猪粪对红壤菜地重金属污染过程的影响及调控
|
摘要
目前集约化规模化养殖产生的猪粪包含高浓度的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd等重金属,而这些粪肥常大量使用在蔬菜种植中。伴随猪粪带入土壤的重金属元素在土壤-水体-植物系统中的积累和转化,必然对植物的生长发育、植物体内重金属含量以及地下水水质等产生影响。本文在对江西省余江县大型养猪场的饲料、粪便、菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况调查基础上,以含高浓度Cu、Zn猪粪为有机肥料,通过一系列盆栽试验和土柱试验,系统研究了含Cu、Zn畜禽粪施用于土壤后,Cu、Zn在土壤-水-植物系统中的迁移过程,讨论了不同猪粪添加量及不同改良剂对青菜生长和吸收重金属的影响,并且研究了改良剂石灰对重金属在土壤中迁移特性的影响。本研究结果为红壤地区合理利用猪粪有机肥和保证蔬菜质量安全等提供了宝贵科学依据。
主要研究结论如下:
(1)本文调查分析了江西省余江县39个大型养猪场的饲料、猪粪、以及长期施用这些猪粪的菜地土壤及蔬菜的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,并对饲料、猪粪、土壤和蔬菜重金属含量进行了相关分析。结果表明,大猪和小猪饲料Cu含量超标率分别达81.6%和30.8%,Zn含量超标率分别达89.5%和94.9%, Pb、Cd未超标。猪粪Cu、Zn含量亦严重超标,且饲料和猪粪中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量呈显著正相关关系。土壤总Zn和总Cd含量分别有7.8%和5.2%的样品超过三级标准,污染较为严重。所有蔬菜样品Cu、Zn、Pb含量均未超过我国食品卫生质量标准,空心菜和芋头Cd含量超标。土壤总Cu、Zn、Cd含量与提取态呈显著正相关。
(2)通过盆栽试验,研究了0、2%、4%猪粪添加量对青菜吸收重金属Cu、Zn的影响,并选择凹凸棒土、石灰、钙镁磷肥三种土壤改良剂对猪粪污染土壤进行改良。发现猪粪添加能够显著提高土壤pH值,增加土壤电导率,促进植物生长。青菜吸收Cu、Zn的量与猪粪添加量成正比。改良剂能够抑制土壤中重金属的生物有效性,其中石灰的抑制作用最强,同时石灰还有固定红壤磷素的作用。
(3)土柱淋溶试验研究了淋溶过程中4%猪粪及1.5%改良剂对红壤pH、盐分、有机质、有效磷及Cu、Zn有效态的动态变化规律。研究表明,菜地土壤中施用猪粪有机肥能够通过提高土壤pH值、EC及土壤有机质含量,显著提高了土壤生产力,但猪粪的施用同时也带入了Cu、Zn等重金属污染。溶解态的Cu、Zn离子能够通过淋溶作用进入地下水,进而危害人类健康。改良剂熟石灰能够较好地解决有机肥提高土壤肥力及猪粪导致重金属污染这一矛盾。我们的研究表明,熟石灰能够更好地改善酸性土壤pH,并能限制Cu、Zn等重金属离子的活度,从而有效地降低重金属随水流迁移的风险。
The poultry manures from intensive farming often contain high contents of heavy metals just as copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and so on, and these manures are widely used to vegetable field at a high rate. After a long-term application of such these manures, it will cause accumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soil and crops, which affects the growth of crop, heavy metal uptake and groundwater quality. This study surveyed animal feed, poultry manures, soils and vegetables sampled at 39 different sites in the Yujiang city in Jiangsu province, China, where manures are applied for many years. A series of experiments and pot trials were designed to investigate the transferring processes of Cu and Zn from manures to water and plants.
The main results were as follows.
Firstly, this study investigated the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in feeds, pig manures, soils and vegetables sampled from 39 intensive farming plants in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province. The results showed that the rate of exceeding allowable limit of Cu in big pig feed and piglet feed were 81.6% and 30.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the rate of exceeding allowable limit of Zn in big pig feed and piglet feed were 89.5% and 94.9%, respectively. In addition, Cu and Zn concentrations in some pig manures were also above the Pollutant Emission Standard for Livestock and Breeding Industry (In China). Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between the heavy metal concentrations in feeds and pig manures. Total Zn concentration in 7.8% of soil samples and total Cd concentration in 5.2% of soil samples exceeded the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard III, which means they have been heavily polluted. The survey also showed that the concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb in all vegetable samples were lower than the National Food Hygiene Standard, while Cd concentrations in Ipomoea Aquatica and Colocasia Esculenta exceeded the standard. The significant positive correlations were found between the total Cu, Zn, Cd concentrations and the extractable heavy metal concentrations in soils.
Secondly, a pot experiment was designed to study the effect of 0, 2%, 4% of pig manure addition on heavy metal uptake by vegetables Cu and Zn. We chose three kinds of soil amendment (attapulgite, limestone, fertilizer of calcium magnesium phosphates) on manure contaminated soil improvement .The results showed that significant improvement of soil pH was been found in pig manure additive treatment. Pig manures obviously increased soil electrical conductivity, and promoted plant’s growth. Vegetables absorb Cu, Zn addition of the quantity and proportion of pig manure. Modifier can inhibit the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil, in which the strongest inhibitory effect of lime, and lime have a fixed role of red phosphorus.
