第十届全运会女子标枪运动员投掷步技术的运动学研究
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摘要
女子标枪曾经是我国的优势项目,在20世纪90年代夺得过世界冠军。但是,近年来我国女子标枪竞技水平停滞不前,甚至出现倒退现象,究其原因是多方面的。其中,投掷技术滞后已经成为制约标枪运动发展的重要原因。本文在文献资料、现场观察和录像的基础上,以2005年中华人民共和国第十届全运会田径比赛中参加女子标枪决赛的8名的运动员作为研究对象,采用爱捷-EIMG71解析系统对其投掷步技术进行解析研究,求得投掷步动作的运动学技术参数,依据运动学参数比较不同运动员达到较好运动成绩时所采用的个人独特投掷方式,以获得她们不同的技术风格;同时,与世界优秀女子标枪运动员进行比较,试图找出其投掷步技术的优势与不足,为今后科学地制定运动训练计划,明确运动训练任务,选择运动训练方法,控制运动训练强度等,提供一定的理论依据。
通过对我国第十届全国运动会田径女子标枪决赛的8名运动员的投掷步技术进行运动学研究,结果表明:
1.投掷助跑对标枪的出手效果有一定的影响,我国优秀女子标枪运动员助跑速度较快,但速度利用率不高,从各技术的中间衔接分析可以看出中间环节有待加强。
2.当今世界优秀标枪运动员投掷步步长依次是第3步,第2步,第1步,第4步。我国优秀女子标枪运动员基本符合这一特点。但我国运动员步时短,步频快,可能是中间衔接不够完善。
3.我国优秀女子标枪运动员投掷各步躯干后倾角变化较小,世界选手的躯干后倾角变化较大,说明我国运动员投掷步和最后用力动作对标枪用力的幅度比世界选手小,对标枪施力不够。
4.我国优秀女子标枪运动员的投掷步左脚落地时膝角与世界选手相差不大,但缓冲角度相差较大,以致使左膝缓冲过大,制动效果差,直接影响了身体下肢的动量向上肢的传递,最终影响投掷成绩。
5.最后一个交叉步是投掷步中最为关键的一步。投掷成绩与交叉步前后身体重心水平速度的差值显负相关(R=—0.860)。即速度损失得越小,投掷成绩越好。
并针对所得出的结论,提出了以下建议:
1.尽管我国优秀女子标枪运动员助跑速度较快,但速度利用率不高。交叉步的目的在于保持人体快速运动的情况下,进一步完成躯干的扭转并形成合理的后倾角度,为发力创造良好的肌肉力学条件。我国女子标枪运动员交叉步右脚着地后,左腿没有积极主动的前摆,导致重心水平速度回升不够。训练中应加快左腿的前摆速度,提高重心水平速度,并减少速度损失。
2.我国优秀女子标枪运动员投掷各步躯干后倾角变化较小,世界选手的躯干后倾角变化较大,说明我国运动员投掷步与最后用力动作的幅度比世界选手小,超越器械程度不够,难以形成有利的出手前的预备姿势。训练中应加大第3、4步躯干后倾角度,以加长最后用力的工作距离,有利于速度的发挥和利用。
3.我国优秀女子标枪运动员的投掷步左脚落地时膝角与世界选手相差不大,但缓冲角度相差较大,以致使左膝缓冲过大,制动效果差,影响了身体下肢的动量向上肢的传递,最终影响投掷成绩。
Female javelin was once an advantage project of our country, had carried off the world champion in the 1990s, and had entered the advanced ranks of the world. However, in recent years, the woman of our country javelin moves competence is in stagnating basically, even presenting the phenomenon glided, it is in many aspects to trace it to its cause. It is an important reason that the technology of the athlete of javelin of our country lags behind. Because javelin technology is one of the projects with relatively more complicated technology in the track and field sports, and connects each other and restricts each other between each technological link. Based on literature datum method、pix photography method and analytic method, selected works choose the tenth the whole country in the People's Republic of China to transport to the athlete who know the top 8 of track and field events female javelin throw finals as the research object, adopt the victory of liking - EIMG71 analyzes the system and throws step technology and analyzes research to it, try to get the kinematics technical parameter of throwing step movements, individuals adopted throw the way uniquely when achieving better sport achievement with more different athletes according to the kinematics parameter, in order to obtain different technological styles; Meanwhile, compare with the outstanding female javelin athlete of the world; attempt to find out its advantage and deficiency of throwing step technology. Making us know the complexity and variety and the athlete's personal characteristic and style of the sample of the javelin movement further, in order to make the drill program of the movement scientifically in the future, will define the movement trains the task, design sports and train the procedure, choose the method that the movement trains, controlling sports trains the course to offer certain scientific basis and reference value.
