移动自组网的定向天线组网技术研究
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摘要
移动自组网(Mobile Ad hoc Networks，简称MANET)属于无基础设施、无中心的移动无线网络，所有节点都能够移动并以任意拓扑方式动态连接，可应用于军事通信、应急通信、临时通信等需要快速布署、动态组网的通信场合。以前对该网络的研究几乎都针对或默认为收发节点采用全向天线，本文主要研究其采用定向天线后的网络实现的关键技术。首先阐述了定向天线在网络空分复用(SDMA)、天线增益、抗干扰等方面的的优势，分析了定向天线用于移动自组网的可行性，接着重点研究了基于定向天线的多址接入协议和路由协议，分析了与全向天线在组网和协议实现中的异同点和优缺点，并对特定的环境下的网络性能作了对比。本文提出的定向路由协议DS_DSR是基于对现有协议DSR的改进下实现的，通过定向邻节点路由表、定向源路由和定向搜索来完成路由发现与维护。研究发现，定向天线的应用，相比全向天线可明显提高网络的总的吞吐量，减少信道干扰、多址干扰，提高信干噪比，且由于定向天线的高增益可实现较远距离、较少跳数的通信，减少了路由发现时间，这样大大减小了传输时延，网络的整体性能得到了不同程度的提高，同时部分地解决安全问题，通过功率控制还可较容易的实现节能的目的。
为了方便网络协议性能仿真，使移动自组网的接入协议和路由协议能够在同一个模板上实现，本文在仿真平台OPNET设计了IEEE802.11框架下的移动自组网节点模型和定向天线模型等，并通过对现有协议的改进，实现了特定网络性能的计算机仿真。
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) is infrastructureless network .It set up by the nodes which can move and link arbitrarily with no centre node in topology, extensively apply in all quick arrangements, dynamic situation ,such as the military ,an emergency correspondence, temporary communication ,etc. Previous research on the Ad hoc network almost aim at omnidirectional antenna of all receivers and transmitters ,or as a default attribution .In my thesis ,firstly I describe the advantages of the directional antenna at many aspects which including spatial division multiple access( SDMA), the antenna gain, anti- interference etc. and analyze the possibility about the directional antenna used for the ad hoc networks, secondly I study its multiple access and routine protocols using the directional antenna. And compare the protocol difference and network" performance between omnidirectional and directional antenna in particular environment. The directional routing protocol DS_DSR put forward by the author is the improvement of the current protocol DSR , complete routine discovery and maintenance by directional neighbor nodes routing table, source routing and directional steering.The research discovers the application of the directional antenna, compare the omnidirectional antenna can increases the networks' total throughput, obviously reduces the co_channel interference (CCI), multiple access interference ( MAI), enlarges the nodes "signal and interference to noise ratio( SINR), and because of the high gain of directional antenna can realize the communication with farther distance and less jump, end to end delay can decrease deeply, simultaneously, security of networks can be improved partially, the node energy also can be saved easily by power control.
For the sake of the convenient network simulation, I select a same framework in my MAC and routine protocols' simulation, that is IEEE802.11 standard built in soft tool OPNET, by designing my network node model and directional antenna model, and the improvement of the current protocols, I realizes the evaluation of my special networks.