Thirdly, soil column leaching experiments had studied the dynamic changes of soil pH, contents of EC, DOC, available phosphorous and heavy metals during the leaching process. The results showed that applications of pig manures can increase soil pH, EC and organic mater contents, meanwhile, pig manures brought some heavy metals just as Cu and Zn into soils. These dissolved Cu and Zn may be leached into groundwater, thereby endangering human health. Modifier hydrated lime can improve soil fertilizer while not lead to heavy metal pollutions. Our research shows that hydrated lime can better improve the acid soil pH, and to limit the activity of Cu, Zn and other heavy metal ions, it can effectively reducing the risk of migration of heavy metals in groundwater.
主要研究结论如下:
(1)本文调查分析了江西省余江县39个大型养猪场的饲料、猪粪、以及长期施用这些猪粪的菜地土壤及蔬菜的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,并对饲料、猪粪、土壤和蔬菜重金属含量进行了相关分析。结果表明,大猪和小猪饲料Cu含量超标率分别达81.6%和30.8%,Zn含量超标率分别达89.5%和94.9%, Pb、Cd未超标。猪粪Cu、Zn含量亦严重超标,且饲料和猪粪中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量呈显著正相关关系。土壤总Zn和总Cd含量分别有7.8%和5.2%的样品超过三级标准,污染较为严重。所有蔬菜样品Cu、Zn、Pb含量均未超过我国食品卫生质量标准,空心菜和芋头Cd含量超标。土壤总Cu、Zn、Cd含量与提取态呈显著正相关。
(2)通过盆栽试验,研究了0、2%、4%猪粪添加量对青菜吸收重金属Cu、Zn的影响,并选择凹凸棒土、石灰、钙镁磷肥三种土壤改良剂对猪粪污染土壤进行改良。发现猪粪添加能够显著提高土壤pH值,增加土壤电导率,促进植物生长。青菜吸收Cu、Zn的量与猪粪添加量成正比。改良剂能够抑制土壤中重金属的生物有效性,其中石灰的抑制作用最强,同时石灰还有固定红壤磷素的作用。
(3)土柱淋溶试验研究了淋溶过程中4%猪粪及1.5%改良剂对红壤pH、盐分、有机质、有效磷及Cu、Zn有效态的动态变化规律。研究表明,菜地土壤中施用猪粪有机肥能够通过提高土壤pH值、EC及土壤有机质含量,显著提高了土壤生产力,但猪粪的施用同时也带入了Cu、Zn等重金属污染。溶解态的Cu、Zn离子能够通过淋溶作用进入地下水,进而危害人类健康。改良剂熟石灰能够较好地解决有机肥提高土壤肥力及猪粪导致重金属污染这一矛盾。我们的研究表明,熟石灰能够更好地改善酸性土壤pH,并能限制Cu、Zn等重金属离子的活度,从而有效地降低重金属随水流迁移的风险。
The poultry manures from intensive farming often contain high contents of heavy metals just as copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and so on, and these manures are widely used to vegetable field at a high rate. After a long-term application of such these manures, it will cause accumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soil and crops, which affects the growth of crop, heavy metal uptake and groundwater quality. This study surveyed animal feed, poultry manures, soils and vegetables sampled at 39 different sites in the Yujiang city in Jiangsu province, China, where manures are applied for many years. A series of experiments and pot trials were designed to investigate the transferring processes of Cu and Zn from manures to water and plants.
The main results were as follows.
Firstly, this study investigated the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in feeds, pig manures, soils and vegetables sampled from 39 intensive farming plants in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province. The results showed that the rate of exceeding allowable limit of Cu in big pig feed and piglet feed were 81.6% and 30.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the rate of exceeding allowable limit of Zn in big pig feed and piglet feed were 89.5% and 94.9%, respectively. In addition, Cu and Zn concentrations in some pig manures were also above the Pollutant Emission Standard for Livestock and Breeding Industry (In China). Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between the heavy metal concentrations in feeds and pig manures. Total Zn concentration in 7.8% of soil samples and total Cd concentration in 5.2% of soil samples exceeded the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard III, which means they have been heavily polluted. The survey also showed that the concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb in all vegetable samples were lower than the National Food Hygiene Standard, while Cd concentrations in Ipomoea Aquatica and Colocasia Esculenta exceeded the standard. The significant positive correlations were found between the total Cu, Zn, Cd concentrations and the extractable heavy metal concentrations in soils.
Secondly, a pot experiment was designed to study the effect of 0, 2%, 4% of pig manure addition on heavy metal uptake by vegetables Cu and Zn. We chose three kinds of soil amendment (attapulgite, limestone, fertilizer of calcium magnesium phosphates) on manure contaminated soil improvement .The results showed that significant improvement of soil pH was been found in pig manure additive treatment. Pig manures obviously increased soil electrical conductivity, and promoted plant’s growth. Vegetables absorb Cu, Zn addition of the quantity and proportion of pig manure. Modifier can inhibit the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil, in which the strongest inhibitory effect of lime, and lime have a fixed role of red phosphorus.
