易门狮子山铜矿床地质特征及钴、银赋存规律研究
|
摘要
狮子山铜矿床位于昆阳裂谷内的易门铜矿田的东矿带上,是典型的沉积-改造型中等规模的铜矿床。论文以狮子山矿床的典型矿体为重点研究对象,针对矿床中的矿物组合、钴、银的赋存状态及富集规律研究的薄弱环节,在系统野外工作的基础上,运用光学显微镜、扫描电镜能谱分析、物相分析、ICP-MS分析等对铜矿石开展研究,分析了矿石组成,总结了矿石结构构造和围岩蚀变特征,划分了成矿期次及矿物生成顺序,阐明成矿期矿物共生组合,揭示了钴、银的赋存状态及其富集规律。
矿床中主要的赋矿地层有因民组、落雪组和鹅头厂组底部,地层岩性构造控矿明显；矿体主要呈层状、似层状、不规则脉状、透镜状等。根据矿体、产状与围岩特征,将矿体分为五种类型：板岩型矿体、碳酸盐岩型矿体、砂岩型矿体、“稀矿山式”铜铁矿体、基性岩型铜铁矿(化)体。
矿床中矿石矿物主要有：黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿,脉石矿物主要有：白云石、石英、方解石；钻、银的载体矿物主要是黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿和辉砷钴矿。钴的赋存状态主要是独立矿物(钴黄铁矿与辉砷钴矿)和类质同像两种；银的赋存状态主要是类质同像、亚显微银和分散态,其次是自然银形式赋存于载体矿物中；在黄铜矿、黄铁矿与斑铜矿中主要呈类质同像存在。
钴的富集规律是：从落雪组→因民组→鹅头厂组,钴含量依次降低；五种类型矿体中,从碳酸盐岩型矿体→“稀矿山式”铜铁矿体→砂岩型矿体→基性岩型铜铁矿化(体)→板岩型矿体,钴含量依次降低；从7中段→15中段→13中段,钴含量依次降低。银的赋存规律是：从落雪组→因民组→鹅头厂组,银含量降低；五种类型矿体中,从碳酸盐岩型矿体→“稀矿山式”铜铁矿体→砂岩型矿体→基性岩型铜铁矿化(体)→板岩型矿体,银含量降低；从7中段→13中段→15中段,银含量依次降低。在横向上,矿体中钴、银含量在13中段矿体两端高,中心低,矿体中钴、银含量在15中段矿体两端低,中心高；垂向上,矿体两端是由高变低,矿体中心是由低变高。
矿石中钻、银的赋存状态决定了在当前技术条件下只有在选矿中富集、在冶炼中回收,同时为矿床经济评价、钴、银组分综合利用及合理回收提供了重要依据。
Shizishan copper deposit locates in the Yimen copper ore field east metallogenic belt of the KunYang rift,it is the typical sedimentary reformation middle scale copper deposit. Typital orebody of Shizishan copper deposit is the important research object in the thesis,according to weaks links which the deposit mineral association and the occurrence state enrichment regularity of cobalt and silver, based on the system field work, it carring out the copper minerals using optical microscope,sem energy spectrum analysis,phase analysis,Icp-Ms analysis etc,and then it identified mineral species,summarized ore structure and wall rock alteration characteristics, identified of metallizing ph'aze and mineral generation sequence,illustrated every stage mineral assemblage,revealed Enrichment regularit and occurrence state of cobalt and silver.
Shizishan copper deposit mainly host strata are Yin min formation,Luo xue formation,Ertouchang formation,strata lithology ore-controlling is obvious,orebody mainly are layered,atratiform-like,irregular vein etc,according to orebody,occurrence and wall rock characteristics,the orebodies are divided into five types:slate type orebody,carbonate type orebody,sand stone type orebody,dilute mine delafossite orebody,basic rock delafossite mineralized body.
