大停电后初期网架恢复序列的研究
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摘要
黑启动恢复是大停电后电网快速重建的一种有效方式,研究黑启动恢复问题对于加快系统恢复速度、减轻恢复控制负担、减小大停电事故带来的损失具有重要意义。网架恢复作为贯穿黑启动恢复过程的主线,其恢复策略的好坏直接影响系统恢复的效率,而网架恢复与机组启动、负荷恢复的协调优化是研究的重点和难点。本文首先对影响机组启动顺序的因素进行了调查分析,在此基础上,建立了考虑机组启动顺序的网架恢复优化模型,并采用最短路径法和交叉粒子群算法联合进行求解。按此方法进行网架恢复的优化可以使得尽可能多的系统发电能力得到恢复。对于网架恢复过程中机组功率的平衡问题,本文根据此过程中负荷恢复的特点,给出了负荷恢复重要性评价模型和负荷恢复求解策略。一方面,综合节点重要度、负荷重要性和送电路径三方面因素建立负荷节点重要性评价模型,并在此基础上采用的离散粒子群算法进行求解,能有效地确定出时段内可优先恢复的负荷点,以平衡系统有功功率;另一方面,以时段内系统出力的增量引导负荷恢复,可使系统中的负荷得到有序、高效的恢复。
Black-start restoration is an effective method for power system restoration after blackout. Resarch on black-start restoration is of great significance to speed up the restoration process, reduce the burden of restoration control work and the losses of power outage. As the most important stage of the black-start restoration, network reconstruction and its optimization strategy have great effects on the efficiency of power system restoration. The most important and difficult work of the study on network reconstructing strategy is the coordination of network reconfiguration, the unit start-up and load restoration. On the basis of analyzing the impact factors of unit start-up sequence, a mathematical model of network reconstruction is established with consideration of unit start-up sequence optimization. The shortest path method and crossed particle swarm optimization algorithm are combined to solve the network reconstruction problem. In this way, as much generating capacity as possible can be restored. For the balance problem of generating power and load, a load importance evaluation model and load recovery strategy are proposed in the thesis. On the one hand, the load importance evaluation model is established by integrating the node importance and load importance with transmission path cost, the DPSO algorithm is used to determine the prior restored load buses with the aim of the system active power balance. On the other hand, the available incremental power output in the current period is used to guide the load restoration, so the system load can be restored orderly and efficiently.
Black-start restoration is an effective method for power system restoration after blackout. Resarch on black-start restoration is of great significance to speed up the restoration process, reduce the burden of restoration control work and the losses of power outage. As the most important stage of the black-start restoration, network reconstruction and its optimization strategy have great effects on the efficiency of power system restoration. The most important and difficult work of the study on network reconstructing strategy is the coordination of network reconfiguration, the unit start-up and load restoration. On the basis of analyzing the impact factors of unit start-up sequence, a mathematical model of network reconstruction is established with consideration of unit start-up sequence optimization. The shortest path method and crossed particle swarm optimization algorithm are combined to solve the network reconstruction problem. In this way, as much generating capacity as possible can be restored. For the balance problem of generating power and load, a load importance evaluation model and load recovery strategy are proposed in the thesis. On the one hand, the load importance evaluation model is established by integrating the node importance and load importance with transmission path cost, the DPSO algorithm is used to determine the prior restored load buses with the aim of the system active power balance. On the other hand, the available incremental power output in the current period is used to guide the load restoration, so the system load can be restored orderly and efficiently.
引文
[1]周孝信,郑健超,沈国荣等.从美加东北部电网大面积停电事故中吸取教训[J].电网技术,2003,27(9):1.
[2]唐斯庆,张弥,李建设等.海南电网“9.26”大面积停电事故的分析与总结[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(1):1-7,16.
[3] Gutierrez J, Staropolsky M, Garcio A. Policies for restoration of a power system. IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, 1987, 2(2): 436~442.
[4] Lindstrom R R.Simulation and field tests of the black start of a large coal-fired generating station utilizing small remote hydro generation.IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,1990,5 (1):162~168.
[5]刘强,石立宝,倪以信,董朝阳.电力系统恢复控制的网络重构智能优化策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(13):8-15.
[6] Jerry J. Ancona. A framework for power system restoration following a major power failure. IEEE Trans. On Power System, 1995,10(3):pp,1480-1485.
[7]程改红.交直流电力系统恢复控制策略研究:[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2006.