Thirdly, soil column leaching experiments had studied the dynamic changes of soil pH, contents of EC, DOC, available phosphorous and heavy metals during the leaching process. The results showed that applications of pig manures can increase soil pH, EC and organic mater contents, meanwhile, pig manures brought some heavy metals just as Cu and Zn into soils. These dissolved Cu and Zn may be leached into groundwater, thereby endangering human health. Modifier hydrated lime can improve soil fertilizer while not lead to heavy metal pollutions. Our research shows that hydrated lime can better improve the acid soil pH, and to limit the activity of Cu, Zn and other heavy metal ions, it can effectively reducing the risk of migration of heavy metals in groundwater.
引文
晁雷,周启星,陈苏,等.施用猪粪农田重金属分布迁移和污染评价[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006, 25(6): 951 - 954.
陈怀满.土壤-植物系统中的重金属污染[M].科学出版社, 1996, 7 - 15.
陈宏,陈玉成,杨学春.石灰对土壤中Hg、Pb的植物可利用性的调控研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2003, 22(5): 549-552.
程海翔,贾秀英,朱维琴,等.杭州地区猪粪重金属含量及形态分布的初步研究[J].杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 7(4): 294 - 297.
党廷辉,张麦.有机肥对黑垆土养分含量、形态及转化影响的定位研究[J].干旱地区农业研究, 1999, 17(4): 1– 4.
董元华,张桃林.基于农产品质量安全的土壤资源管理与可持续利用[J].土壤, 2003, 35(3): 192-196.
董占荣,陈一定,林咸永,等. 2008.杭州市郊规模化养殖场猪粪的重金属含量及其形态[J].浙江农业学报, 20(1): 35 - 39.
杜彩艳,祖艳群,李元. 2007.施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响,生态环境, 16(6): 1710– 1713.
杜彩艳,祖艳群,李元. 2005.施用石灰对大白菜中Cd,Pb,Zn含量的影响。云南农业大学学报,20(6): 810 - 818.
段敏,马往校,李岚. 1999. 17种蔬菜中铅铬镉元素含量分析研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 13(4): 74 - 79.
段学军,盛清涛. 2005.土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应[J].中原工学院学报, 19(1): 23 - 26.
高彬,王海燕. 2003.土壤pH对植物吸收镉、锌的影响试验.广西农业科学, 3: 54 - 56.
顾国平,章明奎. 2008.重金属污染农地土壤治理的改良剂选择[J].现代农业科技, 17: 193– 198.
国家环境保护局南京环境科学研究所. 1995.中华人民共和国国家标准(GB15618 - 1995).土壤环境质量标准.北京:中国标准出版社.
国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司. 2002.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.
郝秀珍.畜禽粪中铜、锌在土壤中的环境化学过程与蔬菜安全研究,中国科学院南京土壤研究所博士学位论文: 56 - 57.
何江华,杜应琼,周晓洪,等. 2006. Cd对叶菜生长和产量的影响及其在叶菜体内的积累[J].农业环境科学学报, 25(3): 597 - 601.
何江华,柳勇,王少毅,等. 2003.广州市菜园土主要蔬菜重金属背景含量的研究[J].生态环境,12(3): 269 - 272.
胡霭堂.苏州市城市生活污泥成分性质及其对蔬菜和菜地土壤的影响.南京农业大学学报. 1994, 17(2): 54 - 59.
胡克伟,关连珠. 2007.改良剂原位修复重金属污染土壤研究进展.中国土壤与肥料, 4: 1– 5.
黄玉溢,刘斌,陈桂芬,等. 2007.规模化养殖场猪粪配合饲料和粪便中重金属含量研究.广西农业科学, 38(5): 544– 546.
黄治平,徐斌,张克强,等. 2007.连续四年施用规模化猪场猪粪温室土壤重金属积累研究[J].农业工程学报, 23(11): 239 - 244.
江行玉,赵可夫. 2001.植物重金属上海及其抗性机理[J].应用于环境生物学报, 79(1): 92– 99.
孔宏敏,何圆球. 2003.红壤旱地有机质的积累规律及其影响因素[J].土壤, 35(5): 401 - 407.
孔宏敏,何圆球,吴大付. 2004.长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报, 15(5): 782 - 786.
李本银,黄绍敏,张玉亭. 2010.长期施用有机肥对土壤和糙米铜、锌、铁、锰和镉积累的影响.植物营养与肥料学报, 16 (1): 129– 135.
李鹏,齐光海. 2006.饲料添加剂的使用安全研究进展[J],饲料工业, 27(18): 7 - 10.
李和国. 2009.规模化猪场猪粪中的营养素分析研究[J].家畜生态学报, 30(3): 77 - 81.
李其林,刘光德,黄昀,等. 2004.大田蔬菜Pb、Cd污染途径的研究[J].中国生态学报, 12(4):149 - 152.
李新江,金伊洙,李志民. 2005.有机肥对菜豆产量及品质的影响研究[J].吉林蔬菜, 34 - 35.
林君锋,高树芳. 2002.蔬菜对土壤镉铜锌富集能力的研究[J].土壤与环境, 11(3): 248 - 251.
林葆. 2003.化肥与无公害农业[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 141 - 158.
林青云,章钢娅,许敏,等. 2009.添加凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石对铜锌镉污染红壤的改良效应研究.土壤, 41(6): 892– 896.
刘学剑. 2001.养猪生产中应用高铜的利与弊[J].饲料博览, 5: 22 - 23.
刘荣乐,李书田,王秀斌,等. 2005.我国商品有机肥料和有机废弃物中重金属的含量现状与分析[J].农业环境科学学报, 24(2): 392 - 397.
