学学报,2007,27(2):36～43
彭镇华,江泽慧.中国森林生态网络系统工程.应用生态学报,1999,10(1):99~103
彭镇华.城市森林文化的内涵与实践生态文化,2008,6:16~18
彭镇华.论中国森林生态网络体系城镇点的建设.世界林业研究,2002,15(1):53~60
彭镇华.中国城市森林发展.中国林业出版社,2003
朴世龙,方精云.最近18年来中国植被覆盖的动态变化.第四纪研究,2001,21(4): 294～302
秦佩恒,武剑峰,刘雅琴等.快速城市化地区景观可达性及其对林地的影响.生态学报, 2006, 26(11): 3797~3803
申卫军,邬建国.林永标,等.空间粒度变化对景观格局分析的影响.生态学报,2003,3(12):2506—2519.
沈涛,袁春琼,刘玉安.乌鲁木齐市热岛强度分布与植被覆盖相互关系的遥感研究.新疆气象,2004,27(1):28—30.
宋永昌.城市森林研究中的几个问题.中国城市林业, 2004, 2(1):4~9
覃志豪, Zhang Minghua, Arnon Karnieli等.用陆地卫星TM 6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法.地理学报, 2001, 56 (4) : 456～466.
谭丽,何兴元,陈玮等.基于QuickBird卫星影像的沈阳城市绿地景观格局梯度分析.生态学杂志,2008,27(7):1141~1148
王成,詹明勋.城市森林与居民健康.当代中国出版社,北京:2008
王成.城镇不同类型绿地生态功能的对比分析.东北林业大学学报,2002,30(3):111~114
王成金,韩增林.现代城市林业的空间发展和功能分析~以大连市为例.地域研究与开发,2004,23(4):113~117
王纪军,裴铁璠.气候变化对森林演替的影响.应用生态学报,2004,15(10): 1722~1730
王木林,缪荣兴.城市森林的成分及类型.林业科学研究, 1997, 10(5):531~536
王木林.城市林业的研究与发展.林业科学,1995,31(5):460~466
王思远,张增祥等.遥感与GIS支持下的中国森林植被动态变化分析.资源科学,2002,24(5): 64~69
王雁.我国城市绿化理念探索的回顾与发展趋势.浙江林学院学报,2003,20(3):315~320
王仰麟,张惠远,韩荡等.景观生态规划与设计[M].北京大学城市与环境学院,2007
王原,吴泽民,张磊等.马鞍山城市森林景观镶嵌与其城郊分布梯度格局研究.林业科学,2007,43(3):51~58
魏斌,王景旭,张涛.城市绿地生态效果评价方法的改进.城市环境与城市生态,1997,10(4):54~55
邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2000.
吴菲,李树华,刘娇妹.城市绿地面积与温湿效益之间关系的研究,中国园林,2007,6:71～74
吴人韦.支持城市生态建设.城市规划,2000,24(4):31~33.
吴泽民,吴文友,高健等.合肥市城市森林景观格局分析.应用生态学报, 2003, 14(12):2117~2122
郄光发,彭镇华,王成.基于“绿化空间辐射占有量”城市绿化空间评价指标探讨.中国城市林业2007,5(1):13~15
肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻等.景观生态学[M].科学出版社.2003
肖华斌,袁奇峰,徐会军.2009.基于可达性和服务面积的公园绿地空间分布研究.规划师,2(25):83~88
肖胜,廖福霖,倪志荣等.应用遥感技术研究厦门市热岛效应与植被覆盖的关系.东北林业大学学报,2002,30(3):141—143.
熊春妮,魏虹,兰明娟.2008.重庆市都市区绿地景观的连通性.生态学报, 28(5):2237~2244
徐新良,刘纪远,庄大方等.中国林地资源时空动态特征及驱动力分析.北京林业大学学报,2004,26(1): 41~46
延吴,邓莲堂.利用遥感地表参数分析上海市的热岛效应及治理对策.热带气象学报,2004,20(5):579—58
杨敏,刘世梁,孙涛等.2008.基于边界特征的黄河三角洲景观变化及空间异质性.生态学杂志,27(7):l149~1155
杨士弘,王绍仪.广州城市绿化的环境作用,热带地理,1989,9(2):134～142
杨士弘.城市生态环境研究.广州:中山大学出版社,1991
杨子广.都市公园系统可及性水准之研究~以台南市计画都市公园为例.台湾成功大学硕士论文2007.
叶明武,王军,刘耀龙等.2008.基于GIS的上海中心城区公园避难可达性研究.地理与地理信息科学,24(2):96~99
叶文虎,魏斌,仝川.城市生态补偿能力衡量和应用.中国环境科学,.1998,18(4):298~301
叶有华,彭少麟,周凯等.功能区对热岛发生频率及其强度的影响,生态环境,2008,17(5):1868～1874
尹海伟,孔繁花.济南市城市绿地可达性分析.植物生态学报,2006,30(1):17~24
尹锴,崔胜辉,石龙宇等.人为干扰对城市森林灌草层植物多样性的影响—以厦门市为例.生态学报,2009,29(2):563~572
俞孔坚,段铁武,李迪华等.景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例.城市规划,1999(8):8~11.
袁艺史培军刘颖慧等.快速城市化过程中土地覆盖格局研究——以深圳市为例生态学报,2003,23(9): 1832~1840
臧润国,刘世荣,蒋有绪..森林生物多样性原理保护概述.林业科学, 1999,35(4):71~79
曾辉,孔宁宁,李书娟.基于边界特征的山地森林景观碎裂化研究.生态学报, 2002, 22(11):1803~1810
曾辉,孔宁宁.基于边界特征的景观格局分析.应用生态学报,2002 ,13(1):81~86.