[8] Miller J M. Optimal Sequencing of Starting—up Generating Units[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,l992,7(4):l4l9-l427.
[9] Chu R F, Holen A T, Liu C C et al.Generation capability dispatch for bulk power system restoration:a knowledge-based approach[J]. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 1993 ,8(1):316-325.
[10] Ketabi A, Asmar H, Ranjabar A M, et al. An approach for optimal units start-up during bulk power system restoration [C]// Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. Halifax, Canada:[s.n.],2001:190- 194
[11]董长卓,焦建林,孙启宏.用层次分析法安排电力系统事故后火电机组恢复的次序[J].电网技术,1997,21(6):48-51,54.
[12]韩忠晖.电力系统大停电后初期恢复算法的研究:[硕士学位论文].保定:华北电力大学,2007
[13] Adibi M M, Barrie D, Cooper M E,et al. System operations challenges.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1988,3(1):118-126.
[14] Mello F P, Westcott J C. Steam plant startup and control in system restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1994,9(1):93-101.
[15] Liu C C,Liou K L,Chu R F,et al. Generation capability dispatch for bulk power system restoration: a knowledge-based approach. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1993,8(1):316-325.
[16]张志毅,陈允平,袁荣湘.系统重构阶段机组最优恢复次序的模糊多属性决策法[J].电工技术学报,2007,22(11):153-157.
[17]刘强,石立宝,周明,李庚银,倪以信.电力系统恢复控制的机组优化启动策略[J].电力自动化设备,2009,29(4):1-5.
[18] Adibi M M, Fink L H. Power system restoration planning. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 1994, 9(1): 22~28.
[19]周云海,闵勇.恢复控制中的系统重构优化算法研究.中国电机工程学报,2003, 23(4):67~70.
[20]刘艳,顾雪平.基于节点重要度评价的骨架网络重构.中国电机工程学报,2007, 27(10):20-27.
[21]周云海,刘映尚,胡翔勇.大停电事故后的系统网架恢复[J].中国电机工程学报.2008,28(10):32-36.
[22] Adibi M M, Kafka R J. Power system restoration issues[J]. IEEE Computer Applications in Power,1991,4(2):19-24.
[23] Lindenmeyer D. A framework for power system restoration [D]. Canada: the University of British Columbia, 2000.
[24]周云海,闵勇.负荷的快速恢复算法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(3):74-79.
[25]刘映尚,吴文传,冯永清,张伯明.黑启动过程中的负荷恢复[J].电网技术,2007,31(13):17-22.
[26]张志毅,陈允平,袁荣湘.电力系统负荷恢复问题的混合遗传算法求解.电工技术学报,2007,2(2):105-109.
[27]陈小平,顾雪平.基于遗传模拟退火算法的负荷恢复计划制定[J].电工技术学报,2009,24(1):171-175,182.
[28]魏志博,刘艳,顾雪平.基于离散粒子群优化算法的电力系统网络重构[J].电力系统自动化.2007,31(1):38-42.
[29]韩忠辉,顾雪平,刘艳.考虑机组启动时限的大停电后初期恢复路径优化[J].中国电机工程学报.2009,29(4):21-26.
[30]刘连志,顾雪平,刘艳.不同黑启动方案下电网重构效率的评估[J].电力系统自动化.2009,33(5):24-28.
[31]顾雪平,韩忠辉,梁海平.电力系统大停电后系统分区恢复的优化算法[J].中国电机工程学报.2009,29(10):41-46.
[32]胡键,郭志忠,刘迎春,郭庆阳.故障恢复问题和发电机恢复排序分析[J].电网技术,2004,28(18):1-4,15.
[33]刘艳.电力系统黑启动恢复及其决策支持技术的研究:[博士学位论文].保定:华北电力大学,2007
[34]张丹.黑启动方案的分析评估和系统重构问题的研究:[硕士学位论文].保定:华北电力大学,2005
[35]刘连志.不同黑启动方案对系统后续恢复影响的研究:[硕士学位论文].保定:华北电力大学,2008
[36]电力工业部华北电力设计院. DL/T5044-95.火力发电厂、变电所直流系统设计技术规定.中华人民共和国电力工业部,1995
[37] Adibi M M, Clelland P, Fink L, et al. Power system restoration—A task force report[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1987,2(2): 271-277.
[38] Adibi M M, Borkoski J N, Kafka R J. Power system restoration—thesecond task force report[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1987, 2(4):927-933.