刘宛,郑乐,李培军,等. 2006.镉胁迫对大麦幼苗基因组DNA多态性影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 25(1): 19– 24.
鲁如坤. 1999.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社.
马往校,周乐,段敏,等. 2003.西安市蔬菜中重金属污染状况分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版, 31(6): 178 - 180.
庞奖励,黄春长,孙根年. 2001.西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究[J].土壤与环境, 10(2): 94 - 97.
欧秀琼,童晓莉,钟正泽. 2004.猪饲料中添加高剂量铜、锌对粗脂肪及蛋白质消化率的影响[J].畜禽业, 5(7): 10 - 11.
邱亦秀. 2006.有机砷制在饲料工业中的应用[J].江西饲料, 13 (5): 13 - 14.
陶秀萍,董红梅. 2009.畜禽养殖废弃物资源的环境风险及处理利用技术现状.现代畜牧兽医, 11: 34 - 38.
施泽明,倪师军,张成江. 2006.成都城郊典型蔬菜中重金属元素的富集特征[J].地球与环境, 34(2): 52 - 56.
王道平,钟勇法. 2010.巧用钙镁磷见效快又灵[J].土壤肥料, 3: 26– 27.
王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等. 2006.我国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学. 26(5): 614 - 617.
王艮梅,周立祥. 2003.施用有机物料对污染土壤水溶性有机物和铜活性的动态影响[J].环境科学学报, 23(4): 452– 457.
王辉,董元华,张绪美,等. 2007.江苏省集约化养殖畜禽粪便盐分含量及粪便特征分析[J].农业工程学报, 23(11): 229 - 233.
王焕校. 1999.污染生态学[J].北京:高等教育出版社, 44– 68.
王宏康. 1993.土壤中有毒元素的环境质量基准研究[J].农业环境保护, 12(4): 162 - 165.
王学峰,朱桂芬. 2003.重金属污染研究新进展[J].环境科学与技术, 26(1): 54 - 56.
谢敏康. 2000.饲料和禽产品中的重金属含量.饲料广角[J], 6: 20.
邢廷铣. 2001.畜牧业生产队生态环境的污染及其防治[J].云南环境科学, 20(1): 39– 43.
徐明飞,郑纪慈,阮美颖,等. 2008.不同类型蔬菜重金属(Pb, As, Cd, Hg)积累量的比较[J].浙江农业学报, 20(1): 29– 34.
徐伟朴,陈同斌,刘俊良,等. 2004.规模化畜禽养殖对环境的污染及防治策略[J].环境科学, 25(增刊): 105 - 108.
许敏,靳伟,林青云,等. 2009.纳米有机二氧化硅对土壤-青菜系统六六六迁移的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 37(5): 2167– 2169.
闫秋良,刘福柱. 2002.通过营养调控缓解畜禽生产对环境的污染[J].家禽生态, 23(3): 68 - 70.
姚丽贤,李国良,何兆桓,等. 2009.施用畜禽粪对两种土壤As、Cu、Zn有效性的影响[J].土壤学报, 46(1): 127 - 135.
余贵芬,蒋新,孙磊. 2002.有机物质对土壤镉有效性的影响研究综述[J].生态学报, 22(5): 770 - 776.
赵勇,李红娟,孙治强. 2006.郑州农区土壤重金属污染与蔬菜质量相关性探析[J].中国生态农业学报, 14(4): 126 - 130.
郑爱珍. 2009. Cu2+和Zn2+对糯玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].湖北农业大学, 48(8): 1828– 1831.
中华人民共和国国家标准, GB18596 - 2001, 1995.畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国国家标准, GB2762 - 2005,蔬菜食品卫生质量标准.北京:中国标准出版社, 1995.
中华人民共和国国家标准, GB4284-84,农用污泥中污染物控制标准.北京:中国标准出版社, 1995.
中华人民共和国农业部公告,第1224号.饲料添加剂安全使用规范.
钟逸兰. 1999.铜在猪饲料中的合理应用[J].广东饲料, 3: 15– 16.
朱红霞. 2005.重金属及其复合污染对小麦生长发育影响机理研究[J].优秀硕博论文.
朱维晃,杨元根,毕华,等. 2004.海南土壤中Zn, Pb, Cu , Cd四种重金属含量及其生物有效性的研究[J].矿物学报, 24(3): 239 - 244.
朱亦君,郑袁明,贺纪正,等. 2008.猪粪中铜对东北黑土地污染风险评价[J].应用生态学报, 19(12): 2751 - 2756.
祖艳群,李元,陈海燕,等. 2003.蔬菜中铅镉铜锌含量的影响因素研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 22(3): 289 - 292.
Bolan N S , Adriano D C , Mahimairaja S . 2004. Distribution and bioavailability of trace elements in livestock and poultry manure by - products[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 291 - 338.
Blair N, Faulkner R D, Till A R, et al. 2006. Long - term management impacts on soil C, N and physical fertility Part I: Broadbalk experiment[J]. Soil Tillage Research, 91: 30 - 38.
Cang L, Wang Y J, Zhou D M, et al. 2004. Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 16(3):371 - 374.
Chary N S, Kamala C T, Raj D S S. 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer [J]. Ecotoxicolgy and Environmental Safety, 69: 513 - 524.
