基于Network Simulator V2的移动自组网研究
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摘要
移动自组网(MANET)是一种不需要基础设施支持的无线网络，具有移动、分命和多跳的特点。网络中的节点具有终端和路由器的双重功能，节点具有路由获取和分组转发的功能。由于网络拓扑结构动态变化，通信带宽有限以及能量有限等原因，使得移动自组网的研究极具挑战性。
本文介绍了移动自组网的起源、特征和当前的发展状况，并归纳了其主要的应用领域；分别从物理层、MAC层、路由层、传输层、中间件和应用层等5个层次分析和介绍了当前MANET采用的技术和协议，尤其对路由协议(DSDV、DSR、TORA、AODV和ZRP)进行了详细的研究。
移动自组网是一个复杂的网络，难以进行数学建模和分析，制作实际系统耗费巨大，利用计算机仿真是一个可行的办法。本文介绍了计算机仿真的一般方法和过程，对当前流行的OPNET、GloMoSim和NS-2等3种网络仿真软件的特性进行了比较分析，并选用开放源代码的网络仿真软件NS-2作为移动自组网仿真平台。本文详细介绍了NS-2的原理、基本结构和组件。在仿真实践的基础上，总结和归纳了基于NS-2进行移动自组网仿真的程序方法和仿真步骤，尤其对仿真结果的处理和分析进行了较深入的研究，给出了一套针对路由协议的性能参数计算的方法。
路由协议是移动自组网研究的一个热点，当前大多数文献都是针对同一个路由协议在不同网络条件下的自身的比较，而采用统一的模拟平台对其测试数据进行横向比较的则较少。本文基于NS-2网络仿真器构建了小规模(20节点)和中规模(50节点)的移动自组网模型，设计了多种移动场景和流量场景，在给定场景的情况下对四种移动自组网路出算法(DSDV、DSR、TORA、AODV)的成功分组抵达率、端到端延迟和路由开销三种指标进行了仿真分析和性能比较。仿真结果表明先验式协议具有较小的端到端延迟，而反应式协议的成功分组抵达率和路由开销的性能较好。不同的路由协议都有各自的优缺点，还没有各方面性能都较好的通用路由协议，需要根据应用场合选择合适的路由协议。
The mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary network established by the users with wireless interfaces. It operates without any aid of the preexisting infrastraucture. Each node in MANET acts as both terminal and router, which collects routes and forwards packets. It is an extreme challenge research subject for such network due to the dynamical topology change, bandwidth limitation and power constraint.
The state-of-the-art of the MANET technology in 5 layer: physical Layer, MAC layer protocols, routing protocols, transport protocol and application and middle ware issuses are summarized in this thesis. Five typical Routing protocols DSDV, DSR, TORA, AODV and ZRP are studied .
The implementation and analysis of MANET are hard to achieve, while computer simulation seems to be viable.The characters of 3 popular Network Simulators OPNET, GloMoSim and Network Simulator V2, are introduced and compared. NS-2 is a free and open source software, the simulation deSign method and procudure based on NS-2 are summarized .
Routing protocols is a hot research area in MANET. In this thesis, we evaluate 4 routing protocols, DSDV , DSR, TORA and AODV for MANET based on NS-2. Performance of each routing protocols is evaluated with respect to fraction of packets delivered, end-to-end delay and routing load for given traffics and mobility models. Both small size (20 nodes) and medium size (50 nodes) networks are used. It is observed that the reative routing protocols use much lower routing load. However, the proactive protocols have better end-to-end delay performamce.