曾辉.深圳市龙华地区快速城市化过程中的景观结构研究—林地的结构和异质性特征分析.生态学报,2000,20(3):378~383
曾松,杨佩昆,方棣波等.城市道路网结构的可达性评价.同济大学学报:自然科学版,2001,29(6):666~671
张明丽,秦俊,胡永红.上海市植物群落降温增湿效果的研究,北京林业大学学报,2008,30(2):39～44
张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化.生态学报,2005,25(7):1707~1713
张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.景观功能网络的等级与结构探讨.地理科学进展,2005,24(1):52~59
赵文武,傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观指数的粒度变化效应.第四纪研究,2003,23(3): 326~333.
周华锋,傅伯杰.景观生态结构与生物多样性保护.地理科学, 1998.,18(5):472~478
周坚华.城市绿量测算模式及信息系统.地理学报,2001,56(1):14~23
周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观引力场研究以宁波市为例.生态学报,2004,24(6):1157~1163.
周志翔.城市绿地空间格局及其环境效应.生态学报,2004,24(2):186~192
朱明,濮励杰,李建龙.遥感影像空间分辨率及粒度变化对城市景观格局分析的影响.生态学报,2008,28(6): 2753~2763.
朱文泉,何兴元,陈玮等.GIS支持下的城市森林健康及生态效益分析.城市森林生态研究进展.北京:中国林业出版社.2002.
祝宁,李敏,柴一新.哈尔滨市绿地系统生态功能分析.应用生态学报,2002,13(9):1117~1120
宗跃光.都市空间扩展的廊道效应与景观结构优化:以北京市区为例.地理研究1998,17(2):119~124
Akbari, H., Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants. Environmental pollution 116(suppl.1), 2002:119~126
Alexis Comber,Chris Brunsdon and Edmund Green.Using a GIS~based network analysis to determine urban greenspace accessibility for different ethnic and religious groups.Landscape and urban planning, 2008,86(1):103~114
Alfonso Shimbel. Structural parameters of communication networks . Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 1953,15(4):501~507
Andrew T, Kaczynski, Lackey KJ. Correspondence of perceived and objective proximity to parks. National recreation and park association congress, 2009
Anna M Hersperger. Spatial adjacencies and interactions: Neighborhood mosaics for landscape ecological planning . Landscape and Urban Planning, 2006, 77:227~239.
Antrop M. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003, 67:9~26.
B. L. Ong.Green plot ratio:al ecological measure for architecture and urban planning.Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003, (63): 197~211.
Bach, L.. Locational models for systems of private and public facilities based on concepts of accessibility and access opportunity. Environ. Planning.A, 1980 12,301~320.
Beacher W J.Nesting birds and the vegetation substrate.Chicago Omithological Society,1942.
Bender D, Tischendorf L, Fahrig LUsing patch isolation metrics to predict animal movement in binary landscapes.Lands Ecol .2003,18:17~39
Benson BJ Mackenzie MD. Effects of sensor spatial resolution on landscape structure parameters. Landscape Ecology,1995,10:ll3~120.
Bolund, P., Hunhammar, S.. Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecol. Econ. , 1999,29(2), 293~301.
Boone, R. B. and Hunter, M. L.J., Using diffusion models to simulate the effects of land use on grizzly bear dispersal in the Rocky Mountains. Landscape Ecology, 1996 ,11(1): 51~64
Bowen J. Airline hubs in Southeast Asia: national economic development and nodal accessibility. Journal of Transport Geography.2000,8:25~41
Bunn AG, Urban DL, Keitt TH . Landscape connectivity: a conservation application of graph theory. J Environ Manage 2000,59:265~278
Cadenasso, M.L., Pickett, S.T.A., Band, L.E., Brush, G.S., Galvin, M.F., Groffman, P.M.,et al., 2008. Exchanges across land~water~scape boundaries in urban systems: strategies for reducing nitrate pollution. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1134, 213~232.
Calabrese JM, Fagan WF. A comparison~shopper’s guide to connectivity metrics. Front Ecol Environ,2004, 2:529~536
Chen J,Franklin JF.Vegetation responses to edge environments in old growth Douglas fir forests.Ecol Appl, 1992,2:387~39
Costanza R,Maxwell T. Resolution and predictability:An approach to the scaling problem. Landscape Ecology,1994,9:47~57.
Cynthia Rosenzweig, William Solecki, Lily Parshall et al. Mitigating New York city’s heat island withurban forestry ,living roofs,and light surfaces.(2007) http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/103341.pdf
D’Eon RS, Glenn M, Parfitt I, Fortin MJ . Landscape connectivity as a function of scale and organism vagility in a real forested landscape. 2002..Conserv Ecol 6:10 (online) http://www. consecol. org/vol6/iss2/art10/
Dominsk T.The three stage evolution of eco~cities reduce,reuse,recycle.In:Bob W,Lois A,Richard C eds.Sustainable Cities:Concepts and Strategies for Eco~city Development.Eco~home Media. 1992: 16~18
Dwyer J.F.,McPherson E.G. and Schroeder et al. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. Arboriculture, 1992,18(5):227~234.
Edward A. Cook. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks . Landscape and Urban Planning. 2002, 58:269~280.
Eric Koomen, Jasper Dekkers, Mark Koetse, et al. Valuation of metropolitan open space; presenting the research framework paper for the 45th congress of the European Regional Science Association August 23~27, 2005 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Erkip FB. The distribution of urban public services: The case of parks and recreational services in Ankara . Cities,1997,14(6):353~36l
Fagan WF, Cantrell RS, Cosner C.. How habitat edges change species interactions. American Naturalist 1999,153:165~182.
Fahrig L, Merriam G. Habitat patch connectivity and population survival. Ecology,1985,66:1762~1768
Fang CF, Ling DL. Investigation of the noise reduction provided by tree belts . Landscape Urban Plan,2003 ,3:l87~l95
FH Kong, N Nakagoshi. Spatial~temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan, China. Landscape and urban planning, 2006(78):147~164
Forman and Godron. Landscape ecology principles and landscape function. The proceedings of the first international seminar on methodology in landscape ecological research and planning(vol.5). universitetsforlag GeoRuc. 1984:4~15
Forman R.T.T. Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology . Landscape Ecology,1995,10(3):133~142
Forman RTT, Godron M. Landscape Ecology . New York:John Wiley & Sons,1986.