Through carrying on kinematics research to the throw step technology of 8 athletes of the tenth National Games track and field female javelin finals of our country, the result shows:
1. Throwing the run-up will have certain influence on the participating in the result of the javelin, of our country outstanding female javelin athlete run-up speed is very fast, but the utilization ratio of the speed is not high, link up and analyses that can find out the intermediate link remains to strengthen out of every technology.
2. It is the third step sequentially that the outstanding javelin athlete throws step by step long in our times, the second step, the 1 st step, the 4th step. The outstanding female javelin athlete of our country accords with this characteristic basically. But it is short at the time of athlete's step to be of our country, the step is quick frequently, may link up insufficiently and perfectly in the middle.
3. The inclination has little change after the outstanding female javelin athlete of our country throws every step truck, change relatively heavy inclination have after the truck, world of player, prove of our country athlete throw But he exert oneself movement range that javelin exert oneself player little than world correctly finally, not enough in application of force to the javelin.
4. The knee angle is pretty much the same as the player in world when the left foot of throw step of the outstanding female javelin athlete of our country falls, but buffer angle difference bigger, so that make the left knee buffer too big, the result is bad to apply the brake, have influenced the momentum of the body low limbs to influence and throw the achievement finally to the transmission of the upper limbs directly.
5. The most crucial step that the step is thrown in the step that the last one cross. The horizontal speed of the centre of body weight after steps show positive correlation to a certain extent to throw the achievement and cross. Namely the speed is the smaller lost, it is the better to throw the achievement.
And to the conclusions drawn, have proposed consulting the suggestion flowingly.
1. Though of our country outstanding female javelin athlete run-up speed is very fast, the utilization ratio of the speed is not high. Cross under situations that the purposes of steps lie in keeping the human body moving fast, the ones that finish the truck turn back and form the rational one and then incline in the angle further, create the good muscle mechanics condition for having an effect. After the step that javelin athletes of the woman of our country cross right foot lands, the left leg has no positive putting ago, it is not enough to cause the horizontal speed of weight to go up. Putting the speed ago of the ones that should accelerate left leg in training, improve the horizontal speed of center, reduce speed losses.
2. The inclination has little change after the outstanding female javelin athlete of our country throws every step truck, the inclination is relatively great in change after the truck of the player in world, prove it is younger than the player in world that the athlete of our country throws step and range of exerting oneself movements finally, it is not enough to surmount degree of apparatus, it is difficult to form the posture of preparing before favorable participating in. Should incline in the angle after strengthening the third, 4 steps truck in training, in order to extend the job distance exerted oneself finally, help the full play and use of the speed.
3. The knee angle is pretty much the same as the player in world when the left foot of throw step of the outstanding female javelin athlete of our country falls, but buffer angle difference bigger, so that make the left knee buffer too big, the result is bad to apply the brake, have influenced the momentum of the body low limbs to influence and throw the achievement finally to the transmission of the upper limbs.
通过对我国第十届全国运动会田径女子标枪决赛的8名运动员的投掷步技术进行运动学研究,结果表明:
1.投掷助跑对标枪的出手效果有一定的影响,我国优秀女子标枪运动员助跑速度较快,但速度利用率不高,从各技术的中间衔接分析可以看出中间环节有待加强。
2.当今世界优秀标枪运动员投掷步步长依次是第3步,第2步,第1步,第4步。我国优秀女子标枪运动员基本符合这一特点。但我国运动员步时短,步频快,可能是中间衔接不够完善。
3.我国优秀女子标枪运动员投掷各步躯干后倾角变化较小,世界选手的躯干后倾角变化较大,说明我国运动员投掷步和最后用力动作对标枪用力的幅度比世界选手小,对标枪施力不够。
4.我国优秀女子标枪运动员的投掷步左脚落地时膝角与世界选手相差不大,但缓冲角度相差较大,以致使左膝缓冲过大,制动效果差,直接影响了身体下肢的动量向上肢的传递,最终影响投掷成绩。
5.最后一个交叉步是投掷步中最为关键的一步。投掷成绩与交叉步前后身体重心水平速度的差值显负相关(R=—0.860)。即速度损失得越小,投掷成绩越好。
并针对所得出的结论,提出了以下建议:
1.尽管我国优秀女子标枪运动员助跑速度较快,但速度利用率不高。交叉步的目的在于保持人体快速运动的情况下,进一步完成躯干的扭转并形成合理的后倾角度,为发力创造良好的肌肉力学条件。我国女子标枪运动员交叉步右脚着地后,左腿没有积极主动的前摆,导致重心水平速度回升不够。训练中应加快左腿的前摆速度,提高重心水平速度,并减少速度损失。
2.我国优秀女子标枪运动员投掷各步躯干后倾角变化较小,世界选手的躯干后倾角变化较大,说明我国运动员投掷步与最后用力动作的幅度比世界选手小,超越器械程度不够,难以形成有利的出手前的预备姿势。训练中应加大第3、4步躯干后倾角度,以加长最后用力的工作距离,有利于速度的发挥和利用。
3.我国优秀女子标枪运动员的投掷步左脚落地时膝角与世界选手相差不大,但缓冲角度相差较大,以致使左膝缓冲过大,制动效果差,影响了身体下肢的动量向上肢的传递,最终影响投掷成绩。