Clemente R, Paredes C, Bernal M P. 2007.A field experiment investigating the effects of olive husk and cow manure on heavy metal availability in a contaminated calcareous soil from Murcia (Spain)[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118: 319 - 326.
Ernst W H O. 1996. Bioavailability of heavy metals and decontamination of soils by plants[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 11: 163 - 167.
Feng M H, Shan X Q, Zhang S Z, et al. 2005. Comparison of a rhizosphere-based method with other one-step extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of soil metals to wheat[J]. Chemosphere, 59: 939 - 949.
Faridullah, Irshad M, Yamamoto S, et al. 2009. Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash[J]. Waste Management, 29: 265 - 271.
Feng M H, Shan X Q, Zhang S Z, et al. 2005. Comparison of a rhizosphere-based method with other one-step extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of soil metals to wheat[J]. Chemosphere, 59: 939 - 949.
Faridullah, Irshad M, Yamamoto S, et al. 2009. Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash[J]. Waste Management, 29: 265 - 271.
Feng M H , Shan X Q , Zhang S Z, et al. 2005. Comparison of a rhizosphere-based method with other one-step extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of soil metals to wheat[J]. Chemosphere, 59: 939 - 949.
Faridullah, Irshad M , Yamamoto S , et al. 2009. Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash[J]. Waste Management, 29: 265 - 271.
Gupta A K, Sinha S, 2006. Chemical fraction and heavy metal accumulation in the plant of Sesamum indicum(L.) var. T55 grown on soil amended with tannery sludge: selection of single extractants[J]. Chemosphere, 64: 161 - 173.
Garrido F, Illera V, Garcia-Gonzalez M T. 2005. Effect of the addition of gypsum - and lime– rich industrial by– products on Cd, Cu and Pb availability and leachability in metal– spiked acid soils[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 20(2): 397 - 408.
Holm A.. E.coli associated diarrhoea in weaner pig: zinc oxide added to the feed as a precentative measure[C]. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society. 11th Congress. Lausanne. Switzerland, 1990: 1 - 5.
Hao X Z , Zhou D M , Huang D Q, et al. 2009. Heavy metal transfer from soil to vegetable in southern Jiangsu Province, China. Pedosphere, 19(3): 305 - 311.
Han FX, Kingery WL, Selim HM, Gerard PD. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in a long-term poultry waste-amended soil. Soil Science.,165(3): 260– 268.
Hsu JH, Lo SL. 2001.Effect of composting on characterization and leaching of copper, manganese, and zinc from swine manure. Encironmental Pollution, 114: 119 - 127.
Jackson BP, Miller WP. 1999. Soluble arsenic and selenium species in fly ash/organic waste amended soils using ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environmental ScienceTechnology. 33: 270– 275.
Jackson BP, Bertsch PM, Carera ML, Camberato JJ, Seaman JC, Wood CW. 2003. Trance element speciation in poultry litter. J.Environ. Qual., 32: 535– 540.
Kandah M. 2001. Zinc adsorption from aqueous solutions using disposal sheep manure waste. Chemical Engineering Journal, 84: 543– 549.
Kornegay E T, Hedges J D,Martens D C,et al. 1976. Effect of soil and plant mineral levels following application of manures of different copper levels. Plant soil. 45: 151- 162.
Lee D H, Zo Y G, Kim S J. 1996. Non-radioactive methods to study genetic profiles of natural bacterial communities by PCR-single-gmand conformation polymorphism[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 62: 3112 - 3120.
Liu Rong-le, Li Shu-tian, Wang Xiu-bin, et al. 2005. Contents of heavy metal in commercial organic fertilizer and organic waste[J]. Journal of Agro-environmental Science, 24(2): 392 - 397.
Long Cang, Wang Yujun, Zhou Dongmei, et al. 2004. Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 16(3): 371 - 374.
Li Yanxia, Chen Tongbin. 2005. Concentrations of additive arsenic in Beijing pig feeds and the residues in pig manure [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 45(4): 356 - 367.
Li Z W, Li L Q, Pan G X, et al. 2005. Bioavailability of Cd in a soil-rice system in China: soil type versus genotype effects[J]. Plant and Soil, 271: 165 - 173.
Li S T, Liu R L, Wang M, Wang X B, et al. 2006. Phytoavailability of cadmium to cherry-red radish in soils applied composted chicken or pig manure[J]. Geoderma, 136: 260 - 271.
Li Peng, Qi Guang-hai. 2006. Progress in study of the safety of animal feed additives use[J]. Feed Industry, 27(18): 7 -10.
Nicholson F A, Chamber B J, Williams J R, et al. 1999. Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wales[J]. Bioresour Technol , 23: 23 - 31.
Ren S R, Shao Y C, Wang Z X. 2005. Analyze on heavy metals content of merchandise compost produced by animal wastes[J]. Journal of Agro-Environmental Science, 24(Sup): 216 - 318.
Rudrappa L., Purakayastha T.J., Singh D., et al. 2006. Long-term manuring and fertilization effects on soil organic carbon pools in a Typic Haplustept of semi-arid sub-tropical India[J]. Soil Tillage Research, 88: 180 - 192.
Sheoran IS. 1990. Effect of cadmium and nicked on photosynthesis and the enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle in pigeonpea[J]. Photosynthesis Research. 23: 345 - 351.