The ore minerals mainly are chalcopyrite,borite and pyrite,the gangue minerals mainly are dolomite,quartz and calcite. the silver and cobalt carrier minerals are minly chalcopyrite and bornite and pyrite and cobaltite in the copper deposit,the cobalt occurrence state mainly independent minerals and isomorphism,silver occurrence state mainly native silver,isomorphism,sub-micro-morphology silver and dispersed state.in chalcopyrite and pyrite and bornite,silover form of isomorphism.
The enrichment regularity of cobalt:in the formation, the content decrease in Luo xue formation→Yin min formation→Er touchang formation;the content decrease in carbonate type orebody→dilute mine delafossite orebody→sand stone type orebody→alkali gabbro mineralized body→slate type orebody;the content decrease 7middle segments→15middle segments→13middle segments; The enrichment regularity of silver:the content decrease in Luo xue formation→Yin min formation→Er touchang formation, the content decrease in carbonate type orebody→dilute mine delafossite orebody→sand stone type orebody→alkali gabbro mineralized body→slate type orebody;the content decrease 7middle segments→13middle segments→15middle segments;in the transverse,cobalt and silver content high in the two ends of 13formation orebody and the low in the intermediate, cobalt and silver content low in the two ends of 15formation orebody and the high in the intermediate;in the vertical, the content decrease in the two ends of orebody, the content increase in the intermediate of orebody.
The occurrence state of the cobalt and silver determined that cobalt and silver are enrichmented in the mineral processing and recoveried in the smelting in the current technical condition,and then it provide important evidence for economic evaluation of deposit,components comprehensive utilization of cobalt and silver and rational recovery.
矿床中主要的赋矿地层有因民组、落雪组和鹅头厂组底部,地层岩性构造控矿明显；矿体主要呈层状、似层状、不规则脉状、透镜状等。根据矿体、产状与围岩特征,将矿体分为五种类型：板岩型矿体、碳酸盐岩型矿体、砂岩型矿体、“稀矿山式”铜铁矿体、基性岩型铜铁矿(化)体。
矿床中矿石矿物主要有：黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿,脉石矿物主要有：白云石、石英、方解石；钻、银的载体矿物主要是黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿和辉砷钴矿。钴的赋存状态主要是独立矿物(钴黄铁矿与辉砷钴矿)和类质同像两种；银的赋存状态主要是类质同像、亚显微银和分散态,其次是自然银形式赋存于载体矿物中；在黄铜矿、黄铁矿与斑铜矿中主要呈类质同像存在。
钴的富集规律是：从落雪组→因民组→鹅头厂组,钴含量依次降低；五种类型矿体中,从碳酸盐岩型矿体→“稀矿山式”铜铁矿体→砂岩型矿体→基性岩型铜铁矿化(体)→板岩型矿体,钴含量依次降低；从7中段→15中段→13中段,钴含量依次降低。银的赋存规律是：从落雪组→因民组→鹅头厂组,银含量降低；五种类型矿体中,从碳酸盐岩型矿体→“稀矿山式”铜铁矿体→砂岩型矿体→基性岩型铜铁矿化(体)→板岩型矿体,银含量降低；从7中段→13中段→15中段,银含量依次降低。在横向上,矿体中钴、银含量在13中段矿体两端高,中心低,矿体中钴、银含量在15中段矿体两端低,中心高；垂向上,矿体两端是由高变低,矿体中心是由低变高。
矿石中钻、银的赋存状态决定了在当前技术条件下只有在选矿中富集、在冶炼中回收,同时为矿床经济评价、钴、银组分综合利用及合理回收提供了重要依据。
Shizishan copper deposit locates in the Yimen copper ore field east metallogenic belt of the KunYang rift,it is the typical sedimentary reformation middle scale copper deposit. Typital orebody of Shizishan copper deposit is the important research object in the thesis,according to weaks links which the deposit mineral association and the occurrence state enrichment regularity of cobalt and silver, based on the system field work, it carring out the copper minerals using optical microscope,sem energy spectrum analysis,phase analysis,Icp-Ms analysis etc,and then it identified mineral species,summarized ore structure and wall rock alteration characteristics, identified of metallizing ph'aze and mineral generation sequence,illustrated every stage mineral assemblage,revealed Enrichment regularit and occurrence state of cobalt and silver.