Fujihara M,Hara K,Short KM. Changes in landscape structure of‘yatsu’valleys: A typical Japanese urban fringe landscape.Landscape and Urban Planning, 2005,70:261~270
Fujihara M,Kikuchi T. Changes in the landscape structure of the Nagara River Basin , central Japan.Landscape and Urban Planning, 2005,70:271~281.
G. Castilla , K. Larkin, J. Linke and G. J. Hay. The impact of thematic resolution on the patch~mosaic model of natural landscapes Landscape Ecology,2009, 24:15~23
Gillis EA, Krebs CJ. Natal dispersal of snowshoe hares during a cyclic population increase. J Mammal ,1999,80:933~939
Gross J, Yellen J Graph theory and its applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton,1999
Gutierrez J, Gonzalez R,Gomez G. The European high—speed train network: Predicted effects on accessibility patterns. Journal of Transport Geography, 1996, 4(4):227~238.
H. Akbari, M. Pomerantz and H. Taha. Cool surfaces and shades trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar Energy, 2001, 70(3): 295~310
H. Akbari. Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants. Environmental Pollution,2002, 116:119~126
Hansen WG. How accessibility shapes landuse. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1959,25:73~76.
Hanski I. Metapopulation dynamics.Nature, 1998,396:41~49
Hargis CD, Bissonette JA, David JL. The behavior of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation. Landsc Ecol 1998, 13:167~186
Harini N,Jane S. Catherine T.Accessibility as a determinant of landscape transformation in western Honduras:linking pattern and process.Landscape Ecology,2002,18:141~158.
Harris LD..Edge effect and conservation of biotic diversity.Conservation Biology, 1988,2(4):329~338
Harrison C,Burgess J,Millward A and Dawe G. 1995.Accessible natural greenspace in Towns and Cities:A review of appropriate size and distance criteria,English Nature Research Report No.153,English Nature,Peterborough
Hayes B . Graph theory in practice: part I. Am Sci 2000, 88:9~13
Hayes B. Graph theory in practice: part II. Am Sci88: 2000, 104~109
Heynen, N., Perkins, H.A., Roy, P. The political ecology of uneven urban green space: the impact of political economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in Milwaukee. Urban Affairs Review, 2006, 42:3~25.
Hogrefe , C.. Lynn, B. Civerolo, K.et al. Simulating changes in regional air pollution over the eastern United States due to changes in global and regional climate and emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004:109, D22301.
HOPE A S.M CDOWELL T P.The relationship between surface temperature and a spectral vegetation index of a tall grass prairie:effects of burning and other landscape control.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992,13:2849~2863.
Howard Frumkin,MD. Urban sprawl and public health. Public Health Report,2002
Huste A , Boulinier T . Determinants of local extinction and turnover rates in urban bird communities.Ecological Applications,2007,17: 168~180.
J Baudry. Effects of landscape structure on biogical communities: The proceedings of the first international seminar on methodology in landscape ecological research and planning(vol.1) universitetsforlag GeoRuc. 1984:55~65
J. Geoghegan, L.A. Wainger and N.E. Bockstael . Spatial landscape indeces in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GIS. Economical Economics, 1997,23(3):251~264
Jackson L E. The relationship of urban design to human health and condition. Landscape and urban planning. 2003,64:191~200
Jasinski, M. F. Sensitivity of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index to subpixel canopy cover, soil albedo, and pixel scale. Remote Sensing of Environment, .1990, 32:169~187.
Jianguo Wu. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis: scaling relations. Landscape Ecology , 2004(19): 125~138
Jim C.Y. Managing urban trees and their soil envelopes in a contiguously developed city environment. Environ Manage,2001,28(6):8l9~832
Jim C.Y., Chen, S.S. Comprehensive green space planning based on landscape ecology principles in compact Nanjing city, China. Landscape Urban Plan. 2003, 65, 95~116.
Jo H K .Impacts of urban green space on offsetting carbon emissions for middle Korea. J Environ Manage,2002 ,64:ll5~l26
Joan Marulli and Josep M. Mallarach. A GIS methodology for assessing ecological connectivity: application to the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. Landscape and urban planning,2005,71:243~262
John E. Kuser. Urban and community forestry in the Northeast.Springer.2007
Jongman R.H.G., Kulvik M.,Kristiansen I. European ecological networks and greenways. Landscape andUrban, Planning, 2004, 68:305~319.
Joseph C.Y. Lau and Catherine C.H.Chiu. Accessibility of low~income workers in Hong Kong. Cities, 2003, 20(3):197~204
Jun Yang, Qian Yu , Peng Gong . Quantifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicago. Atmospheric Environment ,2008 (42) 7266~7273
Karen E, Smoyer~tomic, Jared N. et al. Hewko,M.John Hodgson. Spatial accessibility and equity of playground in Edmonton,Canada. The Canadian Geographer, 2004, 48(3):287~302
Keitt TH, Urban DL, Milne BT .(1997) Detecting critical scales in fragmented landscapes. Conserv Ecol 1:4 (online) RL:http://www.consecol.org/Journal/vol1/iss1/art4
Kennedy J.J. ,Quigley T.M. . Evolution of USDA forest service organizational culture and adapt ion issues in embracing an ecosystem management paradigm. Landscape Urban Plan.1998,40:113~122
Knaapen, J. P., Scheffer, M. and Harms, B., Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Plan. 1992,23:101
Knowlton. K., Hogrefe, C., Lynn, B.et al. Climate~related changes in ozone mortality over the next 50 years in the New York City Metropolitan Region. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2004, 112~ 115.
