基于CAN总线的电气火灾监控仪表的开发
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摘要
随着社会的发展,用电设备和用电量激增,由此引发的电气火灾在各类火灾中所占的比例越来越高,造成的损失也越来越严重,而预防电气火灾最有效的方法就是安装电气火灾监控系统。
目前国内电气火灾监控系统的国家标准和法规尚有待完善,与其相关的产品质量也参差不齐,因此,本课题研究出一种严格符合国家标准,使用当前先进的信息技术,融合时下大多数产品的特色功能,安装方便,性能可靠,智能化,网络化的电气火灾监控仪表,并由该仪表构建智能网络化的电气火灾监控系统,会有很好的市场应用前景。
本课题严格按照国家标准,提出仪表设计要求,采用32位高性能嵌入式微控制器STM32,依托其A/D转换器、SPI接口、定时器等丰富的硬件资源搭建系统平台,利用其强大的向量中断控制器(NVIC)进行软件任务管理,采用8位微控制器STM8在CAN总线上实现了Mobus协议,设计出一款性能优异的电气火灾监控仪表。该仪表能够对现场漏电流、温度、各相电流、各相电压等参数进行测量,根据用户的设定进行报警和保护性操作,对故障、报警等状态进行记录和查询,并且可以通过CAN总线组成一个实时的监控网络,对故障及报警点迅速定位,实时查询监控线路的运行状态。
本课题通过研读国家标准,分析得出电气火灾监控仪表要实现的功能,如测量、报警、保护、故障自识别、自检、时间、记录、人机交互、操作级别、通信等功能,提出基于CAN总线的电气火灾监控仪表的总体设计思路和实现方法,提出硬件和软件总体设计方案,设计出各个功能模块的硬件电路和软件任务,最后对仪表进行实验室和现场的调试,直至满足设计要求。
系统的软硬件设计模块化进行,包含信号处理、数据存储管理、人机交互、报警保护、通信等模块。硬件设计主要围绕系统核心嵌入式微控制器进行,根据系统功能要求,选取相关芯片,设计各部分功能电路。软件设计构建了任务管理、数据管理和通信管理三种机制,实现了对各功能模块软件任务的有序调度。系统采用方均根值的算法计算电流和电压的有效值,采用快速傅里叶变换实现了对电流谐波含量这一新电气火灾隐患的预防,采用快速排序法、二分查表法和线性插值法计算温度,液晶显示器图像显示时使用了图像字模压缩算法。
系统的调试及抗干扰设计贯穿于软硬件设计之中,通过不断地调试,发现问题,优化软硬件设计的实现方法,改进抗干扰设计方案,保证系统性能指标的实现。调试工作主要有人机交互测试、测量参数测试、自检功能测试、系统时间功能测试、报警功能测试、通信功能测试等。系统采用的抗干扰设计方法主要有光电隔离、继电器隔离、布线隔离、硬件滤波、电源抗干扰、CPU抗干扰、软件滤波、关键参数保护等技术。
论文最后对本课题完成的工作进行了总结,并对系统有待改进之处进行了介绍。
With the development of society, electrical equipment and the use of power surge become more and more, the related electrical fires in the proportion of various types of fire is rising, and also the electrical fires cause more and more serious damage. The most effective method of electrical fires prevention is the installation of alarm and control system for electrical fire prevention.
At present, for alarm and control system, the related national standards and regulations need to be improved, and the quality of its related products is uneven. So developing an instrument which is strict conformity with national standards, using current advanced information technologies, gathering fusion features of most products, easy installation, reliable, intelligent, network-based, using this instrument to form an intelligent system, has an important market prospect.
The instrument designed in this paper is strictly accorded with national standards requirements of the proposed system. It uses 32-bit high-performance embedded microcontroller STM32, relies on its rich A/D converter, SPI interface, the timer and other hardware resources, uses its powerful vector interrupt controller to complete software task management. It uses 8-bit microcontroller STM8 to complete communication based on CAN BUS which is compatible with Modbus instructions. Using it we can form an intelligent, network-based system.
In this paper, we firstly study national standards, then analysis what functions this instrument needs to achieve, such as measuring, alarm, protection, self-check, system time, fault self-identification, records, human computer interaction, operating level, and so on. System can measure on-site leakage current, temperature, current and voltage, and it can alarm based on user settings and do protective operations. System forms a real-time monitoring network which can quickly locate fault and alarm points. You can easily check the operational status of circuit, record and query alarm and fault operations.
In this paper, we firstly focus on the overall design ideas and methods of this intelligent system, then propose overall design of hardware and software, and design each module of hardware and software tasks, finally do system test in the laboratory and field until system meets design requirements.
Software and hardware design of system include signal processing, data storage management, human-computer interaction, alarm, protection, communication and other modules. Hardware design bases on the microprocessor core of the system, according to system requirements, select the relevant functional chip, and design each circuit. Software design implement system task management, data management and communications management, according to the functional module, achieve the orderly scheduling of software tasks.