Shizishan copper deposit mainly host strata are Yin min formation,Luo xue formation,Ertouchang formation,strata lithology ore-controlling is obvious,orebody mainly are layered,atratiform-like,irregular vein etc,according to orebody,occurrence and wall rock characteristics,the orebodies are divided into five types:slate type orebody,carbonate type orebody,sand stone type orebody,dilute mine delafossite orebody,basic rock delafossite mineralized body.
The ore minerals mainly are chalcopyrite,borite and pyrite,the gangue minerals mainly are dolomite,quartz and calcite. the silver and cobalt carrier minerals are minly chalcopyrite and bornite and pyrite and cobaltite in the copper deposit,the cobalt occurrence state mainly independent minerals and isomorphism,silver occurrence state mainly native silver,isomorphism,sub-micro-morphology silver and dispersed state.in chalcopyrite and pyrite and bornite,silover form of isomorphism.
The enrichment regularity of cobalt:in the formation, the content decrease in Luo xue formation→Yin min formation→Er touchang formation;the content decrease in carbonate type orebody→dilute mine delafossite orebody→sand stone type orebody→alkali gabbro mineralized body→slate type orebody;the content decrease 7middle segments→15middle segments→13middle segments; The enrichment regularity of silver:the content decrease in Luo xue formation→Yin min formation→Er touchang formation, the content decrease in carbonate type orebody→dilute mine delafossite orebody→sand stone type orebody→alkali gabbro mineralized body→slate type orebody;the content decrease 7middle segments→13middle segments→15middle segments;in the transverse,cobalt and silver content high in the two ends of 13formation orebody and the low in the intermediate, cobalt and silver content low in the two ends of 15formation orebody and the high in the intermediate;in the vertical, the content decrease in the two ends of orebody, the content increase in the intermediate of orebody.
The occurrence state of the cobalt and silver determined that cobalt and silver are enrichmented in the mineral processing and recoveried in the smelting in the current technical condition,and then it provide important evidence for economic evaluation of deposit,components comprehensive utilization of cobalt and silver and rational recovery.
引文
[01]罗晓玲.国内外铜矿资源分析.世界有色金属[J].2000,(4)：4-9
[02]国土资源部储量司.200223全国矿产资源储量通报[EB/OL]北京,北京矿产地质研究所.网址http://www.bigm.eom.en/news/news31.htm
[03]中国地质调杳局.200655.地质大调查找矿成果[EB/OL]北京中国网http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/kuaixun/1270012.htm
[04]张莓.1995-2010年世界和中国铜的供需概略分析(续)[J].中国金属通报,2007S0,32-34
[05]周品云.世界铜矿产资源.中国矿产资源通报[R].2005,(1)：26-27
[06]Harriso. p. and Agterberg F. p.1981. The Appraisal of Mineral Resourees. Eeon · Geo · The seventy～fifth Anniversary Volume, (1905-1980):897-938
[07]王之田,秦克章.中国铜矿床类型、成矿地质环境及时空分布[J].地质学报.1988.38(3)：23-24
[08]黄崇柯.中国银矿床及其时空分布.北京,地质出版社.2002.1-29
[09]李绥远等.中国伴生银矿床银的工艺矿物学.北京,地质出版社.1996.57-81
[10]中国有色金属工业总公司.中国银矿.北京：北京矿产地质研究所出版,1990,1-18
[11]吴美德,楼亚儿,古方,等.国外银矿及典型矿床.北京：中国地质矿产信息研究院出版,1991,1-100
[12]周卫宁.中国主要伴(共)生银矿床银的赋存状态研究.矿产地质,1994,42(8)：233-244
[13]战新志,张乾,董振生,等.几个独立银矿床矿物学研究.矿物学报,1999,19(4)：465-46
[14]赵金洲.板厂银多金属矿区银的赋存状态及富集规律的初步研究.黄金,2003,24(3)：23-26
[15]支风岐,刘灵恩,索勇.河南省熊耳山西段沙沟西银铅矿区地质特征及找矿前景分析矿产与地质,2004,18(1)：35-38
[16]孙晓明.世界钴资源的分布及应用.有色金属.2000,(1)：1-4
[17]克鲁托夫Г A著,张予廉等译.钴矿床[M].北京：中国工业出版社,1965
[18]Kangna A G.1985世界钴矿资源简介.叶璇摘译.矿产地质动态.(7)：22-25
[19]高怀义.1987.我国钴矿石及钴矿床的类型.矿产地质动态,(2)；6-12
[20]刘大星.2000.国内外钻的生产消费与技术进展[J].有色冶金,29(5)：4-9.