Konijinendijk C.C, Randrup T B, Nilsson K. Urban forestry research in Europe: an overview . Journal of Arboriculture, 2000, 26(3):152~161.
Konijnendijk C.C. A decade of urban forestry in Europe. Forest Policy and Economics .2003,5 :173~186
Konijnendijk C.C., Robert M. R, Andy Kenney et al. Defining urban forestry :A comparative perspective of North America and Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.2006,4(3-4): 93~103
Konijnendijk, C.C., Nilsson K., Randrup, T.B., Schipperijn, J., eds. Urban Forests and Trees. Springer, Berlin. 2005.
Kramer~Schadt, S., Revilla, E., Wiegand, T., Breitenmoser, U.. Fragmented landscapes, road mortality and patch connectivity: modeling influences on the dispersal of Eurasian lynx. J. Appl. Ecol. , 2004,41 (4), 711~723.
Krugman P.The role of geography in development international regional regional. Science Review, 1999, 22:142~161.
Kunkel, K. E., Changnon, S. A., Reinke, B. C. and R. W.Arritt. The July 1995 heat wave and critical weather factors, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,, 1996,77(7): 1507~1518.
Kuo F.E. The role of arboriculture in healthy social ecology. Journal of Arboriculture,2003,29(3):148~155
Kuo, F.E., Sullivan, W.C.,. Aggression and violence in the inner city—effects of environment via mental fatigue. Environ. Behav. 2001, 33 (4), 543~571.
Kuo, F.E., Sullivan, W.C.,. Environment and crime in the inner city—does vegetation reduce crime? Environ. Behav. 2001, 33 (3), 343~367.
Kwan M P,Murray A T. Recent advances in accessibility research: Representation, methodology and applications. Geographical Systems, 2003, 5:129~138.
Kweon, B.S., Sullivan, W.C., Wiley, A.R., 1998. Green common spaces and the social integration of inner~city older adults. Environ. Behav. 30 (6), 832~858.
Levin SA. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 1992, 73: 1943~1967.
Liisa Tyrv?inen and Antti Miettinen. Property Prices and Urban Forest Amenities . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2000,39(2):205~223
Limburg KE, O’Neill RV, Costanza R, Farber S. Complex systems and valuation. Ecological Economics, 2002, 41: 409~420.
Lofvenhaft K,Bjom C,lhse M . Biotope patterns in urban areas: A conceptual model integrating biodiversity issues in spatial planning. Landscape Urban Plan. 2002, 58:223~240.
Mackiewicz A,Ratajczak W. Towards a new definition of topological accessibility. Transportation Research B, 1996,30 (1):47~79.
Mahon, J.R., Miller, R.W.. Identifying high value green space prior to land development . Arboriculture. 2003, 29 (1), 25~33.
Makoto Y,Robert D,Yoshitake K,eta1.The cooling effect of paddy fields on summertime air temperature in residential Tokyo,Japan.Landscape and Urban Planning,2001,53: 17～27.
McAllister, D.M., 1976. Equity and efficiency in public facility location. Geography. Anal. 8, 47~63.
McGarigal, K., S. A. Cushman, M. C. Neel, and E. Ene. 2002. FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at the following web site: www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html
McPherson, E.G.,. Sacramento’s parking lot shading ordinance: environmental and economic costs of compliance. Landscape Urban Planning 2001,57: 105~123.
McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., Rowntree, R.A.. Chicago’s Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. (No. Gen. Tech. Rep.NE~186). USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor,PA. 1994
Mehta D,Pathak P. Financing of urban services in India: A case for appropriate pricing and Costs recovery. Habitat Intern. 1998,22(4):487~502
Merriam G, Kozokiewicz M, Tsuchiya E, Hawley K.. Barriers as boundaries for metapopulations and demes of Peromyscus leucopus in farm landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 1989, 2:227~235.
Merriam G.. Corridors and connectivity: animal populations in heterogeneous environments. In: Nature Conservation: the Role of Corridors (eds Saunders DA, Hobbs R), J Beatty & Sons, Surrey. 1984.
Miller RW. Planning and Managing urban Green spaces.(Second edition).Urban Forestry.New Jersey;Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 1996.
Miller, Robert W. Urban forestry: planning and managing urban greenspaces[M]. Prentice Hall ,1998 Mitchell R, Popham F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet, 2008,.372: 1655~1660
Moilanen A, Nieminen M Simple connectivity measures in spatial ecology. Ecology .2002, 83:1131~1145
More TA, Stevens T, Allen PG. Valuation of urban parks . Landscape and urban planning.1988,15:139~152
Murray AT,Davis R,Stimson R J et al.. Public transport access. Transportation Research D, .1998,3:319~328.
Naiman RJ,Decamps H,Pastor J and Johnston CA. The potential importance of boundaries to fluvial ecosystems.The north American benthological society, 1988,7(4):289~306
Neel MC, McGarigal K, Cushman SA. Behavior of class~level landscape metrics across gradients of class aggregation and area. Landsc Ecol, 2004, 19:435~455
Nelson G C. Hellerstein D.Do roads cause deforestation? Using satellite images of econometric analysis of 1and use.American Journal Agricultural Economics. 1997, 79: 80~88.
Nepstad D,Carvalho G. Barrens A C,et a1.Road paving,fire regime feedbacks,and the future of Amason forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2001,l54:395~407.
Nicholls S. Measuring the accessibility and equity of public parks: a case study using GIS. Managing Leisure, 2001,6:201~219.
Nikolakaki, P..A GIS site~selection process for habitat creation: estimating connectivity of habitat patches. Landscape Urban Plan. , 2004, 68, 77~94.
Noss, R.F., Daly, K.M.. Incorporating connectivity into broad~scale conservation planning. In: Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (Eds.), Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York, , 2006:587~619.
Nowak DJ. Understanding the structure of urban forests. Jour Forestry, 1994, 92(10):2~46.
