能量有效的WSNs路由协议与分布式调度方法研究
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摘要
随着无线通讯技术、微电子技术以及传感技术的不断发展,无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks, WSNs)越来越受到研究人员的关注,在军事、民用等诸多领域应用广泛,成为测试领域研究的前沿与热点问题之一。
WSNs研究的一个重要问题是在满足一定应用需求的前提下,降低网络能耗,最大化网络寿命。其中,WSNs的路由协议和分布式调度方法凭借重要的支撑作用和对网络性能的重要影响,成为WSNs研究领域的关键问题。本文从约减收发数据量和控制空闲侦听时间两个角度出发开展相关研究。论文的主要研究工作包括以下四个方面的内容:
1.针对WSNs节点能量有限、能耗不均匀的问题,提出能量有效的链簇式路由协议EELC。该协议采用多权值局部竞争的方式选择簇头,并构造剩余能量由低到高的链式簇群结构,从而实现网络能耗均衡的目标。理论分析和仿真表明,该方法可有效地平衡网络的能量消耗,延长网络生存周期。
2.针对无线链路存在不稳定性和不对称性的问题,提出多时间尺度链路估计算法及相应路由协议。该方法通过长期和短期两种时间尺度估计节点间的链路质量,构建稳定链路和突发链路共存的拓扑结构,并采用突发链路发现策略实现机会路由。同时,针对链路不对称性引起的复制数据包问题,提出了多路径ACK策略,通过提高ACK到达率来抑制复制包的产生。实验结果证明,该算法可有效减少平均路径长度,提高包接收率和网络能效性。
3.针对异步MAC调度方法通讯建立过程中空闲侦听时间过长导致能效性下降的问题,提出一种WSNs异步低占空比MAC调度方法TR-MAC。该方法采用动态信标帧周期机制,通过预留时间裕度的方式实现时间估计,并建立收发节点间的双向时间约定,以降低节点工作占空比并减少数据传输延时。利用TinyOS系统实现TR-MAC并完成性能测试,实验结果表明,该方法不但可进一步降低节点的工作占空比,还可有效减少数据传输时延。
4.为实现WSNs路由协议和分布式调度方法的准确评估,针对现有WSNs协议评估存在的问题,将测试床技术和TOSSIM仿真模拟技术相结合,提出了一种混合的低功耗协议评估框架,在实验室环境实现评估系统的软硬件设计及部署,并很好实现了多种MAC调度方法的测试评估。
The advances in wireless communication technology, microelectronic technology and sensor technology have promoted the development of wireless sensor networks(WSNs) technology. The WSNs have been paid more attention in both academic and industrial fields, and used in a variety of military and civil applications. As a result, WSNs have become the frontiers of research in measurement and control.
One of the most important goals in WSNs research is to decrease energy consumption and maximize network life to meet application requirements. So, routing protocol and distributed scheduling approaches in WSNs are considered in this research. It can be described in four parts.
1. To solve the problems of limited energy and unbalanced energy consumption with clustering routing algorithms, this thesis proposes an Energy-Efficient Link Clustering (EELC) routing algorithm based on local competition by multi-weights. Though, EELC doesn’t need the whole network information, it can build the link structure from low residual energy node to high residual energynode. Theoretical analysis and simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm can effectively keep a good balance of energy consumption and achieve the better topology control. Moreover, it significantly improves the lifetime of networks.
2. To solve the problems of the link instability and asymmetry in WSNs, the multiple time scales link estimation (MTSLE) algorithm is proposed. Long and short time scales link estimations are taken into account. Then, to build the topology structure by both stable link and bursty link, a bursty links discovery strategy is designed to achieve opportunistic routing. Meanwhile, the algorithm also considers a multi-path ACK policy for packet duplication caused by the asymmetry bursty links to reduce the number of duplicate packets. Experimental results show that MTSLE not only reduces the average path length but also saves energy and improves the packet reception rate to some extent. Furethermore, the multi-path strategy also solves the problem of packet duplication.
3. In receiver-initiated asynchronous sensor network MAC protocol, the sender wastes a lot of time on idle listening while establishing communication. A new asynchronous MAC protocol for low duty-cycled is presented, named Two-way Rendezvous MAC (TR-MAC) algorithm. TR-MAC adopts dynamic beacon packet interval mechanism to establish two-way time rendezvous and time estimation scheme based on time margin. TR-MAC is implemented under the UPMA frameworkin TinyOS. Experiments have been achieved to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol. The results show that TR-MAC can further reduce the duty cycles of nodes and network latency, and improve network performance thereby.
4. Up to now, the evaluation method for low power protocol based on simulation are lack of accuracy. And, at the same time, the over methods based on experiments are difficult to achieve large-scale evaluation. So, an evaluation framework combining test and simulation is presented. It combines the testbed for evaluation of low power protocols(TELPP) and TinyOS Simulator(TOSSIM) for protocol evaluation. The design and deployment of the TELPP's hardware and software are realized to carry out the link experiments and energy consumption tests. Finally, the channel model and energy model are estabilished in the tests, and then the whole evaluation framework and its verification and validation are achieved.