本文介绍了移动自组网的起源、特征和当前的发展状况，并归纳了其主要的应用领域；分别从物理层、MAC层、路由层、传输层、中间件和应用层等5个层次分析和介绍了当前MANET采用的技术和协议，尤其对路由协议(DSDV、DSR、TORA、AODV和ZRP)进行了详细的研究。
移动自组网是一个复杂的网络，难以进行数学建模和分析，制作实际系统耗费巨大，利用计算机仿真是一个可行的办法。本文介绍了计算机仿真的一般方法和过程，对当前流行的OPNET、GloMoSim和NS-2等3种网络仿真软件的特性进行了比较分析，并选用开放源代码的网络仿真软件NS-2作为移动自组网仿真平台。本文详细介绍了NS-2的原理、基本结构和组件。在仿真实践的基础上，总结和归纳了基于NS-2进行移动自组网仿真的程序方法和仿真步骤，尤其对仿真结果的处理和分析进行了较深入的研究，给出了一套针对路由协议的性能参数计算的方法。
路由协议是移动自组网研究的一个热点，当前大多数文献都是针对同一个路由协议在不同网络条件下的自身的比较，而采用统一的模拟平台对其测试数据进行横向比较的则较少。本文基于NS-2网络仿真器构建了小规模(20节点)和中规模(50节点)的移动自组网模型，设计了多种移动场景和流量场景，在给定场景的情况下对四种移动自组网路出算法(DSDV、DSR、TORA、AODV)的成功分组抵达率、端到端延迟和路由开销三种指标进行了仿真分析和性能比较。仿真结果表明先验式协议具有较小的端到端延迟，而反应式协议的成功分组抵达率和路由开销的性能较好。不同的路由协议都有各自的优缺点，还没有各方面性能都较好的通用路由协议，需要根据应用场合选择合适的路由协议。
The mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary network established by the users with wireless interfaces. It operates without any aid of the preexisting infrastraucture. Each node in MANET acts as both terminal and router, which collects routes and forwards packets. It is an extreme challenge research subject for such network due to the dynamical topology change, bandwidth limitation and power constraint.
The state-of-the-art of the MANET technology in 5 layer: physical Layer, MAC layer protocols, routing protocols, transport protocol and application and middle ware issuses are summarized in this thesis. Five typical Routing protocols DSDV, DSR, TORA, AODV and ZRP are studied .
The implementation and analysis of MANET are hard to achieve, while computer simulation seems to be viable.The characters of 3 popular Network Simulators OPNET, GloMoSim and Network Simulator V2, are introduced and compared. NS-2 is a free and open source software, the simulation deSign method and procudure based on NS-2 are summarized .
Routing protocols is a hot research area in MANET. In this thesis, we evaluate 4 routing protocols, DSDV , DSR, TORA and AODV for MANET based on NS-2. Performance of each routing protocols is evaluated with respect to fraction of packets delivered, end-to-end delay and routing load for given traffics and mobility models. Both small size (20 nodes) and medium size (50 nodes) networks are used. It is observed that the reative routing protocols use much lower routing load. However, the proactive protocols have better end-to-end delay performamce.
引文
[1] Imrich Chlamtac, Marco Conti, Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges, Ad Hoc networks at www.computerScienceWeb.com2003 13-64
[2] www.wlana.org/index.html
[3] www.ietf.org
[4] 李少谦，兰岚，《无线Ad hoc网络技术》，中兴通讯技术，2002年第1期
[5] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, Wireless sensor networks: a survey, Computer networks 38(2002) 292-422
[6] 方旭明《移动Ad Hoc网络研究与发展现状》数据通信 2003．9
[7] Mesh Networks Ltd. www.meshnetworks.com
[8] grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/
[9] www.bluetooth.com
[10] ETSI Technical Report 101 683, V1.1.1, Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN): High Peformance Local Area Network(HiperLAN)Type 2; System Overview
[11] 曹常义，Ad hoc技术，电信工程技术与标准化，2003．1，13-19
[12] C.Hedrick, Routing information protocol. RFC 1058, 1988
[13] J.Moy, OSPF version2, RFC 1247, 1991
[14] Perkins, C.E., and Bhagwat, P., Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers, ACM SIGCOMM, vol.24, no.4, October 1994
[15] David B. Johnson, David A. Mattz and Yih-Chun Hu, The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR), IETF RFC 2026, 2003
[16] Angshuman Benerjee, Issues in routing and clustering algorithms for mobile wireless ad hoc networks, Technical report. Virginia Tech Univensity, 2000
[17] Charles E.Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer and Samir R. Das, Ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV) Routing (RFC 3561), 2003
[18] Zygmunt J. Haas, Marc R. Pearlman, The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks, INTERNET DRAFT November 1997
