HCG及其α、β亚单位的表达与肿瘤免疫
摘要
人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)是由胎盘组织和绒毛膜细胞癌产生的一种糖蛋白，近几年发现其可在许多非生殖性肿瘤中出现，并且与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润转移有密切关系。有研究证明HCG的α、β两亚基(α-HCG、β-HCG)在许多非生殖系统恶性肿瘤中存在表达，而且可能与多种肿瘤的发生发展有关。有研究证明HCG是一种免疫抑制因子，它可能通过抑制人体的细胞免疫，使肿瘤生长和浸润转移。
树突状细胞(DCs)是一种抗原递呈细胞，具有加工、处理、递呈抗原、提供T细胞活化所必需的共刺激信号(第二信号)等功能，DCs与T细胞介导的特异性免疫反应有密切的关系。在许多肿瘤组织中，可出现数量不等的DCs，它与肿瘤免疫的关系一直是人们关注的问题。
既往曾有学者研究HCG与食管鳞癌的关系，但其α、β亚单位与食管鳞癌的相关性未见报道。DCs与食管癌临床相关指标尚未见报道。HCG及α、β亚单位的表达与S-100阳性树突状细胞及CD45Ro阳性T淋巴细胞关系的研究也未见报道。
材料与方法：选取41例食管癌手术切除标本，病理症实均为鳞状细胞癌。Ⅰ级鳞癌13例，Ⅱ级鳞癌15例，Ⅲ级鳞癌13例。转移表型：淋巴结转移组鳞癌21例，非转移组鳞癌20例。利用免疫组织化学SP技术，对41例食管鳞癌手术切除标本中HCG、α-HCG、β-HCG、S-100和CD45Ro蛋白的表达进行了检测。用SPSS10.0统计软件进行结果分析。
结果
1．HCG蛋白在淋巴结转移组中的阳性表达率为76.19％(16／21)，无转移组中阳性表达率35.00％(7／20)，两组之间有显著性差异(P＜0.01)。HCG蛋白在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级鳞癌中的阳性表达率分别为53.85％(7／13)、53.33％(8／15)、61.54％(8／13)，三级之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。
2．α-HCG蛋白在淋巴结转移组中的阳性表达率为23.53％(4／21)，在无转移组中的阳
2‘阴届硕1岸位论文}炙写及其么日亚单位的表达与肿瘤免疫
性表达率为5 .26%(1忍0)，一二者相比无显著性差异(I〕)().()5)。在I、n、班级鳞癌中a一HCG
蛋自的阳性表达率分别为7 .69峨，(1/13)、26.67%(4/l5)、0埃，(()/l3)，三级之间无显著性差异
(l)>().05)。
3.归一I一ICG蛋自在淋巴结转移组中的阳性表达率为33.33%(7龙1)，无转移组中的阳性
表达率为35.00%(7忍0)，二者相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。在I、n、111级鳞癌中俘一I诬OG
蛋「!的!针性表达率分别为1 5 .38%(2/13)、40.0()%(6/l5)、46.15%(6/13)，三组之间无显著性
差异(P>0.05)。
4，S一100阳性仪毛的浸润密度在淋巴结转移组中位数21 .9，非转移组中位数20.05，淋
巴结转移组和无转移组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。在I、n、m级鳞癌中S一100阳性IX飞的
浸润密度逐级下降，中位数分别是:29 .00、20.87、13.15，三组之间有显著性差异(P<0.01)。
5.CL瞬SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度在淋巴结转移组中位数21.43，非转移组中位数
18 .33，淋巴结转移组和无转移组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。在1、n、m级鳞癌中CE吟SRo阳
性‘f淋巴细胞的浸润密度中位数分别为26 .46、23 .03、13.19，逐级下降，三组之间有显著性差
异(P(0 .05)。
6.1一ICG阳性表达与s一100阳性IX飞的浸润密度无相关性(P>0.05)。p-HCG的阳性
表达与S一100阳性IX二s的浸润密度也无相关性(P>0 .05)。
7 .HOG阳性表达与CE瞬SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度无相关性(P>0.05)。p一HCG
阳性表达与CE瞬SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度呈负相关性(P<0.05)。
结论:
1 .HCG与人食管鳞癌的淋巴道转移有关，其高表达预示着高转移风险。HOG的阳性表
达率与人食管鳞癌的分化程度无相关性。a一H以邓一HCG的阳性表达率与人食管鳞癌的分
化程度和淋巴道转移均无相关性。
2.5一100阳性IX飞的浸润密度与人食管鳞癌的分化程度呈负相关，与人食管鳞癌的淋
巴结转移无相关性。
3 .CE衅SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度与人食管鳞癌的分化程度呈负相关，与人食管鳞
癌的淋巴结转移无相关性。
4 .HCG、p一HOG的阳性表达均与S一100阳性l肠的浸润密度无相关性。
5.p一HCG的阳性表达与CL吟SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度呈负相关。HCG的阳性
表达与(〕又SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度无相关性。
Human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG) is a kind of glycoprotein which is synthesized by placenta tissue and chorionepithelioma. However, it has recently been found that HCG expressed in many non - germinal tumors, and was closely related with the differentiation, infiltration and metastasis of tumors. Some study have proved that the expression of a, submits of HCG(a~ HCG, p - HCG) was in many non - germinal malignant tumors, and related with the occurence and progression of many tumors. Some study have proved that HCG is a immune inhibitor Which may improve the growth,infiltration and metastasis of tumors by inhibiting the human cell immune.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen - presenting cells which have the capacity to process and present antigen,as well as provide crucial costimulatory signal for activation of T lymphocytes DCs are closely associated with the specific immune reaction mediated by T lymphocytes. There are different amounts of infiltration of DCs in many kinds of primary tumors. However,understanding of the relationship between DCs and antitumor immunity is still poor.