Nowak, D.J., Dwyer, J.F. Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems, 2nd ed. Springer, New York.,2007
Nowark, D., Rowntree, R., McPherson, G. et al. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,36:49~57
O’Neil R V, Hunsaker CT, et al. Scale problems in reporting landscape pattern at the regional scale. Landscape Ecology,1996,11(3):169~180
O’Sullivan D, Morrison A, Shearer J. Using desktop GIS for the investigation of accessibility by public transport: an isochrones approach. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2000, 14(1):85~104
Oh K, Jeong S. Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning .2007.,82:25~32
Ong, BL. Green plot ratio: an ecological measure for architecture and urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003, 63:197~211.
Parker, J.. The effectiveness of vegetation on residential cooling. Passive Solar Journal , 1983, 2 (2), 123~132.
Pascual~Hortal L, Saura S Comparison and development of new graph~based landscape connectivity indices: towards the prioritization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation. Landsc Ecol , 2006, 21:959~967
Qihao Weng, Dengsheng Lu, Jacquelyn Schubring. Estimation of land surface temperature~vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, (89): 467~483
Qin Z, Karnieli A , Berliner P. A Mono~window Algorithm for Retrieving L and Surface Temperature from L andsat TM Data and Its Application to the Israel~Egyp t Border Region . International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2001, 22 (18) :3719～3746.
Radeloff V C,Hammer R B,Stewart S I,et a1.The wildland~urban interface in the United States.Ecological Applications,2005,15:799~805.
Randall, T.A., Churchill, C.J., Baetz, B.W.,. A GIS~based decision support system for neighborhood greening. Environ. Plan. B: Plan. Des. 2003,30 (4):541~563.
RH MacArthur and EO Wilson.The Theory of Island Biography. Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ. 1967
Richard A. Bettis and Michael A. Hitt .The New Competitive Landscape.Strategic Management Journal, 1995,16:7~19
Ricotta, C., Stanisci, A., Avena, G.C., Blasi, C . Quantifying the network connectivity of landscape mosaics: a graph~theoretical approach. Commun. Ecol. 2000, 1 (1), 89~94.
Roseland, M , Dimensions of the future: An eco~city overview in Roseland M (ed. ),Eco~city Dimensions, Healthy Community Planet New Society Publishhers,1997:1~13
Rosenfeld, A.H., Akbari, H., Bretz, S.et al. Mitigation of urban heat island. Materials, Utility Programs,Updates, Energy and Buildings, 1995,22: 255~265.
Sailor, D. J., Kalkstein, L. S. and E. Wong, Alleviating heat~related mortality through urban heat island mitigation, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2002, 83(5), 663~664.
Santiago Saura and Javier Martinez~Mlian. Sensitivity of Landscape Pattern Metrics to Map Spatial Extent. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing. 2001, 67(9): 1027~1036.
Santiago Saura. Effects of remote sensor spatial resolution and data aggregation on selected fragmentationindices. Landscape Ecology, 2004 (19): 197~209
Schadt S, Knauer F, Kaczensky P, et al. Rule~based assessment of suitable habitat and patch connectivity for the Eurasian Lynx in Germany . Ecological Application. 2002, 12(5):1469~1483.
Schippers P, Verboom J, Knaapen P, Apeldoorn RC. Dispersal and habitat connectivity in complex heterogeneous landscapes: an analysis with a GIS~based random walk model. Ecography, 1996,19:97~106.
Schrijnen P J. Infrastructure networks and red—green patterns in city regions. Landscape and Urban Planning.2000,48:1 91~204.
Schroeder H W. Experiencing nature in special places . Journal For.2002,100(5):8~14
Schumacher NH. Using landscape indices to predict habitat connectivity. Ecology, 1996,77:1210~1225.
Seong~Hoon Cho, Neelam C. Poudyal and Roland K. Roberts. Spatial analysis of the amenity value of green open space. Ecological Economics, 2008,66(2~3):403~416
Shafer C. S. ,Lee,B. K. ,Turner,S. A tale of three Greenway trails: user perceptions related to quality of life . Landscape and Urban Planning, 2000, 49:163~178.
Shen Q. Spatial technologies,accessibility,and the social construction of urban space. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 1998,22(5):447~464.
Shigetok. Relation between vegetation,surface temperature,and surface composition in the Tokyo region during winter.Remote Sensing of Environment,1994,50:52~60.
Simberloff, D. S. and Wilson, E.O., Experimental zoogeography of islands: the colonization of empty islands. Ecology, 1969, 50:278~286 .
Si ming L,Yi~man S. Impact of the National Trunk Highway System on accessibility in China. Journal of Transport Geography, 2001,9:39~48.
Simone K. Heinz , Larissa Conradt, Christian Wissel et al., Dispersal behavior in fragmented landscapes: Deriving a practical formula for patch accessibility .Landscape Ecology .2005,20(1):83~99
Smith R C G,Choudhury B J. On the correlation of indices of vegetation and surface temperature over south eastern Australia . International Journal of Remote Sensing,1990(11):2113~2120.
Southworth J. and Tucker C.M. Fragmentation of a landscape: Incorporating landscape metrics into satellite analyses of land cover change. Landscape Research,27:253~269
Strayer DL,Power ME,Fagan WF et al..A classification of ecological boundaries.BioScience, 2003,53(8):723~729
Sullivan, W.C., Kuo, F.E., DePooter, S.F. The fruit of urban nature vital neighborhood spaces. Environ. Behav, 2004, 36 (5), 678~700.
Talen E. The social equity of urban service distribution: An exploration of park access in Pueblo, Colorado, and Macon. Georgia. Urban Geography, 1997,18(6):521~541.
Talen E. and Anselin L. Assessing spatial equity: an evualation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. Enviroment and planning A,1998,30:595~613
Taylor, P.D., Fahrig, L., Henein, K., Merriam, G. Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure . Oikos, 1993, 68:571~573.