为了方便网络协议性能仿真，使移动自组网的接入协议和路由协议能够在同一个模板上实现，本文在仿真平台OPNET设计了IEEE802.11框架下的移动自组网节点模型和定向天线模型等，并通过对现有协议的改进，实现了特定网络性能的计算机仿真。
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) is infrastructureless network .It set up by the nodes which can move and link arbitrarily with no centre node in topology, extensively apply in all quick arrangements, dynamic situation ,such as the military ,an emergency correspondence, temporary communication ,etc. Previous research on the Ad hoc network almost aim at omnidirectional antenna of all receivers and transmitters ,or as a default attribution .In my thesis ,firstly I describe the advantages of the directional antenna at many aspects which including spatial division multiple access( SDMA), the antenna gain, anti- interference etc. and analyze the possibility about the directional antenna used for the ad hoc networks, secondly I study its multiple access and routine protocols using the directional antenna. And compare the protocol difference and network" performance between omnidirectional and directional antenna in particular environment. The directional routing protocol DS_DSR put forward by the author is the improvement of the current protocol DSR , complete routine discovery and maintenance by directional neighbor nodes routing table, source routing and directional steering.The research discovers the application of the directional antenna, compare the omnidirectional antenna can increases the networks' total throughput, obviously reduces the co_channel interference (CCI), multiple access interference ( MAI), enlarges the nodes "signal and interference to noise ratio( SINR), and because of the high gain of directional antenna can realize the communication with farther distance and less jump, end to end delay can decrease deeply, simultaneously, security of networks can be improved partially, the node energy also can be saved easily by power control.
For the sake of the convenient network simulation, I select a same framework in my MAC and routine protocols' simulation, that is IEEE802.11 standard built in soft tool OPNET, by designing my network node model and directional antenna model, and the improvement of the current protocols, I realizes the evaluation of my special networks.
引文
[1] 李建东，“通信网络理论基础”，西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[2] 郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东，“数字移动通信”，人民邮电出版社，2001．
[3] 李建东，杨家玮，“个人通信”，北京：人民邮电出版社，1998．
[4] 刘克成，宋学诚，“天线原理”，国防科技大学出版社，1989．
[5] 陶安顺，“网络通信”，复旦大学出版社，1997．
[6] Jim Geier[美]，王群等译，“无线局域网”，人民邮电出版社,2001．
[7] Anil Ananthaswamy[美]，柴文辛等译，“采用面向对象设计和C++的数据通讯”，北京大学出版社，1996．
[8] The Cooperative Engagement Capability, JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST, VOLUME 16, NUMBER 4,1995,p.377-396.
[9] 马丁·库珀，“解析空分多址(SDMA)下的智能天线技术”， http://www.anlian.com/trainingonline/dianxinzhishi/200108231.htm。
[10] Ram Ramanathan,"On the Performance of Ad Hoe Networks with Beamforming Antennas".Proc. of the ACM MobiHoc,Long Beach,California,October 4-5,2001,p.95-105.
[11] Carl B. Dietrich, Jr.,"Adaptive Arrays and Diversity Antenna Configurations for Handheld Wireless Communication Terminals", doctor's thesis ,Blacksburg, Virginia,February 15, 2000.
[12] Zhuochuan Huang,Chien-Chung Shen,Chavalit Srisathapornphat,and Chaiporn Jaikaeo,"Topology Control for Ad hoc Networks with Directional Antennas".
[13] Akis Spyropoulos and C.S. Raghavendra,"Energy Efficient Communications in Ad bloc Networks Using Directional Antennas",0-7803-7476-2/02/,2002 IEEE.
[14] Chaiporn. Jaikaeo,Chien-Chung Shen,"Multicast Communication in Ad hoc Networks with Directional Antennas".
[15] Salvatore Bellofiore, et al,"Smart Antenna System Analysis, Integration and Performance for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks(MANETs)",IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, No. 5, May 2002,p.571-581.
[16] Richard B.Ertel,"Antenna array systems propagation and performance",doctor's thesis,Blacksburg,Virginia,July, 1999.
[17] Vikash Srivastava,"Smart Antennas & Power Management in Wireless Networks",Master's thesis,Blacksburg, Virginia,January 28, 2002.
[18] http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/smart ant/
[19] Jun Yang, Jiandong Li, "MAC protocol for mobile Ad Hoc network with smart antennas", IEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2003, pp. 555-557.
[20] IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,IEEE Standard 802.11, 1999, http://www.ieee.org/products/onlinepubs/iel/iel_stand.html.
[21] Young-Bae Ko, Vinaychandra Shankarkumar, and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Medium Access Control Protocols Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks" ,Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM,Tel Aviv,Israel,Vol. 1,March 26-30,2000, p. 13-21.
