智能锁相放大器的设计
摘要
锁相放大器，特别是数字型的正交矢量锁相放大器，是微弱信号检测领域里的主要仪器，它具有测量精度高，稳定性好，信噪比高等突出优点，被广泛应用在物理、化学、生物、医学以及多种工程领域中。为了满足实时性高、运算速度快、精度高等要求，本文选用了ARM和FPGA组成的嵌入式平台进行智能锁相放大器的系统设计。
本文围绕数字型正交矢量锁相放大器设计，首先，介绍了它的工作原理和基本结构，分析了影响其性能的主要参数采样频率、低通滤波器的截止频率、阶数等，提出了基于ARM和FPGA嵌入式平台的智能锁相放大器的解决方案。其次，根据数字型的正交矢量型锁相放大器的结构，设计了系统的硬件，选择了AD8331作为信号通道的前置放大器和可变增益放大器，可提供20M的带宽，74.5dB的增益；选择了AD9430作为模数转换器，可提供120M的采样速率，375μV的分辨率；选择了AD9518-1为模数转换器提供采样时钟，设置采样时钟在12.5M到120M可调；利用FPGA(EP3C10)设计了频率分辨率为0.028Hz，最高频率为20MHz的参考信号生成器、相敏检波器、IIR低通滤波器、相位和幅值运算模块等；以及各个部分之间接口的设计，主要是ARM和FPGA之间的接口，ARM与采样时钟生成器之间的接口等。再次，根据智能锁相放大器的控制功能，设计了系统的软件，包括在ARM平台上新添加的硬件设备FPGA和时钟生成器驱动的设计，以及基于Linux操作系统上的QT应用程序的设计等。最后，结合先前的设计，分析了实验的结果，给出了所设计的智能锁相放大器的指标。
Lock-in amplifier, especially digital orthogonal vector lock-in amplifier, is themain instrument in the field of weak signal detection, which has high accuracy, goodstability, high SNR prominent advantages, and has been widely used in physics,chemistry, biology, medicine, and a variety of engineering field. In order to meet thehigh real-time, a fast calculation speed and high precision requirements, this paperselects the ARM and FPGA embedded platform to design intelligent lock-in amplifiersystem.
This paper focuses on the design of digital orthogonal vector phase-lockedamplifier design. First of all, this paper introduces its principle and basic structure, andanalyzes the main parameters such as sample frequency, cut-off frequency and order ofthe low pass filter, and so on, impacting its performance, and put forward based onARM and FPGA embedded platform of intelligent lock-in amplifier solutions. Second,according to the structure of digital orthogonal vector phase-locked amplifier, design thesystem hardware, mainly including choosing AD8331as the preamplifier and variablegain amplifier in asignal channel, which can provide the bandwidth of the20M,74.5dB gain; choosing the AD9430as ADC, which can provide120M sampling rate,375μV resolution; choosing the AD9518-1as adc sampling clock, which can set thesampling clock in12.5M to120M adjustable; using FPGA (EP3C10) design thefrequency resolution for the0.028Hz, the highest frequency of20MHz reference signalgenerator, phase sensitive detectors, IIR low-pass filter, phase and amplitude operationmodule, etc. Again, according to control functions of the intelligence of phase-lockedamplifier, design the system software including new add hardware, FPGA and clockgenerator drivers design on the ARM platform, and QT application design based on theLinux operating system etc. Finally, combined with the previous design, gives indexesanalysis according the results of the simulations and experiments.