Ure A M, Quevauviller P h, Muntau H, et al. 1993. Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments. An account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the commission of the European communities[J]. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 51: 135 - 151.
Zhou L X, Wong J W C. Effect of dissolved organic matters derived from sludge and composted sludge on soil Cu sorption[J]. J. Environ. Qual., 2001,30(3): 878– 883.
陈怀满.土壤-植物系统中的重金属污染[M].科学出版社, 1996, 7 - 15.
陈宏,陈玉成,杨学春.石灰对土壤中Hg、Pb的植物可利用性的调控研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2003, 22(5): 549-552.
程海翔,贾秀英,朱维琴,等.杭州地区猪粪重金属含量及形态分布的初步研究[J].杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 7(4): 294 - 297.
党廷辉,张麦.有机肥对黑垆土养分含量、形态及转化影响的定位研究[J].干旱地区农业研究, 1999, 17(4): 1– 4.
董元华,张桃林.基于农产品质量安全的土壤资源管理与可持续利用[J].土壤, 2003, 35(3): 192-196.
董占荣,陈一定,林咸永,等. 2008.杭州市郊规模化养殖场猪粪的重金属含量及其形态[J].浙江农业学报, 20(1): 35 - 39.
杜彩艳,祖艳群,李元. 2007.施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响,生态环境, 16(6): 1710– 1713.
杜彩艳,祖艳群,李元. 2005.施用石灰对大白菜中Cd,Pb,Zn含量的影响。云南农业大学学报,20(6): 810 - 818.
段敏,马往校,李岚. 1999. 17种蔬菜中铅铬镉元素含量分析研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 13(4): 74 - 79.
段学军,盛清涛. 2005.土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应[J].中原工学院学报, 19(1): 23 - 26.
高彬,王海燕. 2003.土壤pH对植物吸收镉、锌的影响试验.广西农业科学, 3: 54 - 56.
顾国平,章明奎. 2008.重金属污染农地土壤治理的改良剂选择[J].现代农业科技, 17: 193– 198.
国家环境保护局南京环境科学研究所. 1995.中华人民共和国国家标准(GB15618 - 1995).土壤环境质量标准.北京:中国标准出版社.
国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司. 2002.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.
郝秀珍.畜禽粪中铜、锌在土壤中的环境化学过程与蔬菜安全研究,中国科学院南京土壤研究所博士学位论文: 56 - 57.
何江华,杜应琼,周晓洪,等. 2006. Cd对叶菜生长和产量的影响及其在叶菜体内的积累[J].农业环境科学学报, 25(3): 597 - 601.
何江华,柳勇,王少毅,等. 2003.广州市菜园土主要蔬菜重金属背景含量的研究[J].生态环境,12(3): 269 - 272.
胡霭堂.苏州市城市生活污泥成分性质及其对蔬菜和菜地土壤的影响.南京农业大学学报. 1994, 17(2): 54 - 59.
胡克伟,关连珠. 2007.改良剂原位修复重金属污染土壤研究进展.中国土壤与肥料, 4: 1– 5.
黄玉溢,刘斌,陈桂芬,等. 2007.规模化养殖场猪粪配合饲料和粪便中重金属含量研究.广西农业科学, 38(5): 544– 546.
黄治平,徐斌,张克强,等. 2007.连续四年施用规模化猪场猪粪温室土壤重金属积累研究[J].农业工程学报, 23(11): 239 - 244.
江行玉,赵可夫. 2001.植物重金属上海及其抗性机理[J].应用于环境生物学报, 79(1): 92– 99.
孔宏敏,何圆球. 2003.红壤旱地有机质的积累规律及其影响因素[J].土壤, 35(5): 401 - 407.
孔宏敏,何圆球,吴大付. 2004.长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报, 15(5): 782 - 786.
李本银,黄绍敏,张玉亭. 2010.长期施用有机肥对土壤和糙米铜、锌、铁、锰和镉积累的影响.植物营养与肥料学报, 16 (1): 129– 135.
李鹏,齐光海. 2006.饲料添加剂的使用安全研究进展[J],饲料工业, 27(18): 7 - 10.
李和国. 2009.规模化猪场猪粪中的营养素分析研究[J].家畜生态学报, 30(3): 77 - 81.
李其林,刘光德,黄昀,等. 2004.大田蔬菜Pb、Cd污染途径的研究[J].中国生态学报, 12(4):149 - 152.
李新江,金伊洙,李志民. 2005.有机肥对菜豆产量及品质的影响研究[J].吉林蔬菜, 34 - 35.
林君锋,高树芳. 2002.蔬菜对土壤镉铜锌富集能力的研究[J].土壤与环境, 11(3): 248 - 251.
林葆. 2003.化肥与无公害农业[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 141 - 158.
林青云,章钢娅,许敏,等. 2009.添加凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石对铜锌镉污染红壤的改良效应研究.土壤, 41(6): 892– 896.
刘学剑. 2001.养猪生产中应用高铜的利与弊[J].饲料博览, 5: 22 - 23.
刘荣乐,李书田,王秀斌,等. 2005.我国商品有机肥料和有机废弃物中重金属的含量现状与分析[J].农业环境科学学报, 24(2): 392 - 397.
刘宛,郑乐,李培军,等. 2006.镉胁迫对大麦幼苗基因组DNA多态性影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 25(1): 19– 24.
鲁如坤. 1999.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社.