[21]刘有锡,王顺昌.国际钴市场简析[J].世界有色金属.1994,12
[22]韩润生,刘丛强,孙克祥等.易门式铜矿床的多因复成成因[J].大地构造与成矿学,2000, 24(2)：146-154
[23]冉崇英.康滇裂谷旋回与铜矿层楼结构及其地球化学演化[J].中国科学,1994,VoL24(3)：325-330
[24]Han Runsheng, Zou Hai jun, Liu Congqiang and Ma Gengsheng,2007. Characteristics of Major deposit types and Genesis of Yimen-type Copper Deposits, Yunnan, China. Geological Bulletin of China,26(12):1547-1563
[25]张志斌、曹德斌,1997.对易门狮子山铜矿床成因的认识.云南地质.16(4)：350-358
[26]黄楚兴.康滇地轴云南段前寒武系层控铜矿地质地球化学特征及成矿机理探讨(D).昆明理工大学研究生毕业论文,1991,7：1-102
[27]韩润生,刘丛强,马德云等.易门式大型铜矿床构造成矿动力学模型[J].地质科学
[28]薛步高.再论易门—元江铜矿区绿汁江组狮山段的层位归属[J].云南地质,1998,17(1)：100-108
[29]田毓龙,秦德先,胡光龙等.三家厂铜矿地质地球化学及找矿[J].矿物学报,200020(1)：73-79
[30]韩润生,李元.易门式铜矿床构造成矿动力学研究.昆明理工大学科研报告(R),2000,6：1-97
[31]孙克祥.易门凤山铜矿床成矿地质特征[J].云南地质,1996,15(2)：164-179
[32]吴礼馄.易门铜矿的控矿构造[J].云南地质,1959,8(2)：154-163
[33]黄仲权.昆阳群滑覆构造的控矿作用[J].云南地质,1997,16(1)：40-51.
[34]马德云,韩润生,刘伟.易门凤山铜矿床断裂构造地球化学特征[J].昆明理工大学学报,1999,24(1)：157-61.
[35]云南省矿产地质局.1990.云南省区域地质志.北京地质出版社.552-565
[36]昆明理工大学西南地调所.云南省易门县狮子山铜矿床伴生钴、银的赋存状态与评价研究报告(R).云南：2008
[37]云南易门矿务局.云南省易门狮山铜矿床伴生银赋存状态及分布规律研究(R).云南：1993
[38]孙家骢,1995.易门式铜矿床构造地球化学特征及盲矿预测.昆明理工大学矿产地质研究所、易门矿务局(科研报告).
[39]孙家骢,韩润生.,易门矿区老矿山深部及外围找矿研究.易门矿务局总结报告(R),1998
[40]韩润生,孙家骢,李俊等.易门铜矿“镜面对称”成矿及意义[J].地质力学学报,1999,5(2)：77-82.