[22] Marvin Sánchez, Tim Giles, Jens Zander,"CSMA/CA with Beam Forming Antennas in Multi-hop Packet Radio".Proc.of the Swedish workshop on wireless Ad Hoc Networks,March 5-6,2001.
[23] A.Nasipuri,S.Ye,J.You,and R.E.Hiromoto,"A MAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Directional Antennas",2000 IEEE,p. 1214-1219.
[24] Chavalit Srisathapornphat Chien-Chung Shen,"Energy Consumption Behavior and Performance of Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing Schemes",IEEE WCNC, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 16-20, 2003.
[25] Zhuochuan Huang,Chien-Chung Shen,"A Comparison Study of Omnidirectional and Directional MAC Protocols for Ad hoc Networks",IEEE Globecom, Taipei, Taiwan, November 17-21, 2002.
[26] Romit Roy Choudhury, Xue Yang, Ram Ramanathan, and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Using Directional Antennas for Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks".proc. of the MOBICOM, Atlanta, Georgia, September 23-28, 2002, p.59-70.
[27] Karin Dyberg and Linda Farman,"Spatial TDMA in Ad Hoc Networks with Antenna Arrays",ISRN LiTH-ITN-KTS-EX--2001/07--SE,Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University,Sweden,NOV 30,2001.
[28] Zhuochuan Huang, Chien-Chung Shen, Chavalit Srisathapornphat, Chaiporn Jaikaeo, "A Busy-Tone Based Directional MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks",IEEE MILCOM, Anaheim, California, October 7-10, 2002.
[29] M. Takai, J. Martin, R. Bagrodia and A. Ren, "Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing for Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. of the ACM MobiHoc, Lausanne,Switzerland, June 9-11, 2002, p. 183-193.
[30] Romit Roy Choudhury and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Deafness: A MAC Problem in Ad Hoc Networks when using Directional Antennas",Technical Report,July 2003.
[31] P.M Soni and A.Chockalingam,"Performance Analysis of Space Diversity S-ALOHA with Steerable Beam Smart Antenna Arrays".
[32] A.Chockalingam and Ramesh R.Rao,"MAC Layer Performance with Steerable
Multibeam Antenna Arrays"
[33] James Ward and R. Ted Compton,"High Throughput Slotted ALOH,A Packet Radio Networks with Adaptive Arrays",IEEE TRANSACTION ON COMMUNICATION, VOL.41 ,NO.3,MARCH 1993
[34] Michele Zorzi,"Performance of a MAC protocol with smart antennas in a multicellular environment",0-7803-6283-7/00/,2000 IEEE,p.402-407.
[35] Tamer E1Batt, Timothy Anderson and Bo Ryu,"Performance Evaluation of Multiple Access Protocols for Ad hoc Networks Using Directional Antennas".
[36] Tamer E1Batt and Bo Ryu,"On the Channel Reservation Schemes for Ad-hoc Networks Utilizing Directional Antennas",2002 HRL Laboratories, LLC.
[37] Asis Nasipuri, Jothsna Mandava, et al"On-Demand Routing Using Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks" Proc. of the IEEE WCNC2000.
[38] Romit Roy Choudhury and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Ad Hoc Routing Using Directional Antennas",Presented at the Illinois Computer Systems Symposium (iCSS)., UIUC, May 2002.
[39] Siuli Roy, Dola Saha, S. Bandyopadhyay, Tetsuro Ueda, Shinsuke Tanaka,"A Network-Aware MAC and Routing Protocol for Effective Load Balancing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna",Mobihoc'03, June 1-3, 2003, Annapolis, Maryland, USA.
[40] http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt, Date visited: October 2002.
[41] David B. Johnson,David A. Maltz,"Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks";In Mobile Computing, edited by Tomasz Imielinski and Hank Korth, chapter 5,Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996 p.153-181.http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-dsr-09.txt; DSR model,http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/prd_dsrfiles.html, Date visited: April 2003.