本文围绕数字型正交矢量锁相放大器设计，首先，介绍了它的工作原理和基本结构，分析了影响其性能的主要参数采样频率、低通滤波器的截止频率、阶数等，提出了基于ARM和FPGA嵌入式平台的智能锁相放大器的解决方案。其次，根据数字型的正交矢量型锁相放大器的结构，设计了系统的硬件，选择了AD8331作为信号通道的前置放大器和可变增益放大器，可提供20M的带宽，74.5dB的增益；选择了AD9430作为模数转换器，可提供120M的采样速率，375μV的分辨率；选择了AD9518-1为模数转换器提供采样时钟，设置采样时钟在12.5M到120M可调；利用FPGA(EP3C10)设计了频率分辨率为0.028Hz，最高频率为20MHz的参考信号生成器、相敏检波器、IIR低通滤波器、相位和幅值运算模块等；以及各个部分之间接口的设计，主要是ARM和FPGA之间的接口，ARM与采样时钟生成器之间的接口等。再次，根据智能锁相放大器的控制功能，设计了系统的软件，包括在ARM平台上新添加的硬件设备FPGA和时钟生成器驱动的设计，以及基于Linux操作系统上的QT应用程序的设计等。最后，结合先前的设计，分析了实验的结果，给出了所设计的智能锁相放大器的指标。
Lock-in amplifier, especially digital orthogonal vector lock-in amplifier, is themain instrument in the field of weak signal detection, which has high accuracy, goodstability, high SNR prominent advantages, and has been widely used in physics,chemistry, biology, medicine, and a variety of engineering field. In order to meet thehigh real-time, a fast calculation speed and high precision requirements, this paperselects the ARM and FPGA embedded platform to design intelligent lock-in amplifiersystem.
This paper focuses on the design of digital orthogonal vector phase-lockedamplifier design. First of all, this paper introduces its principle and basic structure, andanalyzes the main parameters such as sample frequency, cut-off frequency and order ofthe low pass filter, and so on, impacting its performance, and put forward based onARM and FPGA embedded platform of intelligent lock-in amplifier solutions. Second,according to the structure of digital orthogonal vector phase-locked amplifier, design thesystem hardware, mainly including choosing AD8331as the preamplifier and variablegain amplifier in asignal channel, which can provide the bandwidth of the20M,74.5dB gain; choosing the AD9430as ADC, which can provide120M sampling rate,375μV resolution; choosing the AD9518-1as adc sampling clock, which can set thesampling clock in12.5M to120M adjustable; using FPGA (EP3C10) design thefrequency resolution for the0.028Hz, the highest frequency of20MHz reference signalgenerator, phase sensitive detectors, IIR low-pass filter, phase and amplitude operationmodule, etc. Again, according to control functions of the intelligence of phase-lockedamplifier, design the system software including new add hardware, FPGA and clockgenerator drivers design on the ARM platform, and QT application design based on theLinux operating system etc. Finally, combined with the previous design, gives indexesanalysis according the results of the simulations and experiments.
引文
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[5] Heisuke Ishino, Shigeto Iwai, Shunji Iwamoto, Tsuneo Okumura, TakayoshiKobayashi, Eiji Tokunaga. Nonlinear absorption microspectroscopy of singleperylene nanocrystals with a multichannel double lock-in amplifier[J]. OpticalReview,2010,11(3):337-340.
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[2] What is a lock-in amplifier[Z]. Signal Recovery,2008.
[3] Takashi Maeno, Noritaka Chiyo, Yasuhiro Tanaka. Three-dimensionalElectromagnetic Field Intensity Measurement using an Infrared Two-dimensionalLock-in Amplifier[J]. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials,2007,127(10):656-657.
[4] Ramūnas Augulis, Donatas Zigmantas. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopywith double modulation lock-in detection: enhancement of sensitivity and noiseresistance[J]. Optics Express,2011,19(14):13126-13133.
[5] Heisuke Ishino, Shigeto Iwai, Shunji Iwamoto, Tsuneo Okumura, TakayoshiKobayashi, Eiji Tokunaga. Nonlinear absorption microspectroscopy of singleperylene nanocrystals with a multichannel double lock-in amplifier[J]. OpticalReview,2010,11(3):337-340.
[6] Weel M., Kumarakrishnan A. Laser-frequency stabilization using a lock-inamplifier[J]. Canadian Journal of Physics,2002,80(12):1449-1458.
[7] Jeffrey Snoddy, Yun Li, Fabien Ravet, Xiaoyi Bao. Stabilization of electro-opticmodulator bias voltage drift using a lock-in amplifier and a proportional integralderivative controller in a distributed Brillouin sensor system[J]. Applied Optics,2007,14(9):1482-1485.