[39]谌军,曾勇刚,杨晋柏等.南方电网黑启动方案[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(9):80-83,87
[40]刘强.电力系统恢复控制的协调优化策略研究:[博士学位论文].北京:华北电力大学,2009
[41] M.M.Adibi,Milanicz D P.Estimating Restoration Duration[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,l999,l4(4):l493-l498
[42] Mota A A, Mota L T M, Morelato A. Dynamic evaluation of reenergization times during power systems restoration[C]. IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition, Latin American, Sao Paulo, 2004.
[43]乐阳,龚健雅. Dijkstra最短路径算法的一种高效率实现[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1999,24(3):209-212.
[44] Kennedy J, Eberhart R. Particle swarm optimization[C]. Proceedings reenergization times during power systems restoration[C]. IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition, Latin American, Sao Paulo, 2004. of IEEE International Conference on Networds, Perth,1995.
[45]高尚,杨静宇.群智能算法及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.
[46] Liu Yan, Gu Xueping. Skeleton-Network reconfiguration based on topological characteristics of scale-free networks and discrete particle swarm optimization [J].IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, 2007, 23(3):1267-1274.
[47]燕萍.计及频率变化的电力系统仿真潮流程序[J].华东电力,1999,19(4):13-16.
[48] Kremens Z B, Labuzek M. Load flow analysis incorporating frequency as a state vector variable[C].Proceedings of Ninth International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power,2000,2:526-530.
[49]贺晓柏,张志毅,袁荣湘.黑启动过程中的潮流计算[J].电网技术,2007,31(2):111-113.
[50]余小燕,于继来.基于有功无功联合调整的动态潮流[J].电网技术,2005,29(22):61-65.
[51] Kennedy J, R.C.Eberhart. A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm[A]. Proceedings of the World Multi conference on Systems, Cybernetics and Informatics[C]. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center, 1997. 4104～4109.
[2]唐斯庆,张弥,李建设等.海南电网“9.26”大面积停电事故的分析与总结[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(1):1-7,16.
[3] Gutierrez J, Staropolsky M, Garcio A. Policies for restoration of a power system. IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, 1987, 2(2): 436~442.
[4] Lindstrom R R.Simulation and field tests of the black start of a large coal-fired generating station utilizing small remote hydro generation.IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,1990,5 (1):162~168.
[5]刘强,石立宝,倪以信,董朝阳.电力系统恢复控制的网络重构智能优化策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(13):8-15.
[6] Jerry J. Ancona. A framework for power system restoration following a major power failure. IEEE Trans. On Power System, 1995,10(3):pp,1480-1485.
[7]程改红.交直流电力系统恢复控制策略研究:[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2006.
[8] Miller J M. Optimal Sequencing of Starting—up Generating Units[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,l992,7(4):l4l9-l427.
[9] Chu R F, Holen A T, Liu C C et al.Generation capability dispatch for bulk power system restoration:a knowledge-based approach[J]. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 1993 ,8(1):316-325.
[10] Ketabi A, Asmar H, Ranjabar A M, et al. An approach for optimal units start-up during bulk power system restoration [C]// Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. Halifax, Canada:[s.n.],2001:190- 194
[11]董长卓,焦建林,孙启宏.用层次分析法安排电力系统事故后火电机组恢复的次序[J].电网技术,1997,21(6):48-51,54.
[12]韩忠晖.电力系统大停电后初期恢复算法的研究:[硕士学位论文].保定:华北电力大学,2007
[13] Adibi M M, Barrie D, Cooper M E,et al. System operations challenges.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1988,3(1):118-126.
[14] Mello F P, Westcott J C. Steam plant startup and control in system restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1994,9(1):93-101.
[15] Liu C C,Liou K L,Chu R F,et al. Generation capability dispatch for bulk power system restoration: a knowledge-based approach. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1993,8(1):316-325.
[16]张志毅,陈允平,袁荣湘.系统重构阶段机组最优恢复次序的模糊多属性决策法[J].电工技术学报,2007,22(11):153-157.
[17]刘强,石立宝,周明,李庚银,倪以信.电力系统恢复控制的机组优化启动策略[J].电力自动化设备,2009,29(4):1-5.
[18] Adibi M M, Fink L H. Power system restoration planning. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 1994, 9(1): 22~28.
[19]周云海,闵勇.恢复控制中的系统重构优化算法研究.中国电机工程学报,2003, 23(4):67~70.
[20]刘艳,顾雪平.基于节点重要度评价的骨架网络重构.中国电机工程学报,2007, 27(10):20-27.