Some exploers have found the correlation between the HCG and Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma. But none about the a - HCG, |3 - HCG. The correlation among the expression of HCG and its a, p submits and S - 100 protein positive dendritic and CD45Ro positive T lymphocytes in esophageal squamous carcinoma have not keen fonud.
Specimens and Methord: There are 41 surgcal specimens of esophageal squmous carcinoma. A-mong the surgcal specimens, 13 of Grade 1,15 of Grade II, 13 of Grade ffl. 21 specimens of Lym-phaode metastasis, and 20 of non - Lymphaode metastasis. We examine the expression of HCG, a -
HCG,p- HCG,S - 100,CD45Rn protein in 41 Surgical specimens of esophageal squamous carcinoma by SP melhord. We use SPSS10.0 statistical way for tbe results Results:
1. The positive rate of the- HCG protein expression was 76. 19% (16/21) in lymphnode metastasis group, and 35. 00% (7/20) in non - metastatie group, there was significant difference between them(P<0.01). The ixxsitive rates of HCG protein expression in the Grade I , II , HI squamous cell carcinoma were 53.85%(7/13),53.3396(8/15),61.5496(8/13) respectively,and there was no significant difference among them(P>0.05).
2. The positive rate of the a - HCG protein expression was 23. 53% (4/21) in lymphnode metastasis group, and 5. 26% (1/20) in non - metastatie group. There was no significant difference between them(P>0.05). The positive rates of a - HCG protein expression in the Grade I , 11 ,ffl squamous cell carcinoma were 7.69%(1/13) ,26.67%(4/15),0%(0/13) respectively,and there was no significant difference among them(P>0.05).
3. The positive rate of the p - HCG protein expression was 33. 33% (7/21) in lymphnode metastasis group,and 35.00% (7/20) in non - metastatie group. There was no significant difference between them(P>0.05). The positive rates of P - HCG protein expression in the Grade I ,
U , 111 squamous cell carcinoma were 15.38% (2/13) ,40. 00% (6/15),46. 15% (6/13) respectively, and there was no significant difference among them (P>0.05).
4. The infiltrated density of dendritic cells of expressing S- 100 protein is not same in lymphnode metastasis group and in non - metastatie group. There was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). The infiltrated density of dendritic cells of expressing S- 100 protein in the Grade I , II , HI squamous cell carcinoma showing a decreasing trend, and there was significant difference among them (P< 0.01).
5. The infiltrated density of T lymphocytes of expressing CD45Ro protein is not also same in lymphnode metastasis group and in non - metastatie group, but there was no significant difference between them(P>0.05). The infiltrated density of T lymphocytes of expressing CD45Ro protein in the Grade I , II, III squamous cell carcinoma shows a decreasing trend, and there was significant difference among them(P<0.05).