[42] Charles E. perkinS, Elizabeth M. Royer,"Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Routing".IETF Manet Working Group AODV Draft, http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafis/draft-ietf-manet-aodv-13.txt.
[43] Kevin M.Shea's thesis,"Simulation and performance annlysis of the Zone Routing Protocol for tactical mobile Ad hoc networks",NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL,Monterey, California,September 2000.
[44] Josh Broch, David A. Maltz, et al, "A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols",Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'98).
[45] Baruch Awerbuch, David Holmer, Herbert Rubens,"High Throughput. Route Selection in Multi-Rate Ad Hoc Wireless Networks",Technical Report Version 2-3/12/2003.
[46] Young-Bae Ko and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Location-Aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",Department of Computer Science,Texas A&M University, 1998.
[47] Mahesh Marina,Samir Das,"Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) Routing".
[48] Rajendra V. Boppana, Satyadeva P Konduru,"An Adaptive Distance Vector Routing Algorithm for Mobile, Ad Hoc Networks", 0-7803-7016-3/01/, IEEE INFOCOM 2001, p.1753-1762.
[49] Stefano Basagni,Damla Turgut,Sajal K. Das,"Mobility-Adaptive Protocols for Managing Large Ad Hoc Networks".
[50] Amit Kumar Saha, David B. Johnson,"Routing Improvement using Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks".Department of Computer Science,Rice University 07/03/2003.
[51] 王建新，邓曙光等，“一种新的基于移动预测的MANET路由协议”，高技术通讯，2002．03，p．10-15．
[52] 王海涛，郑少仁，”移动Adhoc网络路由协议及其性能比较”，重庆邮电学院学报，第14卷，第四期，2002年12月，p．73-77．
[53] ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/, Date visited:January 2003. (http://www-mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/).
[54] Online Documentation, OPNET Modeler 8.0, http://www.opnet.com/support/homel.html, Date visited:October, 2002.
[55] Vikram Dham, Luiz A. DaSilva, et al,"A Phased Array Antenna Model for Space Division Multiple Access in Wireless Networks",Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, OPNETworks 2002.
[56] Jabin Song and Leonard E. Miller,"Empirical Analysis of the Mobility Factor for the Random Waypoint Model".
[57] 刘凯[2001]博士论文，“多跳移动无线网络的自适应控制协议”，西安电子科技大学．
[58] 马聪[2002]硕士论文，“分组无线网网络层协议的研究与实现”，西安电子科技大学．
[2] 郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东，“数字移动通信”，人民邮电出版社，2001．
[3] 李建东，杨家玮，“个人通信”，北京：人民邮电出版社，1998．
[4] 刘克成，宋学诚，“天线原理”，国防科技大学出版社，1989．
[5] 陶安顺，“网络通信”，复旦大学出版社，1997．
[6] Jim Geier[美]，王群等译，“无线局域网”，人民邮电出版社,2001．
[7] Anil Ananthaswamy[美]，柴文辛等译，“采用面向对象设计和C++的数据通讯”，北京大学出版社，1996．
[8] The Cooperative Engagement Capability, JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST, VOLUME 16, NUMBER 4,1995,p.377-396.
[9] 马丁·库珀，“解析空分多址(SDMA)下的智能天线技术”， http://www.anlian.com/trainingonline/dianxinzhishi/200108231.htm。
[10] Ram Ramanathan,"On the Performance of Ad Hoe Networks with Beamforming Antennas".Proc. of the ACM MobiHoc,Long Beach,California,October 4-5,2001,p.95-105.
[11] Carl B. Dietrich, Jr.,"Adaptive Arrays and Diversity Antenna Configurations for Handheld Wireless Communication Terminals", doctor's thesis ,Blacksburg, Virginia,February 15, 2000.