[41]张学诚,马丽华,陈启良.东川稀矿山铜(铁)矿床火山—喷流沉积成矿作用的初步研究[J]. 云南地质,1994,13(2)：139-148
[42]李天福、蒋家申、陈贤胜,1996.易门狮子山铜矿成矿环境及稀矿山式铁铜矿特征.云南地质.15(2)：192-204
[43]秦德先,田毓龙,燕永锋等.云南易门狮子山铜矿的地球化学[J].地质学报,2000,74(1)：72-84
[44]尚睿等,1973,易门铜矿矿石组构及其成因,第三届全国矿床会议论文摘要
[45]云南达亚有色金属有限公司.云南省易门县狮子山铜矿接替资源勘查报告(R).云南：2006
[46]裴荣富,吴良士.矿物共生和矿物共生组合研究与成矿年代学.矿床地质,1995,14(2)：185-188
[47]陈正.矿石学.北京：北京科学技术出版社,1990,1-100
[48]马鸿文.工业矿物与岩石.北京：地质出版社,2002,1-50
[49]徐国风.矿相学教程.武汉：武汉地质学院出版社,1986,1-200
[50]中国地质科学院地质矿产所.金属矿物显微镜鉴定.北京：地质出版社,1978,218-228
[51]王濮,潘兆槽.翁玲宝等.系统矿物学.北京：地质出版社.1982
[52]北京矿冶研究院编.化学物相分析[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1976
[53]王志,季京伟,林述明.扫描电镜在水泥研究中的运用[J].山东建材,1995,(2)：12-16.
[54]陈方远,曾令森,梁凤华.定量确定中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩磷灰石中出溶体的组成：扫描电镜能谱分析(EDs)的应用[J].地质学报,2006,V80(20)：1930-1934.
[55]冶金工业部钢铁研究总院物理扫描电镜组.物质元素的x射线分析—能谱测试技术及其应用.北京：科学普及出版社,1984.
[56]赵文霞,胡育贤,廖成竹等.电子探针中的Map图在矿物出溶体中的应用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,V43(5)：95-97.
[57]陈世朴,王永瑞.金属电子显微分析[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992：177-180.
[58]刘永康,叶光贤,林卓然,李德忍.电子探针X射线显微分析.北京：科学出版社,1973.
[59]陈克樵.硫化物和硫盐矿物电子探针定量分析方法研究.中国地质社学院矿床所所刊,1989.1：167-180
[60]陈克樵.电子探微区分析技术在地学中的应用.国外矿床地质(增刊),1986.51-84
[61]周剑雄,陈克樵等.电子探针分析.北京：地质出版社,1988
[62]陈克樵,徐和聆,马醒华等.电子探针分析技术在古地磁重磁化问题研究中的应用.岩矿测试,2002,V121(11)：1-6.
[63]余建英,何旭宏.数据统计分析与SPSS应用.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.
[64]Leon Dejonghe.Zinc-lead deposits of Belgium Ore Geology Reviews,1998,12:329-354
[65]LiC,Chen YJ,He SD.East Qinling-Dabieshan lithosphere delaminating age,mechanism and direction(petrological evidences and stipulation.Chinese J.Geochem.,2001,20:59-72
[66]Ni P,Fan JG,Tian JH.Mesozoic tectonic-hydrothermal activity driven gold metallogenesis in Dandong area,south Liaoning;evidence from FIP.Acta Petrologica Sinica,2000,16:506-512(in Chinese with English abstract)
[67]Nie Feng-Jun,Jiang Si-Hong,Su Xin-Xu.Geological features and origin of gold deposits occurring in the Baotou-Bayan Obo district,south-central Inner Mongolia,People's Republic of China.Ore Geology Reviews 2002,20:139-169
[68]Ohmotto H,Rye RO.Isotopes of sulphur and carbon.In;Barnes HL(ed.).Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits.John Wiley,New York:1979,509-567
[69]PettkeT,Diamond LW, Krameis JD.Mesothermal gold lodes in the north-westernAlps;A review of genetic constraints from radiogenic isotopes.、Eur.J.Mineral,2000,12:213-230