6. There was no relationship between the positive expression of HCG and the infiltrated density of dendritic cell
树突状细胞(DCs)是一种抗原递呈细胞，具有加工、处理、递呈抗原、提供T细胞活化所必需的共刺激信号(第二信号)等功能，DCs与T细胞介导的特异性免疫反应有密切的关系。在许多肿瘤组织中，可出现数量不等的DCs，它与肿瘤免疫的关系一直是人们关注的问题。
既往曾有学者研究HCG与食管鳞癌的关系，但其α、β亚单位与食管鳞癌的相关性未见报道。DCs与食管癌临床相关指标尚未见报道。HCG及α、β亚单位的表达与S-100阳性树突状细胞及CD45Ro阳性T淋巴细胞关系的研究也未见报道。
材料与方法：选取41例食管癌手术切除标本，病理症实均为鳞状细胞癌。Ⅰ级鳞癌13例，Ⅱ级鳞癌15例，Ⅲ级鳞癌13例。转移表型：淋巴结转移组鳞癌21例，非转移组鳞癌20例。利用免疫组织化学SP技术，对41例食管鳞癌手术切除标本中HCG、α-HCG、β-HCG、S-100和CD45Ro蛋白的表达进行了检测。用SPSS10.0统计软件进行结果分析。
结果
1．HCG蛋白在淋巴结转移组中的阳性表达率为76.19％(16／21)，无转移组中阳性表达率35.00％(7／20)，两组之间有显著性差异(P＜0.01)。HCG蛋白在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级鳞癌中的阳性表达率分别为53.85％(7／13)、53.33％(8／15)、61.54％(8／13)，三级之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。
2．α-HCG蛋白在淋巴结转移组中的阳性表达率为23.53％(4／21)，在无转移组中的阳
2‘阴届硕1岸位论文}炙写及其么日亚单位的表达与肿瘤免疫
性表达率为5 .26%(1忍0)，一二者相比无显著性差异(I〕)().()5)。在I、n、班级鳞癌中a一HCG
蛋自的阳性表达率分别为7 .69峨，(1/13)、26.67%(4/l5)、0埃，(()/l3)，三级之间无显著性差异
(l)>().05)。
3.归一I一ICG蛋自在淋巴结转移组中的阳性表达率为33.33%(7龙1)，无转移组中的阳性
表达率为35.00%(7忍0)，二者相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。在I、n、111级鳞癌中俘一I诬OG
蛋「!的!针性表达率分别为1 5 .38%(2/13)、40.0()%(6/l5)、46.15%(6/13)，三组之间无显著性
差异(P>0.05)。
4，S一100阳性仪毛的浸润密度在淋巴结转移组中位数21 .9，非转移组中位数20.05，淋
巴结转移组和无转移组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。在I、n、m级鳞癌中S一100阳性IX飞的
浸润密度逐级下降，中位数分别是:29 .00、20.87、13.15，三组之间有显著性差异(P<0.01)。
5.CL瞬SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度在淋巴结转移组中位数21.43，非转移组中位数
18 .33，淋巴结转移组和无转移组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。在1、n、m级鳞癌中CE吟SRo阳
性‘f淋巴细胞的浸润密度中位数分别为26 .46、23 .03、13.19，逐级下降，三组之间有显著性差
异(P(0 .05)。
6.1一ICG阳性表达与s一100阳性IX飞的浸润密度无相关性(P>0.05)。p-HCG的阳性
表达与S一100阳性IX二s的浸润密度也无相关性(P>0 .05)。
7 .HOG阳性表达与CE瞬SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度无相关性(P>0.05)。p一HCG
阳性表达与CE瞬SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度呈负相关性(P<0.05)。
结论:
1 .HCG与人食管鳞癌的淋巴道转移有关，其高表达预示着高转移风险。HOG的阳性表
达率与人食管鳞癌的分化程度无相关性。a一H以邓一HCG的阳性表达率与人食管鳞癌的分
化程度和淋巴道转移均无相关性。
2.5一100阳性IX飞的浸润密度与人食管鳞癌的分化程度呈负相关，与人食管鳞癌的淋
巴结转移无相关性。
3 .CE衅SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度与人食管鳞癌的分化程度呈负相关，与人食管鳞
癌的淋巴结转移无相关性。
4 .HCG、p一HOG的阳性表达均与S一100阳性l肠的浸润密度无相关性。
5.p一HCG的阳性表达与CL吟SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度呈负相关。HCG的阳性
表达与(〕又SRo阳性T淋巴细胞的浸润密度无相关性。
Human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG) is a kind of glycoprotein which is synthesized by placenta tissue and chorionepithelioma. However, it has recently been found that HCG expressed in many non - germinal tumors, and was closely related with the differentiation, infiltration and metastasis of tumors. Some study have proved that the expression of a, submits of HCG(a~ HCG, p - HCG) was in many non - germinal malignant tumors, and related with the occurence and progression of many tumors. Some study have proved that HCG is a immune inhibitor Which may improve the growth,infiltration and metastasis of tumors by inhibiting the human cell immune.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen - presenting cells which have the capacity to process and present antigen,as well as provide crucial costimulatory signal for activation of T lymphocytes DCs are closely associated with the specific immune reaction mediated by T lymphocytes. There are different amounts of infiltration of DCs in many kinds of primary tumors. However,understanding of the relationship between DCs and antitumor immunity is still poor.