WSNs研究的一个重要问题是在满足一定应用需求的前提下,降低网络能耗,最大化网络寿命。其中,WSNs的路由协议和分布式调度方法凭借重要的支撑作用和对网络性能的重要影响,成为WSNs研究领域的关键问题。本文从约减收发数据量和控制空闲侦听时间两个角度出发开展相关研究。论文的主要研究工作包括以下四个方面的内容:
1.针对WSNs节点能量有限、能耗不均匀的问题,提出能量有效的链簇式路由协议EELC。该协议采用多权值局部竞争的方式选择簇头,并构造剩余能量由低到高的链式簇群结构,从而实现网络能耗均衡的目标。理论分析和仿真表明,该方法可有效地平衡网络的能量消耗,延长网络生存周期。
2.针对无线链路存在不稳定性和不对称性的问题,提出多时间尺度链路估计算法及相应路由协议。该方法通过长期和短期两种时间尺度估计节点间的链路质量,构建稳定链路和突发链路共存的拓扑结构,并采用突发链路发现策略实现机会路由。同时,针对链路不对称性引起的复制数据包问题,提出了多路径ACK策略,通过提高ACK到达率来抑制复制包的产生。实验结果证明,该算法可有效减少平均路径长度,提高包接收率和网络能效性。
3.针对异步MAC调度方法通讯建立过程中空闲侦听时间过长导致能效性下降的问题,提出一种WSNs异步低占空比MAC调度方法TR-MAC。该方法采用动态信标帧周期机制,通过预留时间裕度的方式实现时间估计,并建立收发节点间的双向时间约定,以降低节点工作占空比并减少数据传输延时。利用TinyOS系统实现TR-MAC并完成性能测试,实验结果表明,该方法不但可进一步降低节点的工作占空比,还可有效减少数据传输时延。
4.为实现WSNs路由协议和分布式调度方法的准确评估,针对现有WSNs协议评估存在的问题,将测试床技术和TOSSIM仿真模拟技术相结合,提出了一种混合的低功耗协议评估框架,在实验室环境实现评估系统的软硬件设计及部署,并很好实现了多种MAC调度方法的测试评估。
The advances in wireless communication technology, microelectronic technology and sensor technology have promoted the development of wireless sensor networks(WSNs) technology. The WSNs have been paid more attention in both academic and industrial fields, and used in a variety of military and civil applications. As a result, WSNs have become the frontiers of research in measurement and control.
One of the most important goals in WSNs research is to decrease energy consumption and maximize network life to meet application requirements. So, routing protocol and distributed scheduling approaches in WSNs are considered in this research. It can be described in four parts.
1. To solve the problems of limited energy and unbalanced energy consumption with clustering routing algorithms, this thesis proposes an Energy-Efficient Link Clustering (EELC) routing algorithm based on local competition by multi-weights. Though, EELC doesn’t need the whole network information, it can build the link structure from low residual energy node to high residual energynode. Theoretical analysis and simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm can effectively keep a good balance of energy consumption and achieve the better topology control. Moreover, it significantly improves the lifetime of networks.
2. To solve the problems of the link instability and asymmetry in WSNs, the multiple time scales link estimation (MTSLE) algorithm is proposed. Long and short time scales link estimations are taken into account. Then, to build the topology structure by both stable link and bursty link, a bursty links discovery strategy is designed to achieve opportunistic routing. Meanwhile, the algorithm also considers a multi-path ACK policy for packet duplication caused by the asymmetry bursty links to reduce the number of duplicate packets. Experimental results show that MTSLE not only reduces the average path length but also saves energy and improves the packet reception rate to some extent. Furethermore, the multi-path strategy also solves the problem of packet duplication.
3. In receiver-initiated asynchronous sensor network MAC protocol, the sender wastes a lot of time on idle listening while establishing communication. A new asynchronous MAC protocol for low duty-cycled is presented, named Two-way Rendezvous MAC (TR-MAC) algorithm. TR-MAC adopts dynamic beacon packet interval mechanism to establish two-way time rendezvous and time estimation scheme based on time margin. TR-MAC is implemented under the UPMA frameworkin TinyOS. Experiments have been achieved to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol. The results show that TR-MAC can further reduce the duty cycles of nodes and network latency, and improve network performance thereby.
4. Up to now, the evaluation method for low power protocol based on simulation are lack of accuracy. And, at the same time, the over methods based on experiments are difficult to achieve large-scale evaluation. So, an evaluation framework combining test and simulation is presented. It combines the testbed for evaluation of low power protocols(TELPP) and TinyOS Simulator(TOSSIM) for protocol evaluation. The design and deployment of the TELPP's hardware and software are realized to carry out the link experiments and energy consumption tests. Finally, the channel model and energy model are estabilished in the tests, and then the whole evaluation framework and its verification and validation are achieved.
引文
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