[19] V. Park, S. Corson, Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Version 1 Functional Specification, INTERNET DRAFT, Nov 26, 1997
[20] OPNET Technologies,Inc [EB/OL].http://www.opnet.com/
[21] GloMoSim, Global Mobile Information System Simulation Library. Pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/
[22] 杨路明，李谢华，网络仿真软件比较分析及仿真过程探讨，计算技术与自动化，2002，Vol．21 No．4
[23] Network Simulator V2, www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
[24] Samir R. Das,Robert Castaneda and Jiangtao Yan,Simulation Performance Evaluation of Mobile Ad hoc Network Routing Protocols, IC3N, 1998
[25] 汪应洛，《系统工程理论、方法与应用》，第二版，高等教育出版社，2002
[26] Kevin Fall, The ns Manual,The VINT project,2003,www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[27] CUM CUM document
[28] Jae Chung and Mark Claypool, NS by Example, WPI
[29] Mare Greis, Tutorial for the UCB/LBNL/VINT Network Simulator"ns"
[30] 徐延明、林立志等，《Linux编程指南与实例》人民邮电出版社，2000
[31] www.cygwin.com
[32] J.P. Macker, S. Corson, MANET: routing technology for dynamic, wireless networking, Ad hoc Networking IEEE Press Wiley, New York, 2003
[33] Valeri Naoumov, Thomas Gross,Simulation of Large Ad Hoc Networks, ACM MSWTM'03 September 2003
[2] www.wlana.org/index.html
[3] www.ietf.org
[4] 李少谦，兰岚，《无线Ad hoc网络技术》，中兴通讯技术，2002年第1期
[5] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, Wireless sensor networks: a survey, Computer networks 38(2002) 292-422
[6] 方旭明《移动Ad Hoc网络研究与发展现状》数据通信 2003．9
[7] Mesh Networks Ltd. www.meshnetworks.com
[8] grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/
[9] www.bluetooth.com
[10] ETSI Technical Report 101 683, V1.1.1, Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN): High Peformance Local Area Network(HiperLAN)Type 2; System Overview
[11] 曹常义，Ad hoc技术，电信工程技术与标准化，2003．1，13-19
[12] C.Hedrick, Routing information protocol. RFC 1058, 1988
[13] J.Moy, OSPF version2, RFC 1247, 1991
[14] Perkins, C.E., and Bhagwat, P., Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers, ACM SIGCOMM, vol.24, no.4, October 1994
[15] David B. Johnson, David A. Mattz and Yih-Chun Hu, The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR), IETF RFC 2026, 2003
[16] Angshuman Benerjee, Issues in routing and clustering algorithms for mobile wireless ad hoc networks, Technical report. Virginia Tech Univensity, 2000
[17] Charles E.Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer and Samir R. Das, Ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV) Routing (RFC 3561), 2003
[18] Zygmunt J. Haas, Marc R. Pearlman, The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks, INTERNET DRAFT November 1997
[19] V. Park, S. Corson, Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Version 1 Functional Specification, INTERNET DRAFT, Nov 26, 1997
[20] OPNET Technologies,Inc [EB/OL].http://www.opnet.com/
[21] GloMoSim, Global Mobile Information System Simulation Library. Pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/
[22] 杨路明，李谢华，网络仿真软件比较分析及仿真过程探讨，计算技术与自动化，2002，Vol．21 No．4
[23] Network Simulator V2, www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
[24] Samir R. Das,Robert Castaneda and Jiangtao Yan,Simulation Performance Evaluation of Mobile Ad hoc Network Routing Protocols, IC3N, 1998
[25] 汪应洛，《系统工程理论、方法与应用》，第二版，高等教育出版社，2002
[26] Kevin Fall, The ns Manual,The VINT project,2003,www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[27] CUM CUM document
[28] Jae Chung and Mark Claypool, NS by Example, WPI
[29] Mare Greis, Tutorial for the UCB/LBNL/VINT Network Simulator"ns"
[30] 徐延明、林立志等，《Linux编程指南与实例》人民邮电出版社，2000
[31] www.cygwin.com
[32] J.P. Macker, S. Corson, MANET: routing technology for dynamic, wireless networking, Ad hoc Networking IEEE Press Wiley, New York, 2003
[33] Valeri Naoumov, Thomas Gross,Simulation of Large Ad Hoc Networks, ACM MSWTM'03 September 2003