Some exploers have found the correlation between the HCG and Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma. But none about the a - HCG, |3 - HCG. The correlation among the expression of HCG and its a, p submits and S - 100 protein positive dendritic and CD45Ro positive T lymphocytes in esophageal squamous carcinoma have not keen fonud.
Specimens and Methord: There are 41 surgcal specimens of esophageal squmous carcinoma. A-mong the surgcal specimens, 13 of Grade 1,15 of Grade II, 13 of Grade ffl. 21 specimens of Lym-phaode metastasis, and 20 of non - Lymphaode metastasis. We examine the expression of HCG, a -
HCG,p- HCG,S - 100,CD45Rn protein in 41 Surgical specimens of esophageal squamous carcinoma by SP melhord. We use SPSS10.0 statistical way for tbe results Results:
1. The positive rate of the- HCG protein expression was 76. 19% (16/21) in lymphnode metastasis group, and 35. 00% (7/20) in non - metastatie group, there was significant difference between them(P<0.01). The ixxsitive rates of HCG protein expression in the Grade I , II , HI squamous cell carcinoma were 53.85%(7/13),53.3396(8/15),61.5496(8/13) respectively,and there was no significant difference among them(P>0.05).
2. The positive rate of the a - HCG protein expression was 23. 53% (4/21) in lymphnode metastasis group, and 5. 26% (1/20) in non - metastatie group. There was no significant difference between them(P>0.05). The positive rates of a - HCG protein expression in the Grade I , 11 ,ffl squamous cell carcinoma were 7.69%(1/13) ,26.67%(4/15),0%(0/13) respectively,and there was no significant difference among them(P>0.05).
3. The positive rate of the p - HCG protein expression was 33. 33% (7/21) in lymphnode metastasis group,and 35.00% (7/20) in non - metastatie group. There was no significant difference between them(P>0.05). The positive rates of P - HCG protein expression in the Grade I ,
U , 111 squamous cell carcinoma were 15.38% (2/13) ,40. 00% (6/15),46. 15% (6/13) respectively, and there was no significant difference among them (P>0.05).
4. The infiltrated density of dendritic cells of expressing S- 100 protein is not same in lymphnode metastasis group and in non - metastatie group. There was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). The infiltrated density of dendritic cells of expressing S- 100 protein in the Grade I , II , HI squamous cell carcinoma showing a decreasing trend, and there was significant difference among them (P< 0.01).
5. The infiltrated density of T lymphocytes of expressing CD45Ro protein is not also same in lymphnode metastasis group and in non - metastatie group, but there was no significant difference between them(P>0.05). The infiltrated density of T lymphocytes of expressing CD45Ro protein in the Grade I , II, III squamous cell carcinoma shows a decreasing trend, and there was significant difference among them(P<0.05).
6. There was no relationship between the positive expression of HCG and the infiltrated density of dendritic cell
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22. Acevedo HF, Campbell-Acevedo EA, Buffo Mj, et al. In vivo expression of membrane associated human chorionic gonadotropin by cells isolated from cancerous human tissues [abstract] [J]. Proc Am Ass Cancer Res, 1994,34:27.
