安徽铜陵地区层控矽卡岩型矿床控矿因素及成矿模型研究
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摘要
矽卡岩成矿作用是区域成矿学研究的重要课题之一。层控矽卡岩矿床是矽卡岩型矿床勘查和研究的重点对象,对其进行详细研究有助于深化对区域成矿过程的认识,为丰富矽卡岩矿床成矿理论和进一步勘查矽卡岩型矿床补充新的科学依据。铜陵矿集区是长江中下游成矿带的重要组成部分,区内层控矽卡岩型铜、铁、金矿床分布广泛,且其矿床特征在长江中下游地区乃至中国东部都具有典型性和代表性,是研究层控矽卡岩矿床成矿机制的理想地区。
     本文从区域地质、矿床地质、矿物学和地球化学等方面对安徽铜陵地区冬瓜山和大团山两个典型层控矽卡岩矿床进行了详细研究,并在此基础上探讨了层控矽卡岩型矿床的控矿因素和成矿机制。控矿因素分析表明,铜陵地区层控矽卡岩型矿床主要受控于矿胚层、岩浆活动、构造-岩性组合、有机质和蒸发岩-膏盐层等因素,其中,构造-岩性组合和岩浆活动是主要控制因素(必要条件),而矿胚层仅为部分矿床的形成起到预富集作用,同样有机质、蒸发岩-膏盐层也仅为部分矿床的形成提供了部分硫源,并起到吸附和还原作用。矿床地质、矿物学、地球化学和流体包裹体研究结果表明,冬瓜山层控矽卡岩型矿床是古生代海相沉积成矿作用和中生代岩浆热液交代-充填成矿作用有机结合(复合)的产物;而大团山层控矽卡岩型矿床是中生代岩浆-热液沿层间断裂交代-充填成矿作用的产物。综合以上资料,初步总结出铜陵地区层控矽卡岩型矿床的成矿模型。在石炭纪中期,由海底喷流作用在区内形成了块状硫化物矿床或矿胚层,矿石成分以硫和铁为主;在印支期构造运动中,特别是褶皱变形中,沿碳酸盐岩与硅质岩(或粉砂岩)界面发生层间滑脱,在区内形成多个层间断裂带;至燕山期,区域构造伸展明显,壳幔交换频繁,导致大规模岩浆-热液活动,一方面岩浆期后热液沿泥盆系五通组砂岩与石炭系黄龙组碳酸盐岩间的层间滑脱构造运移,对石炭纪形成的块状硫化物矿体进行叠加改造,致使块状硫化物矿体进一步富集铜等成矿物质,最终形成大型层控矽卡岩型矿床(如冬瓜山铜矿);另一方面成矿热液沿不具有矿胚层的层间断裂交代-充填,形成中小型层控矽卡岩型矿床(如大团山铜矿)。
Skarn mineralizaion is one of important research issues in regional metallogeny.Stratabound skarn deposit is a key object for the prospecting and study of the skarndeposits. A detailed study on this type of deposits would give a clue to understand theprocess of regional metallogeny, and provide new evidence for enrichment of themetallogenic theroy of skarn deposits and further exploration for skarn depostis. TheTongling ore cluster is an important district along the Middle-Lower Yangtze RiverValley metallogenic belt (MYRB), and stratabound skarn-type Fe-Cu-Au polymetallicdeposits are widely distributed in this district. These deposits are typical representatives inMYRB, even in the eastern China, making this district an excellent natural laboratory forstudying the ore-forming mechanism of the stratabound skarn deposits.
     A detailed geological, mineralogical, geochemical and fluid inclusion study hasbeen carried out on the Dongguashan and Datuanshan deposits in Tongling area, AnhuiProvince, with a focus on an analysis of the ore-controlling factors and metallogenicmodel of stratabound skarn deposits.
     The formation of stratabound skarn deposits in the Tongling area was controlled bysource beds, magmatism, lithological associations, organic materials and gypsumevaporites, etc. The lithological association and magmatism were the main factors, whilesource beds pre-concentrated ore-forming elements for some deposits, and organicmaterials and gypsum evaporites provided part of sulfur, absorbed ore-forming elements,and reduced sulfate to sulfides in some of the deposits. Ore deposit geology, mineralogy,geochemistry and fluid inclusion studies suggested that the Dongguashan strataboundskarn copper deposit was a product related to the Paleozoic syn-sedimentarymineralization and the Mesozoic magma hydrothermal superposition, while theDatuanshan copper deposit was one closely related to Mesozoic magmatic-hydrothermalactivity. These results contributed to develop the following model for the formation ofstratabound skarn mineralization in the Tongling district. During the middle Carbonfierousperiod, massvie sulfide deposits or source beds were formed by exhalative sedimentary,with major ore compositions mainly consisted of sulphur and iron; during the Indosinianstructural movement, especially folding, interlayer detachments occurred betweencarbonate rocks and siliceous sediments/siltstones; during the Yanshanian period,regional extension and crust-mantle interaction caused massvie magama-hydrothermalactivites. On one hand, magmatic hydrothermal moved along interlayer detachmentsbetween Devonian Wutong sandstones and Carboniferouis Huanglong carbonates, and superimposed and reworked the massvie sulfides or source bed developed earlier, whichcontributed to enrich Cu and developed large-sized stratabound skarn deposits (e.g.,Dongguashan copper deposit). On the other hand, hydrothermal fluids filled along theinterlayer detachments without the source beds, and formed mid-sized stratabound skarndeposits (e.g., Datuanshan copper deposit).
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