System uses the RMS algorithm to calculate the value of current and voltage, uses fast Fourier transform to calculate the harmonic content of the current which is an new electrical fire hazard, uses quick sort algorithm, binary look-up table and linear interpolation method to calculate the temperature, uses the image compression algorithm for the LCD image display.
System debugging and anti-jamming throughout the software and hardware design. We constantly debug to find problems, improve hardware and software design methods and anti-jamming design to ensure system performance indexes. According to system requirement, we complete tests, such as human-machine interaction test, measurement test, parameter test, self-check test, system time test, alarm test, communications test. The anti-jamming design methods System uses are optocoupler isolation, relay isolation, wiring isolation, hardware filtering, power interference, CPU interference, software filter, protection of key parameters technology.
Finally this paper summarizes the work completed and introduces what the system needs to be improvements.
目前国内电气火灾监控系统的国家标准和法规尚有待完善,与其相关的产品质量也参差不齐,因此,本课题研究出一种严格符合国家标准,使用当前先进的信息技术,融合时下大多数产品的特色功能,安装方便,性能可靠,智能化,网络化的电气火灾监控仪表,并由该仪表构建智能网络化的电气火灾监控系统,会有很好的市场应用前景。
本课题严格按照国家标准,提出仪表设计要求,采用32位高性能嵌入式微控制器STM32,依托其A/D转换器、SPI接口、定时器等丰富的硬件资源搭建系统平台,利用其强大的向量中断控制器(NVIC)进行软件任务管理,采用8位微控制器STM8在CAN总线上实现了Mobus协议,设计出一款性能优异的电气火灾监控仪表。该仪表能够对现场漏电流、温度、各相电流、各相电压等参数进行测量,根据用户的设定进行报警和保护性操作,对故障、报警等状态进行记录和查询,并且可以通过CAN总线组成一个实时的监控网络,对故障及报警点迅速定位,实时查询监控线路的运行状态。
本课题通过研读国家标准,分析得出电气火灾监控仪表要实现的功能,如测量、报警、保护、故障自识别、自检、时间、记录、人机交互、操作级别、通信等功能,提出基于CAN总线的电气火灾监控仪表的总体设计思路和实现方法,提出硬件和软件总体设计方案,设计出各个功能模块的硬件电路和软件任务,最后对仪表进行实验室和现场的调试,直至满足设计要求。
系统的软硬件设计模块化进行,包含信号处理、数据存储管理、人机交互、报警保护、通信等模块。硬件设计主要围绕系统核心嵌入式微控制器进行,根据系统功能要求,选取相关芯片,设计各部分功能电路。软件设计构建了任务管理、数据管理和通信管理三种机制,实现了对各功能模块软件任务的有序调度。系统采用方均根值的算法计算电流和电压的有效值,采用快速傅里叶变换实现了对电流谐波含量这一新电气火灾隐患的预防,采用快速排序法、二分查表法和线性插值法计算温度,液晶显示器图像显示时使用了图像字模压缩算法。
系统的调试及抗干扰设计贯穿于软硬件设计之中,通过不断地调试,发现问题,优化软硬件设计的实现方法,改进抗干扰设计方案,保证系统性能指标的实现。调试工作主要有人机交互测试、测量参数测试、自检功能测试、系统时间功能测试、报警功能测试、通信功能测试等。系统采用的抗干扰设计方法主要有光电隔离、继电器隔离、布线隔离、硬件滤波、电源抗干扰、CPU抗干扰、软件滤波、关键参数保护等技术。
论文最后对本课题完成的工作进行了总结,并对系统有待改进之处进行了介绍。
With the development of society, electrical equipment and the use of power surge become more and more, the related electrical fires in the proportion of various types of fire is rising, and also the electrical fires cause more and more serious damage. The most effective method of electrical fires prevention is the installation of alarm and control system for electrical fire prevention.
At present, for alarm and control system, the related national standards and regulations need to be improved, and the quality of its related products is uneven. So developing an instrument which is strict conformity with national standards, using current advanced information technologies, gathering fusion features of most products, easy installation, reliable, intelligent, network-based, using this instrument to form an intelligent system, has an important market prospect.
The instrument designed in this paper is strictly accorded with national standards requirements of the proposed system. It uses 32-bit high-performance embedded microcontroller STM32, relies on its rich A/D converter, SPI interface, the timer and other hardware resources, uses its powerful vector interrupt controller to complete software task management. It uses 8-bit microcontroller STM8 to complete communication based on CAN BUS which is compatible with Modbus instructions. Using it we can form an intelligent, network-based system.