Thinker DB,Resor CAC,Beauvais GP et a1. Watershed analysis of forest fragmentation by clearcuts and roads in Wyoming forest.Landscape Ecology, 1998, 13:149~165.
Tobler WR. A computer moviesimulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 1970,46:234~240
Trani MK,Giles J. An an alysis of deforestation:Metrics used to describe pattern change.Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, 114:459~470.
Trombulak SC and Frissell CA. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquaticcommunities.Conservation Biology, 2000, 14(1):18~30
Troy, A.R., Grove, J.M. Property values, parks, and crime: a hedonic analysis in Baltimore, Md. Landscape Urban Plann. 2008, 87 (3), 233~245.
Turner M G,Romme W H,Gardner R H,et al. A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: Disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes. Landscape Ecology,1993,8:213~227
Turvainen L. and A Miettinen . Property Prices and Urban Forest Amenities . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2000, 39: 205~213.
Tyrvainen L,Vaananen H . The economic value of urban forest amenities: An application of the contingent valuation method. Landscape Urban Plan. 1998,43:105~118
Tyrvainen L. The amenity value of the urban forest: An application of the hedonic pricing method. Landscape Urban Plan. 1997,37:211~222
Ulrich R.S.,Simons R.F.,Losito B.D. et al.. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. J. Environ. Psychol. 1991, 11:201~230.
Urban DL. Modeling ecological processes across scales. Ecology,2005, 86:1996~2006
Urban DL, Keitt TH . Landscape connectivity: a graph theoretic perspective. Ecology, 2001, 82:1205~1218
Van den Berg A.E. Preference for Nature in Urbanized Societies: Stress, Restoration, and the Pursuit of Sustainability. Journal of Social Issues, 2007, 63(1): 79~96
van Langevelde F . Scale of habitat connectivity and colonization in fragmented nuthatch populations. Ecography, 2000, 23:614~622
Vickerman R,Spiekerman K,Wegener M. Accessibility and Economic Development in Europe. Regional Studies, 1999, 33(1):1~15.
W.D. Solecki et al. Environmental Hazards. 2005,6: 39~49
Walsh, S. J., Moody, A., Allen, T. R., & Brown, D. G.. Scale dependence of NDVI and its relationship to mountainous terrain. In D. A. Quattrochi, & M. F. Goodchild (Eds.), Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS (27~55). Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. 1997
Wei Luo, Fahui Wang. Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 2003, 30:865~884
Weng Q,Lu D,Schubring J.Estimation of land surface temperature vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environm ent,2004, 89: 467~483.
Weng, Q.. A remote sensing~GIS evaluation of urban expansion and its impact on surface temperature in the Zhujiang Delta, China. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2001, 22, 1999~2014.
Weng, Q. Fractal analysis of satellite~detected urban heat island effect. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 2003, 69,555~566
Westphal LM. Urban greening and social benefits: A study of empowerment outcomes . Journal of Arboricultur.2003,29(3):137~147
Wiens J A,Schooley R L,Weeks Jr R D.Patchy landscapes and animal movements: do beetles percolate. Oikos, 1997,78:257~264.
Wiens JA,Crawford CS,Gosz JR..Boundary dynamics:A conceptual framework for studying landscape ecosystems. Oikos, l985, 45:42l~427
Winfree RJ, Dushoff J, Crone EE, Schultz CB, Budny RV, Williams NM, Kremen C . Testing simple indices of habitat proximity. Am Nat 2005,165:707~717
With K, Gardner RH, Turner MG. Landscape connectivity and population distributions in heterogeneous environments. Oikos, 1997, 78:151~169.
Wu J G ,Richard Hobb. Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: an idiosyncraticsynthesis. Landscape Ecology.2002,17:355~365
WU J G, Qi Y. Dealing with scale in landscape analysis: an overview. Geo. Inf Sci, 2000, 6(1):1~5
鲍淳松,楼建华,曾新宇等.杭州城市园林绿化对小气候的影响,浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2001,27(4):415～418
曹小曙,阎小培.经济发达地区交通网络演化对通达性空间格局的影响—以广东省东莞市为例.地理研究,2003,22(3):305~312.
柴一新,祝宁,韩焕金.城市绿化树种的滞尘效应.应用生态学报,2002,13(9):1121~1126
常禹,布仁仓,胡远满等.长白山森林景观边界动态变化研究.应用生态学报, 2004.,15(1):15~20
陈昌笃.十年来的我国景观生态学和全球生态学.生态学杂志,1992,11(1):15~16
陈利顶,傅伯杰,赵文武.“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义.生态学报,2006,26(5):1444~1449
陈利顶,傅伯杰.景观连接度的生态学意义及其应用.生态学杂志,1996,15(4):37~42
陈自新,苏雪痕,刘少宗等.北京市城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(1~3).中国园林,1998
程承旗,吴宁,郭仕德等.城市热岛强度与植被覆盖关系研究的理论技术路线和北京案例分析.水土保持研究, 2004 (3) :172～174.
崔步礼,常学礼,左登华等.沙地景观中矢量数据栅格化方法及尺度效应.生态学报,2009,29(5):2463~2472
邓绶林,刘文彰.地学词典.石家庄:河北教育出版社,1994
傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等.景观生态学原理及应用.北京:科学出版社,2001
傅伯杰.,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义.地理学报, 1996,51(5):454~462
龚建周,夏北成,李楠,等.快速城市化地区土地覆盖景观特征的粒度效应.生态学报, 2006, 26(7):2198~2206.
关卓今,裴铁璠.生态边缘效应与生态平衡变化方向.生态学杂志, 2001,20(2):52~55
郭泺,夏北成,刘蔚秋等.城市化进程中广州市景观格局的时空变化与梯度分异.应用生态学报,2006,17(9):1671~1676
何兴元,刘常富,陈玮等.城市森林分类探讨.生态学杂志, 2004 ,23(5):175~178
胡志斌,何兴元,陈玮等.城市绿量与生态效益初步分析.城市森林生态研究进展.中国林业出版社.2002.