23．宁浩勇，虞积耀．人绒毛膜促性腺激素在大肠病变中表达的研究[J]．肿瘤防治研究，2000，27(6)：427-428．
24. Lapthom AJ, Harris DC, Littlejohn A, et al. Crystal structure of human chorionic gonadotropin [J]. Nature, 1994,369:455-461.
25. Matsuda H, MorriM,Tsujitani S, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma antigen and S-100 protein-positive cells in human malignant esophageal tissue [J]. Cancer, 1990,65(10): 2261-2265.
26．阿达莱提，帕提曼，卢晓梅，等．口腔鳞状细胞癌P53、PCNA表达与S-100阳性树突状细胞浸润的免疫组化定量分析[J]．新疆医学院学报，1996，19(4)：289-293．
27．胡孙宏，孙晓南．喉癌组织中树突状细胞S-100蛋白的免疫组化及临床研究[J]．肿瘤，2000，20(5)：373-374．
28．曹荣华，袁宏银，杨国梁，等．乳腺癌中树突状细胞浸润的临床意义[J]．郧阳医学院学报，2001，20(4)：203-205．
29．蔡聪，蔡楚丹，李曼红，等．树突状细胞在膀胱癌中的表达及其临床意义[J]．汕头大学医学院学报，2003，16(2)：70-71．
30. Rodriguez-Sanjuan JC, Val. Bernal F, Buelta Canillo L, et al. Langerhans cells do not influence the postoperative survival of esophageal epidermid carcinoma [J]. Rev Ep Enferm Dig, 1993,84(3): 143-147.
31．宿志弘，李继承，季一鸣．结肠癌淋巴转移时细胞间粘附分子(ICAM-1)表达和树突状细胞分布[J]．浙江大学学报(理学版)，2003，30(3)：327-331．
32．冯云，张宝泉，谭会兵，等．喉癌肿瘤细胞间树突状细胞浸润与局部淋巴转移及癌周淋巴细胞反应的关系[J]．中华耳鼻喉科杂志，2001，36(4)：264-267．
33．王根和，沈志祥，沈磊，等．胃癌组织中记忆T细胞与TNM分期关系的研究[J]．胃肠病学，2001，6(4)：220-222．
34．应小平，赵延红，刘利，等．人乳腺癌中CD20、CD45Ro、CD68的表达及意义[J]．陕西中医学院学报，2003，26(4)：43-45．
35．陈方敏，曾甫清．β-绒毛膜促性腺激素与膀胱肿瘤[J]．泌尿外科杂志，2002，17(5)：242-243．
36．苏建堂，眭元庚，尤国才．血和尿中人绒毛膜促性腺激素含量与膀胱肿瘤生物学行为的关系[J]．中华泌尿外科杂志，1996，17(9)：531-532．
37. Wild CP. Ridanant transformation and disse mination of gastrointestinal tumors. [J]. Cancer, 1995.64(1): 176-181.
38．陈云，石树群，杨颖，等．人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚基DNA疫苗的构建及其抗肿瘤作用的初步研究[J]．生物化学与生物物理进展，2003，30(1)：60-64．
39．王立新，关庆东，吴瑾，等．异位hCGβ-CTP37基因疫苗的抗肿瘤作用[J]．中国癌症杂志，2003，13(3)：193-196．
40. Hoon DS, Sarantou T, Doi F,et al. Detection of metastatic breast cancer by beta-hCG polymerase chain reaction[J]. Int J Cancer, 1996,69(5):369-374.
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11．姜永光，曾甫清，肖传国．膀胱癌组织βHCG mRNA及其亚型表达分析[J]．中华泌尿外科杂志，2002，23(7)：431-433．
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14．姜汉国，唐慰萍，曹军，等．胃腺癌局部淋巴结树突状细胞对转移和预后的影响[J]．宁夏医学杂志，2002，24(7)：390-391．
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18. Trias I, Campo E, Benasco C, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin in esophageal carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study. Pathol-Res-Pract, 1991,187 (4):503-7.
19. Acevedo HF, Krichevsky A, Campbell-Acevedo EA, et al. Flow cytometry method for the analysis of membrane-associated human chorionic gonadotropin, its subunits, and fragments on human cancer cells [J]. Cancer, 1992,69 (7): 1818-1828.