[21]周云海,刘映尚,胡翔勇.大停电事故后的系统网架恢复[J].中国电机工程学报.2008,28(10):32-36.
[22] Adibi M M, Kafka R J. Power system restoration issues[J]. IEEE Computer Applications in Power,1991,4(2):19-24.
[23] Lindenmeyer D. A framework for power system restoration [D]. Canada: the University of British Columbia, 2000.
[24]周云海,闵勇.负荷的快速恢复算法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(3):74-79.
[25]刘映尚,吴文传,冯永清,张伯明.黑启动过程中的负荷恢复[J].电网技术,2007,31(13):17-22.
[26]张志毅,陈允平,袁荣湘.电力系统负荷恢复问题的混合遗传算法求解.电工技术学报,2007,2(2):105-109.
[27]陈小平,顾雪平.基于遗传模拟退火算法的负荷恢复计划制定[J].电工技术学报,2009,24(1):171-175,182.
[28]魏志博,刘艳,顾雪平.基于离散粒子群优化算法的电力系统网络重构[J].电力系统自动化.2007,31(1):38-42.
[29]韩忠辉,顾雪平,刘艳.考虑机组启动时限的大停电后初期恢复路径优化[J].中国电机工程学报.2009,29(4):21-26.
[30]刘连志,顾雪平,刘艳.不同黑启动方案下电网重构效率的评估[J].电力系统自动化.2009,33(5):24-28.
[31]顾雪平,韩忠辉,梁海平.电力系统大停电后系统分区恢复的优化算法[J].中国电机工程学报.2009,29(10):41-46.
[32]胡键,郭志忠,刘迎春,郭庆阳.故障恢复问题和发电机恢复排序分析[J].电网技术,2004,28(18):1-4,15.
[33]刘艳.电力系统黑启动恢复及其决策支持技术的研究:[博士学位论文].保定:华北电力大学,2007
[34]张丹.黑启动方案的分析评估和系统重构问题的研究:[硕士学位论文].保定:华北电力大学,2005
[35]刘连志.不同黑启动方案对系统后续恢复影响的研究:[硕士学位论文].保定:华北电力大学,2008
[36]电力工业部华北电力设计院. DL/T5044-95.火力发电厂、变电所直流系统设计技术规定.中华人民共和国电力工业部,1995
[37] Adibi M M, Clelland P, Fink L, et al. Power system restoration—A task force report[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1987,2(2): 271-277.
[38] Adibi M M, Borkoski J N, Kafka R J. Power system restoration—thesecond task force report[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1987, 2(4):927-933.
[39]谌军,曾勇刚,杨晋柏等.南方电网黑启动方案[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(9):80-83,87
[40]刘强.电力系统恢复控制的协调优化策略研究:[博士学位论文].北京:华北电力大学,2009
[41] M.M.Adibi,Milanicz D P.Estimating Restoration Duration[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,l999,l4(4):l493-l498
[42] Mota A A, Mota L T M, Morelato A. Dynamic evaluation of reenergization times during power systems restoration[C]. IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition, Latin American, Sao Paulo, 2004.
[43]乐阳,龚健雅. Dijkstra最短路径算法的一种高效率实现[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1999,24(3):209-212.
[44] Kennedy J, Eberhart R. Particle swarm optimization[C]. Proceedings reenergization times during power systems restoration[C]. IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition, Latin American, Sao Paulo, 2004. of IEEE International Conference on Networds, Perth,1995.
[45]高尚,杨静宇.群智能算法及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.
[46] Liu Yan, Gu Xueping. Skeleton-Network reconfiguration based on topological characteristics of scale-free networks and discrete particle swarm optimization [J].IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, 2007, 23(3):1267-1274.
[47]燕萍.计及频率变化的电力系统仿真潮流程序[J].华东电力,1999,19(4):13-16.
[48] Kremens Z B, Labuzek M. Load flow analysis incorporating frequency as a state vector variable[C].Proceedings of Ninth International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power,2000,2:526-530.
[49]贺晓柏,张志毅,袁荣湘.黑启动过程中的潮流计算[J].电网技术,2007,31(2):111-113.
[50]余小燕,于继来.基于有功无功联合调整的动态潮流[J].电网技术,2005,29(22):61-65.
[51] Kennedy J, R.C.Eberhart. A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm[A]. Proceedings of the World Multi conference on Systems, Cybernetics and Informatics[C]. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center, 1997. 4104～4109.