[12] Zhuochuan Huang,Chien-Chung Shen,Chavalit Srisathapornphat,and Chaiporn Jaikaeo,"Topology Control for Ad hoc Networks with Directional Antennas".
[13] Akis Spyropoulos and C.S. Raghavendra,"Energy Efficient Communications in Ad bloc Networks Using Directional Antennas",0-7803-7476-2/02/,2002 IEEE.
[14] Chaiporn. Jaikaeo,Chien-Chung Shen,"Multicast Communication in Ad hoc Networks with Directional Antennas".
[15] Salvatore Bellofiore, et al,"Smart Antenna System Analysis, Integration and Performance for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks(MANETs)",IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, No. 5, May 2002,p.571-581.
[16] Richard B.Ertel,"Antenna array systems propagation and performance",doctor's thesis,Blacksburg,Virginia,July, 1999.
[17] Vikash Srivastava,"Smart Antennas & Power Management in Wireless Networks",Master's thesis,Blacksburg, Virginia,January 28, 2002.
[18] http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/smart ant/
[19] Jun Yang, Jiandong Li, "MAC protocol for mobile Ad Hoc network with smart antennas", IEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2003, pp. 555-557.
[20] IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,IEEE Standard 802.11, 1999, http://www.ieee.org/products/onlinepubs/iel/iel_stand.html.
[21] Young-Bae Ko, Vinaychandra Shankarkumar, and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Medium Access Control Protocols Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks" ,Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM,Tel Aviv,Israel,Vol. 1,March 26-30,2000, p. 13-21.
[22] Marvin Sánchez, Tim Giles, Jens Zander,"CSMA/CA with Beam Forming Antennas in Multi-hop Packet Radio".Proc.of the Swedish workshop on wireless Ad Hoc Networks,March 5-6,2001.
[23] A.Nasipuri,S.Ye,J.You,and R.E.Hiromoto,"A MAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Directional Antennas",2000 IEEE,p. 1214-1219.
[24] Chavalit Srisathapornphat Chien-Chung Shen,"Energy Consumption Behavior and Performance of Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing Schemes",IEEE WCNC, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 16-20, 2003.
[25] Zhuochuan Huang,Chien-Chung Shen,"A Comparison Study of Omnidirectional and Directional MAC Protocols for Ad hoc Networks",IEEE Globecom, Taipei, Taiwan, November 17-21, 2002.
[26] Romit Roy Choudhury, Xue Yang, Ram Ramanathan, and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Using Directional Antennas for Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks".proc. of the MOBICOM, Atlanta, Georgia, September 23-28, 2002, p.59-70.
[27] Karin Dyberg and Linda Farman,"Spatial TDMA in Ad Hoc Networks with Antenna Arrays",ISRN LiTH-ITN-KTS-EX--2001/07--SE,Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University,Sweden,NOV 30,2001.
[28] Zhuochuan Huang, Chien-Chung Shen, Chavalit Srisathapornphat, Chaiporn Jaikaeo, "A Busy-Tone Based Directional MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks",IEEE MILCOM, Anaheim, California, October 7-10, 2002.
[29] M. Takai, J. Martin, R. Bagrodia and A. Ren, "Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing for Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. of the ACM MobiHoc, Lausanne,Switzerland, June 9-11, 2002, p. 183-193.
[30] Romit Roy Choudhury and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Deafness: A MAC Problem in Ad Hoc Networks when using Directional Antennas",Technical Report,July 2003.
[31] P.M Soni and A.Chockalingam,"Performance Analysis of Space Diversity S-ALOHA with Steerable Beam Smart Antenna Arrays".
[32] A.Chockalingam and Ramesh R.Rao,"MAC Layer Performance with Steerable
Multibeam Antenna Arrays"
[33] James Ward and R. Ted Compton,"High Throughput Slotted ALOH,A Packet Radio Networks with Adaptive Arrays",IEEE TRANSACTION ON COMMUNICATION, VOL.41 ,NO.3,MARCH 1993
[34] Michele Zorzi,"Performance of a MAC protocol with smart antennas in a multicellular environment",0-7803-6283-7/00/,2000 IEEE,p.402-407.