胡志斌,何兴元,陆庆轩等.基于GIS的绿地景观可达性研究.沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版),2005,21(6):671~675
黄良美,黄玉源,黎桦等.南宁市植物群落结构特征与局地小气候效应关系分析,广西植物,2008,28(2):211～217
黄世能,王伯荪,李意德.海南岛尖峰岭次生热带山地雨林的边缘效应.林业科学研究, .2004,17(6):693~699
江学顶,夏北成,郭泺等.广州城市热岛空间分布及时域频域多尺度变化特征,应用生态学报,2007,18(1):133～139
蒋有绪.我国城市林业的发展趋势与特点.今日国土, 2003,4:21~23
焦绪娟,赵文飞,张衡亮等.几种绿化树种降低城市热岛效应的研究,江西农业大学学报,2007,29(1):89～94
金凤君,王姣娥.20世纪中国铁路网扩展及其空间通达性.地理学报,2004,59(2):293~302.
黎国健,丁少江,周旭平.华南12种垂直绿化植物的生态效应,华南农业大学学报,2008,29(2):11～15
李锋,王如松.城市绿色空间生态服务功能研究进展.应用生态学报,2004,15(3):527~531
李娟,温远光,王成等.南宁市城区森林灌木层优势种种间联结分析.林业科学研究,2009,22(2):230~236
李俊祥,王玉洁,沈晓虹等.上海市城乡梯度景观格局分析.生态学报,2004,24(9):1973~1980
李丽光,何兴元,李秀珍..景观边界影响域研究进展. 2006, 17(5):935~938
李平华,陆玉麒.可达性研究的回顾与展望.地理科学进展,2005,24(3):69~78
李炜民,李延明,谢军飞等.城市公共绿地应急避险功能中的人口服务辐射能力的研究.防灾减灾工程学报,2007,27(2): 223~229
李文华..生态学与城市建设.林业科技管理, 2002,4:12~15
李小马,刘常富.景观格局指数的粒度效应——以沈阳城市森林为例.西北林学院学报,2009,2:166~170,219
李小马,刘常富.基于网络分析的沈阳城市公园可达性和服务.生态学报, 2009,29(3):1554~1563
李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,等.景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应.生态学报.2004,24(1):123~134.
李月辉,胡远满,李秀珍等.道路生态研究进展.应用生态学报, 2003, 14(3):447~452
廖继武.地理边缘~地理学不应忽视的主题.中山大学研究生学刊:自然科学与医学版,2009,30(2):34~41
刘滨谊,万静.城市森林规划范围及其调查内容与方法的分析.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2009,33(1):151~154
刘滨谊,温全平,刘颂. 2006.城市森林规划中的城市森林分类.中国城市林业,4(4):4~8
刘常富,李玲,赵桂玲等.沈阳城市森林三维绿量的垂直分布.东北林业大学学报,2008,36(3):18~21
刘常富,孙冉,李小马等.基于RS与GIS的沈阳城市森林景观格局动态变化,东北林业大学学报2009,4:13~15
刘海燕,武志东.基于GIS的城市防灾公园规划研究.规划师, 2006, 22(10):54~57
刘娇妹,李树华,吴菲等.纯林、混交林型园林绿地的生态效益,生态学报,2007, 27(2):674～684
刘昕,国庆喜.基于移动窗口法的中国东北地区景观格局.应用生态学报, 2009, 20 (6) : 1415~ 1422
柳晶辉,邵芸,黄初冬.基于遥感影像的城市森林分类提取及生态价值估算研究.地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(4):33~36
陆大道.区域发展及其空间结构[M].北京:科学出版社,1995.
罗鹏飞,徐逸伦,张楠楠.高速铁路对区域可达性的影响研究—以沪宁地区为例.经济地理,2004,24(3):407～411
马林兵,曹小曙.2006.基于GIS的城市公共绿地景观可达性评价方法.中山大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(6):111~115
马世骏,王如松.边界效应及其在经济生态学中的应用,生态学杂志,1985,2:38～42
孟陈,李俊祥,朱颖,等.粒度变化对上海市景观格局分析的影响.生态学杂志.2007,26(7): 1l38~1142.
孟宪红,吕世华,张宇,等.使用LANDSAT~5 TM数据反演金塔地表温度.高原气象, 2005, 24 (5) : 721～726.
倪黎,沈守云,黄培森.园林绿化对降低城市热岛效应的作用,中南林业科技大学学报,2007,27(2):36～43
彭镇华,江泽慧.中国森林生态网络系统工程.应用生态学报,1999,10(1):99~103
彭镇华.城市森林文化的内涵与实践生态文化,2008,6:16~18
彭镇华.论中国森林生态网络体系城镇点的建设.世界林业研究,2002,15(1):53~60
彭镇华.中国城市森林发展.中国林业出版社,2003
朴世龙,方精云.最近18年来中国植被覆盖的动态变化.第四纪研究,2001,21(4): 294～302
秦佩恒,武剑峰,刘雅琴等.快速城市化地区景观可达性及其对林地的影响.生态学报, 2006, 26(11): 3797~3803
申卫军,邬建国.林永标,等.空间粒度变化对景观格局分析的影响.生态学报,2003,3(12):2506—2519.
沈涛,袁春琼,刘玉安.乌鲁木齐市热岛强度分布与植被覆盖相互关系的遥感研究.新疆气象,2004,27(1):28—30.
宋永昌.城市森林研究中的几个问题.中国城市林业, 2004, 2(1):4~9
覃志豪, Zhang Minghua, Arnon Karnieli等.用陆地卫星TM 6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法.地理学报, 2001, 56 (4) : 456～466.