20. Acevedo HF, krichevsky A, Campbell-Acevedo EA, et al. Expression of membraneassociated human chorionic gonadotmpin, its subunits, and fragments by cultured human cancer cells [J]. Cancer, 1992,69(7) 1829-1842.
21. Acevedo HF, Hartsock RJ, Maroom JC. Detection of membrane-associated human chorionic gonadotropin, its subunits on cultured human caucer cells of the nervous system [J]. Cancer De-tect Prey, 1997,21 (4) 295-303.
22. Acevedo HF, Campbell-Acevedo EA, Buffo Mj, et al. In vivo expression of membrane associated human chorionic gonadotropin by cells isolated from cancerous human tissues [abstract] [J]. Proc Am Ass Cancer Res, 1994,34:27.
23．宁浩勇，虞积耀．人绒毛膜促性腺激素在大肠病变中表达的研究[J]．肿瘤防治研究，2000，27(6)：427-428．
24. Lapthom AJ, Harris DC, Littlejohn A, et al. Crystal structure of human chorionic gonadotropin [J]. Nature, 1994,369:455-461.
25. Matsuda H, MorriM,Tsujitani S, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma antigen and S-100 protein-positive cells in human malignant esophageal tissue [J]. Cancer, 1990,65(10): 2261-2265.
26．阿达莱提，帕提曼，卢晓梅，等．口腔鳞状细胞癌P53、PCNA表达与S-100阳性树突状细胞浸润的免疫组化定量分析[J]．新疆医学院学报，1996，19(4)：289-293．
27．胡孙宏，孙晓南．喉癌组织中树突状细胞S-100蛋白的免疫组化及临床研究[J]．肿瘤，2000，20(5)：373-374．
28．曹荣华，袁宏银，杨国梁，等．乳腺癌中树突状细胞浸润的临床意义[J]．郧阳医学院学报，2001，20(4)：203-205．
29．蔡聪，蔡楚丹，李曼红，等．树突状细胞在膀胱癌中的表达及其临床意义[J]．汕头大学医学院学报，2003，16(2)：70-71．
30. Rodriguez-Sanjuan JC, Val. Bernal F, Buelta Canillo L, et al. Langerhans cells do not influence the postoperative survival of esophageal epidermid carcinoma [J]. Rev Ep Enferm Dig, 1993,84(3): 143-147.
31．宿志弘，李继承，季一鸣．结肠癌淋巴转移时细胞间粘附分子(ICAM-1)表达和树突状细胞分布[J]．浙江大学学报(理学版)，2003，30(3)：327-331．
32．冯云，张宝泉，谭会兵，等．喉癌肿瘤细胞间树突状细胞浸润与局部淋巴转移及癌周淋巴细胞反应的关系[J]．中华耳鼻喉科杂志，2001，36(4)：264-267．
33．王根和，沈志祥，沈磊，等．胃癌组织中记忆T细胞与TNM分期关系的研究[J]．胃肠病学，2001，6(4)：220-222．
34．应小平，赵延红，刘利，等．人乳腺癌中CD20、CD45Ro、CD68的表达及意义[J]．陕西中医学院学报，2003，26(4)：43-45．
35．陈方敏，曾甫清．β-绒毛膜促性腺激素与膀胱肿瘤[J]．泌尿外科杂志，2002，17(5)：242-243．
36．苏建堂，眭元庚，尤国才．血和尿中人绒毛膜促性腺激素含量与膀胱肿瘤生物学行为的关系[J]．中华泌尿外科杂志，1996，17(9)：531-532．
37. Wild CP. Ridanant transformation and disse mination of gastrointestinal tumors. [J]. Cancer, 1995.64(1): 176-181.
38．陈云，石树群，杨颖，等．人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚基DNA疫苗的构建及其抗肿瘤作用的初步研究[J]．生物化学与生物物理进展，2003，30(1)：60-64．
39．王立新，关庆东，吴瑾，等．异位hCGβ-CTP37基因疫苗的抗肿瘤作用[J]．中国癌症杂志，2003，13(3)：193-196．
40. Hoon DS, Sarantou T, Doi F,et al. Detection of metastatic breast cancer by beta-hCG polymerase chain reaction[J]. Int J Cancer, 1996,69(5):369-374.