[35] Tamer E1Batt, Timothy Anderson and Bo Ryu,"Performance Evaluation of Multiple Access Protocols for Ad hoc Networks Using Directional Antennas".
[36] Tamer E1Batt and Bo Ryu,"On the Channel Reservation Schemes for Ad-hoc Networks Utilizing Directional Antennas",2002 HRL Laboratories, LLC.
[37] Asis Nasipuri, Jothsna Mandava, et al"On-Demand Routing Using Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks" Proc. of the IEEE WCNC2000.
[38] Romit Roy Choudhury and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Ad Hoc Routing Using Directional Antennas",Presented at the Illinois Computer Systems Symposium (iCSS)., UIUC, May 2002.
[39] Siuli Roy, Dola Saha, S. Bandyopadhyay, Tetsuro Ueda, Shinsuke Tanaka,"A Network-Aware MAC and Routing Protocol for Effective Load Balancing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna",Mobihoc'03, June 1-3, 2003, Annapolis, Maryland, USA.
[40] http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt, Date visited: October 2002.
[41] David B. Johnson,David A. Maltz,"Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks";In Mobile Computing, edited by Tomasz Imielinski and Hank Korth, chapter 5,Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996 p.153-181.http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-dsr-09.txt; DSR model,http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/prd_dsrfiles.html, Date visited: April 2003.
[42] Charles E. perkinS, Elizabeth M. Royer,"Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Routing".IETF Manet Working Group AODV Draft, http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafis/draft-ietf-manet-aodv-13.txt.
[43] Kevin M.Shea's thesis,"Simulation and performance annlysis of the Zone Routing Protocol for tactical mobile Ad hoc networks",NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL,Monterey, California,September 2000.
[44] Josh Broch, David A. Maltz, et al, "A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols",Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'98).
[45] Baruch Awerbuch, David Holmer, Herbert Rubens,"High Throughput. Route Selection in Multi-Rate Ad Hoc Wireless Networks",Technical Report Version 2-3/12/2003.
[46] Young-Bae Ko and Nitin H. Vaidya,"Location-Aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",Department of Computer Science,Texas A&M University, 1998.
[47] Mahesh Marina,Samir Das,"Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) Routing".
[48] Rajendra V. Boppana, Satyadeva P Konduru,"An Adaptive Distance Vector Routing Algorithm for Mobile, Ad Hoc Networks", 0-7803-7016-3/01/, IEEE INFOCOM 2001, p.1753-1762.
[49] Stefano Basagni,Damla Turgut,Sajal K. Das,"Mobility-Adaptive Protocols for Managing Large Ad Hoc Networks".
[50] Amit Kumar Saha, David B. Johnson,"Routing Improvement using Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks".Department of Computer Science,Rice University 07/03/2003.
[51] 王建新，邓曙光等，“一种新的基于移动预测的MANET路由协议”，高技术通讯，2002．03，p．10-15．
[52] 王海涛，郑少仁，”移动Adhoc网络路由协议及其性能比较”，重庆邮电学院学报，第14卷，第四期，2002年12月，p．73-77．
[53] ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/, Date visited:January 2003. (http://www-mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/).
[54] Online Documentation, OPNET Modeler 8.0, http://www.opnet.com/support/homel.html, Date visited:October, 2002.
[55] Vikram Dham, Luiz A. DaSilva, et al,"A Phased Array Antenna Model for Space Division Multiple Access in Wireless Networks",Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, OPNETworks 2002.
[56] Jabin Song and Leonard E. Miller,"Empirical Analysis of the Mobility Factor for the Random Waypoint Model".
[57] 刘凯[2001]博士论文，“多跳移动无线网络的自适应控制协议”，西安电子科技大学．
[58] 马聪[2002]硕士论文，“分组无线网网络层协议的研究与实现”，西安电子科技大学．