马往校,周乐,段敏,等. 2003.西安市蔬菜中重金属污染状况分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版, 31(6): 178 - 180.
庞奖励,黄春长,孙根年. 2001.西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究[J].土壤与环境, 10(2): 94 - 97.
欧秀琼,童晓莉,钟正泽. 2004.猪饲料中添加高剂量铜、锌对粗脂肪及蛋白质消化率的影响[J].畜禽业, 5(7): 10 - 11.
邱亦秀. 2006.有机砷制在饲料工业中的应用[J].江西饲料, 13 (5): 13 - 14.
陶秀萍,董红梅. 2009.畜禽养殖废弃物资源的环境风险及处理利用技术现状.现代畜牧兽医, 11: 34 - 38.
施泽明,倪师军,张成江. 2006.成都城郊典型蔬菜中重金属元素的富集特征[J].地球与环境, 34(2): 52 - 56.
王道平,钟勇法. 2010.巧用钙镁磷见效快又灵[J].土壤肥料, 3: 26– 27.
王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等. 2006.我国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学. 26(5): 614 - 617.
王艮梅,周立祥. 2003.施用有机物料对污染土壤水溶性有机物和铜活性的动态影响[J].环境科学学报, 23(4): 452– 457.
王辉,董元华,张绪美,等. 2007.江苏省集约化养殖畜禽粪便盐分含量及粪便特征分析[J].农业工程学报, 23(11): 229 - 233.
王焕校. 1999.污染生态学[J].北京:高等教育出版社, 44– 68.
王宏康. 1993.土壤中有毒元素的环境质量基准研究[J].农业环境保护, 12(4): 162 - 165.
王学峰,朱桂芬. 2003.重金属污染研究新进展[J].环境科学与技术, 26(1): 54 - 56.
谢敏康. 2000.饲料和禽产品中的重金属含量.饲料广角[J], 6: 20.
邢廷铣. 2001.畜牧业生产队生态环境的污染及其防治[J].云南环境科学, 20(1): 39– 43.
徐明飞,郑纪慈,阮美颖,等. 2008.不同类型蔬菜重金属(Pb, As, Cd, Hg)积累量的比较[J].浙江农业学报, 20(1): 29– 34.
徐伟朴,陈同斌,刘俊良,等. 2004.规模化畜禽养殖对环境的污染及防治策略[J].环境科学, 25(增刊): 105 - 108.
许敏,靳伟,林青云,等. 2009.纳米有机二氧化硅对土壤-青菜系统六六六迁移的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 37(5): 2167– 2169.
闫秋良,刘福柱. 2002.通过营养调控缓解畜禽生产对环境的污染[J].家禽生态, 23(3): 68 - 70.
姚丽贤,李国良,何兆桓,等. 2009.施用畜禽粪对两种土壤As、Cu、Zn有效性的影响[J].土壤学报, 46(1): 127 - 135.
余贵芬,蒋新,孙磊. 2002.有机物质对土壤镉有效性的影响研究综述[J].生态学报, 22(5): 770 - 776.
赵勇,李红娟,孙治强. 2006.郑州农区土壤重金属污染与蔬菜质量相关性探析[J].中国生态农业学报, 14(4): 126 - 130.
郑爱珍. 2009. Cu2+和Zn2+对糯玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].湖北农业大学, 48(8): 1828– 1831.
中华人民共和国国家标准, GB18596 - 2001, 1995.畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国国家标准, GB2762 - 2005,蔬菜食品卫生质量标准.北京:中国标准出版社, 1995.
中华人民共和国国家标准, GB4284-84,农用污泥中污染物控制标准.北京:中国标准出版社, 1995.
中华人民共和国农业部公告,第1224号.饲料添加剂安全使用规范.
钟逸兰. 1999.铜在猪饲料中的合理应用[J].广东饲料, 3: 15– 16.
朱红霞. 2005.重金属及其复合污染对小麦生长发育影响机理研究[J].优秀硕博论文.
朱维晃,杨元根,毕华,等. 2004.海南土壤中Zn, Pb, Cu , Cd四种重金属含量及其生物有效性的研究[J].矿物学报, 24(3): 239 - 244.
朱亦君,郑袁明,贺纪正,等. 2008.猪粪中铜对东北黑土地污染风险评价[J].应用生态学报, 19(12): 2751 - 2756.
祖艳群,李元,陈海燕,等. 2003.蔬菜中铅镉铜锌含量的影响因素研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 22(3): 289 - 292.
Bolan N S , Adriano D C , Mahimairaja S . 2004. Distribution and bioavailability of trace elements in livestock and poultry manure by - products[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 291 - 338.
Blair N, Faulkner R D, Till A R, et al. 2006. Long - term management impacts on soil C, N and physical fertility Part I: Broadbalk experiment[J]. Soil Tillage Research, 91: 30 - 38.
Cang L, Wang Y J, Zhou D M, et al. 2004. Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 16(3):371 - 374.
Chary N S, Kamala C T, Raj D S S. 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer [J]. Ecotoxicolgy and Environmental Safety, 69: 513 - 524.
Clemente R, Paredes C, Bernal M P. 2007.A field experiment investigating the effects of olive husk and cow manure on heavy metal availability in a contaminated calcareous soil from Murcia (Spain)[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118: 319 - 326.
Ernst W H O. 1996. Bioavailability of heavy metals and decontamination of soils by plants[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 11: 163 - 167.