[70]Pirajno F,Bagas L.Cold and silver metallogeny of the South China Fold Belt;a consequence of multiple mineralizing events?Ore Geol.Rev.,2002,20:109-126
[71]Rui ZY,Goldfarb RJ,Qiu YM.Paleozoic-early Mesozoic gold deposits of theXinjiang Autonomous Region,northwestern China.Miner.Deposita,2002,37:393-418
[72]S.Lakshmi Reddy,R.Rama Subba Reddy,G.Siva Reddy,etc.l.Optical absorption and EPR spectra of fuchsite.Spectrochimica Acta Part A,2003,59:2603-2609
[73]S.A.Bolorunduro,D.B.Dreisinger,G.Van Weert.Fundamental study of silver deportment during the pressure oxidation of sulphide ores and concentrates.Minerals Engineering,2003,16:695-708
[74]S.R.Grano,C.A.Prestidge,J.Ralston.Sulphite modification of galena surfaces and its effect on flotation and xanthate adsorption.Int.J. Miner.Process,1997,52:129
[75]Stephen E.Kesler,Stephen L.Chryssoulis,Grigore Simon.Gold in porphyry copper deposits:its abundance and fate.Ore Geology Reviews,2002,21:103-124
[76]Townley BK,Godwin CI.Isotope characterization of lead in galena from ore deposits of the Aysen Region,southern Chile.Miner Deposits,2001,36:45-57
[02]国土资源部储量司.200223全国矿产资源储量通报[EB/OL]北京,北京矿产地质研究所.网址http://www.bigm.eom.en/news/news31.htm
[03]中国地质调杳局.200655.地质大调查找矿成果[EB/OL]北京中国网http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/kuaixun/1270012.htm
[04]张莓.1995-2010年世界和中国铜的供需概略分析(续)[J].中国金属通报,2007S0,32-34
[05]周品云.世界铜矿产资源.中国矿产资源通报[R].2005,(1)：26-27
[06]Harriso. p. and Agterberg F. p.1981. The Appraisal of Mineral Resourees. Eeon · Geo · The seventy～fifth Anniversary Volume, (1905-1980):897-938
[07]王之田,秦克章.中国铜矿床类型、成矿地质环境及时空分布[J].地质学报.1988.38(3)：23-24
[08]黄崇柯.中国银矿床及其时空分布.北京,地质出版社.2002.1-29
[09]李绥远等.中国伴生银矿床银的工艺矿物学.北京,地质出版社.1996.57-81
[10]中国有色金属工业总公司.中国银矿.北京：北京矿产地质研究所出版,1990,1-18
[11]吴美德,楼亚儿,古方,等.国外银矿及典型矿床.北京：中国地质矿产信息研究院出版,1991,1-100
[12]周卫宁.中国主要伴(共)生银矿床银的赋存状态研究.矿产地质,1994,42(8)：233-244
[13]战新志,张乾,董振生,等.几个独立银矿床矿物学研究.矿物学报,1999,19(4)：465-46
[14]赵金洲.板厂银多金属矿区银的赋存状态及富集规律的初步研究.黄金,2003,24(3)：23-26
[15]支风岐,刘灵恩,索勇.河南省熊耳山西段沙沟西银铅矿区地质特征及找矿前景分析矿产与地质,2004,18(1)：35-38
[16]孙晓明.世界钴资源的分布及应用.有色金属.2000,(1)：1-4
[17]克鲁托夫Г A著,张予廉等译.钴矿床[M].北京：中国工业出版社,1965
[18]Kangna A G.1985世界钴矿资源简介.叶璇摘译.矿产地质动态.(7)：22-25
[19]高怀义.1987.我国钴矿石及钴矿床的类型.矿产地质动态,(2)；6-12
[20]刘大星.2000.国内外钻的生产消费与技术进展[J].有色冶金,29(5)：4-9.