In this paper, we firstly study national standards, then analysis what functions this instrument needs to achieve, such as measuring, alarm, protection, self-check, system time, fault self-identification, records, human computer interaction, operating level, and so on. System can measure on-site leakage current, temperature, current and voltage, and it can alarm based on user settings and do protective operations. System forms a real-time monitoring network which can quickly locate fault and alarm points. You can easily check the operational status of circuit, record and query alarm and fault operations.
In this paper, we firstly focus on the overall design ideas and methods of this intelligent system, then propose overall design of hardware and software, and design each module of hardware and software tasks, finally do system test in the laboratory and field until system meets design requirements.
Software and hardware design of system include signal processing, data storage management, human-computer interaction, alarm, protection, communication and other modules. Hardware design bases on the microprocessor core of the system, according to system requirements, select the relevant functional chip, and design each circuit. Software design implement system task management, data management and communications management, according to the functional module, achieve the orderly scheduling of software tasks.
System uses the RMS algorithm to calculate the value of current and voltage, uses fast Fourier transform to calculate the harmonic content of the current which is an new electrical fire hazard, uses quick sort algorithm, binary look-up table and linear interpolation method to calculate the temperature, uses the image compression algorithm for the LCD image display.
System debugging and anti-jamming throughout the software and hardware design. We constantly debug to find problems, improve hardware and software design methods and anti-jamming design to ensure system performance indexes. According to system requirement, we complete tests, such as human-machine interaction test, measurement test, parameter test, self-check test, system time test, alarm test, communications test. The anti-jamming design methods System uses are optocoupler isolation, relay isolation, wiring isolation, hardware filtering, power interference, CPU interference, software filter, protection of key parameters technology.
Finally this paper summarizes the work completed and introduces what the system needs to be improvements.
引文
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[2]游海滨.2010年全国火灾成因：电气火灾排首位,孩子玩火排第三[EB/OL].http://society.people.com.cn/GB/12710747.html,2010-09-13/2011-03-07
[3]李洁慧.浅谈电气火灾监控系统[J].动力与电气工程,2008(23)
[4]萧倓葬,蔡珊珊等.基于剩余电流检测的电气火灾监控系统的设计[J].中国科技博览,2009(10)
[5]范大勇.浅谈电气火灾监控系统的设计[J].建筑电气,2007(4)
[6]GB14287-2005.电气火灾监控系统[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2005
[7]叶亮,徐琛,魏哲等.一种复合型电气火灾监控探测器的设计[J].通信电源技术,2010,27(4)
[8]夏微蓝.电气火灾高发引关注,电气火灾监控市场分析[EB/OL].http://info.fire.hc360.com/2009/11/25081090088.shtml,2009-11/2011-03
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[3]李洁慧.浅谈电气火灾监控系统[J].动力与电气工程,2008(23)
[4]萧倓葬,蔡珊珊等.基于剩余电流检测的电气火灾监控系统的设计[J].中国科技博览,2009(10)
[5]范大勇.浅谈电气火灾监控系统的设计[J].建筑电气,2007(4)
[6]GB14287-2005.电气火灾监控系统[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2005
[7]叶亮,徐琛,魏哲等.一种复合型电气火灾监控探测器的设计[J].通信电源技术,2010,27(4)
[8]夏微蓝.电气火灾高发引关注,电气火灾监控市场分析[EB/OL].http://info.fire.hc360.com/2009/11/25081090088.shtml,2009-11/2011-03
[9]王开富.电气防火安全规范的制修订工作及存在的问题[J].消防科学与技术,2006(B03)
[10]崔东.《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》有望今年内出台[EB/OL].http://society.people.com.cn/GB/10396035.html,2009-11-17/2011-03-07
[11]王结实.基于嵌入式Internet的电气火灾监控系统的研究和应用[D].新疆大学,2008
[12]陈宗强.电气火灾监控系统设计与应用探讨[J].云南化工,2008,8(35)
[13]王晓明.剩余电流式电气火灾监控系统的应用分析[J].建筑设备控制与管理,2008,12(6)
[14]GB 50016-2006.建筑设计防火规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2006
[15]GB 50116-2008.火灾自动报警系统设计规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2008
[16]GB 50045-2005.高层民用建筑设计防火规范[S].2005
[17]JGJ 16-2008.民用建筑电气设计规范[S].2008
[18]中国建筑设计院.电气火灾监控系统的设计方法[R].北京：2006
[19]张永文.基于嵌入式MCU技术的电气火灾监控报警系统[J].低压电器,2009
[20]D-ESA系列剩余电流式电气火灾监控探测器.杭州迪麦科技,2010
[21]方舟FZ系列电气火灾监控系统.武汉华天世纪,2010
[22]DJ系列电气火灾监控系统.北京华宇先锋,2010
[23]高层民用建筑漏电火灾报警系统.施耐德电气,2006
[24]姚文详ARM Cortex-M3权威指南[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2009
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