Feng M H, Shan X Q, Zhang S Z, et al. 2005. Comparison of a rhizosphere-based method with other one-step extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of soil metals to wheat[J]. Chemosphere, 59: 939 - 949.
Faridullah, Irshad M, Yamamoto S, et al. 2009. Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash[J]. Waste Management, 29: 265 - 271.
Feng M H, Shan X Q, Zhang S Z, et al. 2005. Comparison of a rhizosphere-based method with other one-step extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of soil metals to wheat[J]. Chemosphere, 59: 939 - 949.
Faridullah, Irshad M, Yamamoto S, et al. 2009. Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash[J]. Waste Management, 29: 265 - 271.
Feng M H , Shan X Q , Zhang S Z, et al. 2005. Comparison of a rhizosphere-based method with other one-step extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of soil metals to wheat[J]. Chemosphere, 59: 939 - 949.
Faridullah, Irshad M , Yamamoto S , et al. 2009. Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash[J]. Waste Management, 29: 265 - 271.
Gupta A K, Sinha S, 2006. Chemical fraction and heavy metal accumulation in the plant of Sesamum indicum(L.) var. T55 grown on soil amended with tannery sludge: selection of single extractants[J]. Chemosphere, 64: 161 - 173.
Garrido F, Illera V, Garcia-Gonzalez M T. 2005. Effect of the addition of gypsum - and lime– rich industrial by– products on Cd, Cu and Pb availability and leachability in metal– spiked acid soils[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 20(2): 397 - 408.
Holm A.. E.coli associated diarrhoea in weaner pig: zinc oxide added to the feed as a precentative measure[C]. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society. 11th Congress. Lausanne. Switzerland, 1990: 1 - 5.
Hao X Z , Zhou D M , Huang D Q, et al. 2009. Heavy metal transfer from soil to vegetable in southern Jiangsu Province, China. Pedosphere, 19(3): 305 - 311.
Han FX, Kingery WL, Selim HM, Gerard PD. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in a long-term poultry waste-amended soil. Soil Science.,165(3): 260– 268.
Hsu JH, Lo SL. 2001.Effect of composting on characterization and leaching of copper, manganese, and zinc from swine manure. Encironmental Pollution, 114: 119 - 127.
Jackson BP, Miller WP. 1999. Soluble arsenic and selenium species in fly ash/organic waste amended soils using ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environmental ScienceTechnology. 33: 270– 275.
Jackson BP, Bertsch PM, Carera ML, Camberato JJ, Seaman JC, Wood CW. 2003. Trance element speciation in poultry litter. J.Environ. Qual., 32: 535– 540.
Kandah M. 2001. Zinc adsorption from aqueous solutions using disposal sheep manure waste. Chemical Engineering Journal, 84: 543– 549.
Kornegay E T, Hedges J D,Martens D C,et al. 1976. Effect of soil and plant mineral levels following application of manures of different copper levels. Plant soil. 45: 151- 162.
Lee D H, Zo Y G, Kim S J. 1996. Non-radioactive methods to study genetic profiles of natural bacterial communities by PCR-single-gmand conformation polymorphism[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 62: 3112 - 3120.
Liu Rong-le, Li Shu-tian, Wang Xiu-bin, et al. 2005. Contents of heavy metal in commercial organic fertilizer and organic waste[J]. Journal of Agro-environmental Science, 24(2): 392 - 397.
Long Cang, Wang Yujun, Zhou Dongmei, et al. 2004. Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 16(3): 371 - 374.
Li Yanxia, Chen Tongbin. 2005. Concentrations of additive arsenic in Beijing pig feeds and the residues in pig manure [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 45(4): 356 - 367.
Li Z W, Li L Q, Pan G X, et al. 2005. Bioavailability of Cd in a soil-rice system in China: soil type versus genotype effects[J]. Plant and Soil, 271: 165 - 173.
Li S T, Liu R L, Wang M, Wang X B, et al. 2006. Phytoavailability of cadmium to cherry-red radish in soils applied composted chicken or pig manure[J]. Geoderma, 136: 260 - 271.
Li Peng, Qi Guang-hai. 2006. Progress in study of the safety of animal feed additives use[J]. Feed Industry, 27(18): 7 -10.
Nicholson F A, Chamber B J, Williams J R, et al. 1999. Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wales[J]. Bioresour Technol , 23: 23 - 31.
Ren S R, Shao Y C, Wang Z X. 2005. Analyze on heavy metals content of merchandise compost produced by animal wastes[J]. Journal of Agro-Environmental Science, 24(Sup): 216 - 318.
Rudrappa L., Purakayastha T.J., Singh D., et al. 2006. Long-term manuring and fertilization effects on soil organic carbon pools in a Typic Haplustept of semi-arid sub-tropical India[J]. Soil Tillage Research, 88: 180 - 192.
Sheoran IS. 1990. Effect of cadmium and nicked on photosynthesis and the enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle in pigeonpea[J]. Photosynthesis Research. 23: 345 - 351.
Ure A M, Quevauviller P h, Muntau H, et al. 1993. Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments. An account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the commission of the European communities[J]. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 51: 135 - 151.
Zhou L X, Wong J W C. Effect of dissolved organic matters derived from sludge and composted sludge on soil Cu sorption[J]. J. Environ. Qual., 2001,30(3): 878– 883.