[21]刘有锡,王顺昌.国际钴市场简析[J].世界有色金属.1994,12
[22]韩润生,刘丛强,孙克祥等.易门式铜矿床的多因复成成因[J].大地构造与成矿学,2000, 24(2)：146-154
[23]冉崇英.康滇裂谷旋回与铜矿层楼结构及其地球化学演化[J].中国科学,1994,VoL24(3)：325-330
[24]Han Runsheng, Zou Hai jun, Liu Congqiang and Ma Gengsheng,2007. Characteristics of Major deposit types and Genesis of Yimen-type Copper Deposits, Yunnan, China. Geological Bulletin of China,26(12):1547-1563
[25]张志斌、曹德斌,1997.对易门狮子山铜矿床成因的认识.云南地质.16(4)：350-358
[26]黄楚兴.康滇地轴云南段前寒武系层控铜矿地质地球化学特征及成矿机理探讨(D).昆明理工大学研究生毕业论文,1991,7：1-102
[27]韩润生,刘丛强,马德云等.易门式大型铜矿床构造成矿动力学模型[J].地质科学
[28]薛步高.再论易门—元江铜矿区绿汁江组狮山段的层位归属[J].云南地质,1998,17(1)：100-108
[29]田毓龙,秦德先,胡光龙等.三家厂铜矿地质地球化学及找矿[J].矿物学报,200020(1)：73-79
[30]韩润生,李元.易门式铜矿床构造成矿动力学研究.昆明理工大学科研报告(R),2000,6：1-97
[31]孙克祥.易门凤山铜矿床成矿地质特征[J].云南地质,1996,15(2)：164-179
[32]吴礼馄.易门铜矿的控矿构造[J].云南地质,1959,8(2)：154-163
[33]黄仲权.昆阳群滑覆构造的控矿作用[J].云南地质,1997,16(1)：40-51.
[34]马德云,韩润生,刘伟.易门凤山铜矿床断裂构造地球化学特征[J].昆明理工大学学报,1999,24(1)：157-61.
[35]云南省矿产地质局.1990.云南省区域地质志.北京地质出版社.552-565
[36]昆明理工大学西南地调所.云南省易门县狮子山铜矿床伴生钴、银的赋存状态与评价研究报告(R).云南：2008
[37]云南易门矿务局.云南省易门狮山铜矿床伴生银赋存状态及分布规律研究(R).云南：1993
[38]孙家骢,1995.易门式铜矿床构造地球化学特征及盲矿预测.昆明理工大学矿产地质研究所、易门矿务局(科研报告).
[39]孙家骢,韩润生.,易门矿区老矿山深部及外围找矿研究.易门矿务局总结报告(R),1998
[40]韩润生,孙家骢,李俊等.易门铜矿“镜面对称”成矿及意义[J].地质力学学报,1999,5(2)：77-82.
[41]张学诚,马丽华,陈启良.东川稀矿山铜(铁)矿床火山—喷流沉积成矿作用的初步研究[J]. 云南地质,1994,13(2)：139-148
[42]李天福、蒋家申、陈贤胜,1996.易门狮子山铜矿成矿环境及稀矿山式铁铜矿特征.云南地质.15(2)：192-204
[43]秦德先,田毓龙,燕永锋等.云南易门狮子山铜矿的地球化学[J].地质学报,2000,74(1)：72-84
[44]尚睿等,1973,易门铜矿矿石组构及其成因,第三届全国矿床会议论文摘要
[45]云南达亚有色金属有限公司.云南省易门县狮子山铜矿接替资源勘查报告(R).云南：2006
[46]裴荣富,吴良士.矿物共生和矿物共生组合研究与成矿年代学.矿床地质,1995,14(2)：185-188
[47]陈正.矿石学.北京：北京科学技术出版社,1990,1-100
[48]马鸿文.工业矿物与岩石.北京：地质出版社,2002,1-50
[49]徐国风.矿相学教程.武汉：武汉地质学院出版社,1986,1-200
[50]中国地质科学院地质矿产所.金属矿物显微镜鉴定.北京：地质出版社,1978,218-228
[51]王濮,潘兆槽.翁玲宝等.系统矿物学.北京：地质出版社.1982
[52]北京矿冶研究院编.化学物相分析[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1976
[53]王志,季京伟,林述明.扫描电镜在水泥研究中的运用[J].山东建材,1995,(2)：12-16.