[8] Cristiano Azzolini, Alessandro Magnanini, Matteo Tonelli, Giovanni Chiorboli,Carlo Morandi. A CMOS vector lock-in amplifier for sensor applications[J].Microelectronics Journal,2010,11(8):449-457.
[9] A.Damico, A.DeMarcellis, C.DiCarlo, C.DiNatale, G.Ferri, E.Martinelli, R.Paolesse,V.Stornelli. Low-voltage low-power integrated analog lock-in amplifier for gassensor applications[J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2010,144(2):400-406.
[10] M.Gabal, N.Medrano, B.Calvo, P.A.Martínez, S.Celma, M.R.Valero. A completelow voltage analog lock-in amplifier to recover sensor signals buried in noise forembedded applications[J].2010,5:74-77.
[11] Dong L. Experimental Study on Harmonic Detection of Methane by Use of aDigital Lock-In Amplifier[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2005,25(3):473-477.
[12]王吉元.基于数字锁相放大器的甲烷谐波检测虚拟系统[J].计算机测量与控制，2009，17(6):1052-1054.
[13] Noritaka Chiyo, Mizuki Arai, Yasuhiro Tanaka, Atsuhiro Nishikata, Takashi Maeno.Microwave Imaging with Infrared2-D Lock-in Amplifier[J]. IEEJ Transactions onFundamentals and Materials,2009,129(11):785-790.
[14] Michael J. Schauber. Measurement of mutual inductance from the frequencydependence of impedance of AC coupled circuits using a digital dual-phase lock-inamplifier[J]. American Journal of Physics,2008,76(2):129-132.
[15] Jun Lu, De-An Pan, Bai Yang, Lijie Qiao. Wideband magnetoelectric measurementsystem with the application of a virtual multi-channel lock-in amplifier[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2008,18(4):45702.
[16]曾庆勇.微弱信号检测（第二版）[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社，1994.
[17]孙志斌，陈佳圭.锁相放大器的新进展[J].物理，2006，35(10):879-884.
[18]李刚，张丽君，林凌.一种新型数字锁相放大器的设计及其优化算法[J].天津大学学报，2008，41(4):429-432.
[19]胡庆荣，张嘉鹏，王自鑫.一种新型数字锁相放大器的实现[C].广州市仪器仪表学会2009年学术年会论文集，10-14.
[20]宋改青.锁相放大器的应用及数字化设计[D].山西：山西大学，2006.
[21]孙秀桂，张洪斌，孙江波.一种基于虚拟仪器技术的双锁相放大器的设计[J].测控技术，2011，30(8):14-18.
[22] Model SR830DSP Lock-In Amplifier Revision2.5[Z]. SRS Stanford ResearchSystems,2011.10.
[23] Model SR510Lock-In Amplifier Revision3.3[Z]. SRS Stanford Research Systems,2003.11.
[24] Model7280Wide Bandwidth DSP Lock-in Amplifier[Z]. Ametek AdvancedMeasurement Technology Inc,2011.
[25] Model5210Dual-Phase Analog Lock-in Amplifier[Z]. Ametek AdvancedMeasurement Technology Inc,2002.
[26]刘俊,张斌珍.微弱信号检测技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社，2005.
[27]李锐,何辅云,夏玉宝.相关检测原理及其应用[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2008，31(4):573-579.
[28]焦斌亮，李素静.锁相放大器及其相关检测的仿真分析[J].电子技术，2008，45(1):110-112.
[29] Restelli A, Abbiati R., Geraci A.. Digital field programmable gate array-basedlock-in amplifier for high-performance photon counting applications[J]. Review ofscientific instruments,2005,(76):1-8.
[30]应自炉. MATLAB软件在控制系统仿真与分析中的应用[J].现代电子技术，1995，(4):33-37.
[31]间清华，杨离波.基于Matlab Simulink的仿真方法研究[J].工业仪表与自动化装置，2001，(4):41-43.
[32]张艳琴，王勇，植勇.基于MATLAB仿真的锁相放大器的研究[J].仪器仪表用户，2009，16(2):20-21.
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