Female javelin was once an advantage project of our country, had carried off the world champion in the 1990s, and had entered the advanced ranks of the world. However, in recent years, the woman of our country javelin moves competence is in stagnating basically, even presenting the phenomenon glided, it is in many aspects to trace it to its cause. It is an important reason that the technology of the athlete of javelin of our country lags behind. Because javelin technology is one of the projects with relatively more complicated technology in the track and field sports, and connects each other and restricts each other between each technological link. Based on literature datum method、pix photography method and analytic method, selected works choose the tenth the whole country in the People's Republic of China to transport to the athlete who know the top 8 of track and field events female javelin throw finals as the research object, adopt the victory of liking - EIMG71 analyzes the system and throws step technology and analyzes research to it, try to get the kinematics technical parameter of throwing step movements, individuals adopted throw the way uniquely when achieving better sport achievement with more different athletes according to the kinematics parameter, in order to obtain different technological styles; Meanwhile, compare with the outstanding female javelin athlete of the world; attempt to find out its advantage and deficiency of throwing step technology. Making us know the complexity and variety and the athlete's personal characteristic and style of the sample of the javelin movement further, in order to make the drill program of the movement scientifically in the future, will define the movement trains the task, design sports and train the procedure, choose the method that the movement trains, controlling sports trains the course to offer certain scientific basis and reference value.
Through carrying on kinematics research to the throw step technology of 8 athletes of the tenth National Games track and field female javelin finals of our country, the result shows:
1. Throwing the run-up will have certain influence on the participating in the result of the javelin, of our country outstanding female javelin athlete run-up speed is very fast, but the utilization ratio of the speed is not high, link up and analyses that can find out the intermediate link remains to strengthen out of every technology.
2. It is the third step sequentially that the outstanding javelin athlete throws step by step long in our times, the second step, the 1 st step, the 4th step. The outstanding female javelin athlete of our country accords with this characteristic basically. But it is short at the time of athlete's step to be of our country, the step is quick frequently, may link up insufficiently and perfectly in the middle.
3. The inclination has little change after the outstanding female javelin athlete of our country throws every step truck, change relatively heavy inclination have after the truck, world of player, prove of our country athlete throw But he exert oneself movement range that javelin exert oneself player little than world correctly finally, not enough in application of force to the javelin.
4. The knee angle is pretty much the same as the player in world when the left foot of throw step of the outstanding female javelin athlete of our country falls, but buffer angle difference bigger, so that make the left knee buffer too big, the result is bad to apply the brake, have influenced the momentum of the body low limbs to influence and throw the achievement finally to the transmission of the upper limbs directly.
5. The most crucial step that the step is thrown in the step that the last one cross. The horizontal speed of the centre of body weight after steps show positive correlation to a certain extent to throw the achievement and cross. Namely the speed is the smaller lost, it is the better to throw the achievement.
And to the conclusions drawn, have proposed consulting the suggestion flowingly.
1. Though of our country outstanding female javelin athlete run-up speed is very fast, the utilization ratio of the speed is not high. Cross under situations that the purposes of steps lie in keeping the human body moving fast, the ones that finish the truck turn back and form the rational one and then incline in the angle further, create the good muscle mechanics condition for having an effect. After the step that javelin athletes of the woman of our country cross right foot lands, the left leg has no positive putting ago, it is not enough to cause the horizontal speed of weight to go up. Putting the speed ago of the ones that should accelerate left leg in training, improve the horizontal speed of center, reduce speed losses.
2. The inclination has little change after the outstanding female javelin athlete of our country throws every step truck, the inclination is relatively great in change after the truck of the player in world, prove it is younger than the player in world that the athlete of our country throws step and range of exerting oneself movements finally, it is not enough to surmount degree of apparatus, it is difficult to form the posture of preparing before favorable participating in. Should incline in the angle after strengthening the third, 4 steps truck in training, in order to extend the job distance exerted oneself finally, help the full play and use of the speed.
3. The knee angle is pretty much the same as the player in world when the left foot of throw step of the outstanding female javelin athlete of our country falls, but buffer angle difference bigger, so that make the left knee buffer too big, the result is bad to apply the brake, have influenced the momentum of the body low limbs to influence and throw the achievement finally to the transmission of the upper limbs.
引文
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