[54]陈方远,曾令森,梁凤华.定量确定中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩磷灰石中出溶体的组成：扫描电镜能谱分析(EDs)的应用[J].地质学报,2006,V80(20)：1930-1934.
[55]冶金工业部钢铁研究总院物理扫描电镜组.物质元素的x射线分析—能谱测试技术及其应用.北京：科学普及出版社,1984.
[56]赵文霞,胡育贤,廖成竹等.电子探针中的Map图在矿物出溶体中的应用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,V43(5)：95-97.
[57]陈世朴,王永瑞.金属电子显微分析[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992：177-180.
[58]刘永康,叶光贤,林卓然,李德忍.电子探针X射线显微分析.北京：科学出版社,1973.
[59]陈克樵.硫化物和硫盐矿物电子探针定量分析方法研究.中国地质社学院矿床所所刊,1989.1：167-180
[60]陈克樵.电子探微区分析技术在地学中的应用.国外矿床地质(增刊),1986.51-84
[61]周剑雄,陈克樵等.电子探针分析.北京：地质出版社,1988
[62]陈克樵,徐和聆,马醒华等.电子探针分析技术在古地磁重磁化问题研究中的应用.岩矿测试,2002,V121(11)：1-6.
[63]余建英,何旭宏.数据统计分析与SPSS应用.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.
[64]Leon Dejonghe.Zinc-lead deposits of Belgium Ore Geology Reviews,1998,12:329-354
[65]LiC,Chen YJ,He SD.East Qinling-Dabieshan lithosphere delaminating age,mechanism and direction(petrological evidences and stipulation.Chinese J.Geochem.,2001,20:59-72
[66]Ni P,Fan JG,Tian JH.Mesozoic tectonic-hydrothermal activity driven gold metallogenesis in Dandong area,south Liaoning;evidence from FIP.Acta Petrologica Sinica,2000,16:506-512(in Chinese with English abstract)
[67]Nie Feng-Jun,Jiang Si-Hong,Su Xin-Xu.Geological features and origin of gold deposits occurring in the Baotou-Bayan Obo district,south-central Inner Mongolia,People's Republic of China.Ore Geology Reviews 2002,20:139-169
[68]Ohmotto H,Rye RO.Isotopes of sulphur and carbon.In;Barnes HL(ed.).Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits.John Wiley,New York:1979,509-567
[69]PettkeT,Diamond LW, Krameis JD.Mesothermal gold lodes in the north-westernAlps;A review of genetic constraints from radiogenic isotopes.、Eur.J.Mineral,2000,12:213-230
[70]Pirajno F,Bagas L.Cold and silver metallogeny of the South China Fold Belt;a consequence of multiple mineralizing events?Ore Geol.Rev.,2002,20:109-126
[71]Rui ZY,Goldfarb RJ,Qiu YM.Paleozoic-early Mesozoic gold deposits of theXinjiang Autonomous Region,northwestern China.Miner.Deposita,2002,37:393-418
[72]S.Lakshmi Reddy,R.Rama Subba Reddy,G.Siva Reddy,etc.l.Optical absorption and EPR spectra of fuchsite.Spectrochimica Acta Part A,2003,59:2603-2609
[73]S.A.Bolorunduro,D.B.Dreisinger,G.Van Weert.Fundamental study of silver deportment during the pressure oxidation of sulphide ores and concentrates.Minerals Engineering,2003,16:695-708
[74]S.R.Grano,C.A.Prestidge,J.Ralston.Sulphite modification of galena surfaces and its effect on flotation and xanthate adsorption.Int.J. Miner.Process,1997,52:129
[75]Stephen E.Kesler,Stephen L.Chryssoulis,Grigore Simon.Gold in porphyry copper deposits:its abundance and fate.Ore Geology Reviews,2002,21:103-124
[76]Townley BK,Godwin CI.Isotope characterization of lead in galena from ore deposits of the Aysen Region,southern Chile.Miner Deposits,2001,36:45-57