谭丽,何兴元,陈玮等.基于QuickBird卫星影像的沈阳城市绿地景观格局梯度分析.生态学杂志,2008,27(7):1141~1148
王成,詹明勋.城市森林与居民健康.当代中国出版社,北京:2008
王成.城镇不同类型绿地生态功能的对比分析.东北林业大学学报,2002,30(3):111~114
王成金,韩增林.现代城市林业的空间发展和功能分析~以大连市为例.地域研究与开发,2004,23(4):113~117
王纪军,裴铁璠.气候变化对森林演替的影响.应用生态学报,2004,15(10): 1722~1730
王木林,缪荣兴.城市森林的成分及类型.林业科学研究, 1997, 10(5):531~536
王木林.城市林业的研究与发展.林业科学,1995,31(5):460~466
王思远,张增祥等.遥感与GIS支持下的中国森林植被动态变化分析.资源科学,2002,24(5): 64~69
王雁.我国城市绿化理念探索的回顾与发展趋势.浙江林学院学报,2003,20(3):315~320
王仰麟,张惠远,韩荡等.景观生态规划与设计[M].北京大学城市与环境学院,2007
王原,吴泽民,张磊等.马鞍山城市森林景观镶嵌与其城郊分布梯度格局研究.林业科学,2007,43(3):51~58
魏斌,王景旭,张涛.城市绿地生态效果评价方法的改进.城市环境与城市生态,1997,10(4):54~55
邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2000.
吴菲,李树华,刘娇妹.城市绿地面积与温湿效益之间关系的研究,中国园林,2007,6:71～74
吴人韦.支持城市生态建设.城市规划,2000,24(4):31~33.
吴泽民,吴文友,高健等.合肥市城市森林景观格局分析.应用生态学报, 2003, 14(12):2117~2122
郄光发,彭镇华,王成.基于“绿化空间辐射占有量”城市绿化空间评价指标探讨.中国城市林业2007,5(1):13~15
肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻等.景观生态学[M].科学出版社.2003
肖华斌,袁奇峰,徐会军.2009.基于可达性和服务面积的公园绿地空间分布研究.规划师,2(25):83~88
肖胜,廖福霖,倪志荣等.应用遥感技术研究厦门市热岛效应与植被覆盖的关系.东北林业大学学报,2002,30(3):141—143.
熊春妮,魏虹,兰明娟.2008.重庆市都市区绿地景观的连通性.生态学报, 28(5):2237~2244
徐新良,刘纪远,庄大方等.中国林地资源时空动态特征及驱动力分析.北京林业大学学报,2004,26(1): 41~46
延吴,邓莲堂.利用遥感地表参数分析上海市的热岛效应及治理对策.热带气象学报,2004,20(5):579—58
杨敏,刘世梁,孙涛等.2008.基于边界特征的黄河三角洲景观变化及空间异质性.生态学杂志,27(7):l149~1155
杨士弘,王绍仪.广州城市绿化的环境作用,热带地理,1989,9(2):134～142
杨士弘.城市生态环境研究.广州:中山大学出版社,1991
杨子广.都市公园系统可及性水准之研究~以台南市计画都市公园为例.台湾成功大学硕士论文2007.
叶明武,王军,刘耀龙等.2008.基于GIS的上海中心城区公园避难可达性研究.地理与地理信息科学,24(2):96~99
叶文虎,魏斌,仝川.城市生态补偿能力衡量和应用.中国环境科学,.1998,18(4):298~301
叶有华,彭少麟,周凯等.功能区对热岛发生频率及其强度的影响,生态环境,2008,17(5):1868～1874
尹海伟,孔繁花.济南市城市绿地可达性分析.植物生态学报,2006,30(1):17~24
尹锴,崔胜辉,石龙宇等.人为干扰对城市森林灌草层植物多样性的影响—以厦门市为例.生态学报,2009,29(2):563~572
俞孔坚,段铁武,李迪华等.景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例.城市规划,1999(8):8~11.
袁艺史培军刘颖慧等.快速城市化过程中土地覆盖格局研究——以深圳市为例生态学报,2003,23(9): 1832~1840
臧润国,刘世荣,蒋有绪..森林生物多样性原理保护概述.林业科学, 1999,35(4):71~79
曾辉,孔宁宁,李书娟.基于边界特征的山地森林景观碎裂化研究.生态学报, 2002, 22(11):1803~1810
曾辉,孔宁宁.基于边界特征的景观格局分析.应用生态学报,2002 ,13(1):81~86.
曾辉.深圳市龙华地区快速城市化过程中的景观结构研究—林地的结构和异质性特征分析.生态学报,2000,20(3):378~383
曾松,杨佩昆,方棣波等.城市道路网结构的可达性评价.同济大学学报:自然科学版,2001,29(6):666~671
张明丽,秦俊,胡永红.上海市植物群落降温增湿效果的研究,北京林业大学学报,2008,30(2):39～44
张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化.生态学报,2005,25(7):1707~1713
张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.景观功能网络的等级与结构探讨.地理科学进展,2005,24(1):52~59
赵文武,傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观指数的粒度变化效应.第四纪研究,2003,23(3): 326~333.
周华锋,傅伯杰.景观生态结构与生物多样性保护.地理科学, 1998.,18(5):472~478
周坚华.城市绿量测算模式及信息系统.地理学报,2001,56(1):14~23
周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观引力场研究以宁波市为例.生态学报,2004,24(6):1157~1163.
周志翔.城市绿地空间格局及其环境效应.生态学报,2004,24(2):186~192
朱明,濮励杰,李建龙.遥感影像空间分辨率及粒度变化对城市景观格局分析的影响.生态学报,2008,28(6): 2753~2763.
朱文泉,何兴元,陈玮等.GIS支持下的城市森林健康及生态效益分析.城市森林生态研究进展.北京:中国林业出版社.2002.
祝宁,李敏,柴一新.哈尔滨市绿地系统生态功能分析.应用生态学报,2002,13(9):1117~1120
宗跃光.都市空间扩展的廊道效应与景观结构优化:以北京市区为例.地理研究1998,17(2):119~124