基于CCD医用X射线数字成像系统研究
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摘要
医学图像对发现早期病情、确诊病情、了解治疗效果、确定后续治疗计划都有着至关重要的作用。X射线成像是获取医学图像的重要方式,它经历了胶片成像、CR成像和DR成像的发展历程。DR系统由于图像质量高、成像速度快、直接生成数字化图像、图像处理功能强大、辐照剂量小等优点,成为当前X射线成像领域的热门研究方向。在我国,对DR的研究还不深入,DR成像系统的应用也较少,因此DR系统在研究领域和应用领域都具有广阔的前景。
本文研究了基于CCD医用X射线数字成像系统,系统硬件部分由闪烁屏、反射镜、镜头组、CCD相机、计算机组成,实现图像的拍摄和数字化,软件部分即图像采集和处理软件,用于采集、处理、管理拍摄的图像。本文的主要研究内容包括:系统的结构设计、工作原理、各器件的工作原理及性能;图像拍摄过程中引起图像质量下降的原因分析及校正方法的研究;图像采集与处理软件的设计,软件在参考PACS和遵循DICOM标准的基础上实现用户需求;图像处理方法的研究,包括图像的空间变换和图像增强方法等。
基于CCD医用X射线数字成像系统具有好的空间分辨率、动态范围和可靠性,并且系统的价格合理,操作简单,便于推广使用,有助于推动我国DR系统的发展和应用。
Medical images play an important role in medical diagnosis, checking treatment effect, confirmation of the treatment plan. X-ray imaging is an important means to obtain medical images. X-ray imaging was developed from film imaging, CR imaging to DR imaging. DR system has many advantages such as high image quality and fast imaging speed and acquisition of digital image directly and powerful image processing function and low radiation dosage, so it is becoming a hot research in X-ray imaging area. In China, the study on DR system and the application of DR system are still in beginning, so DR system has broad prospect in study field and application field.
This paper study on the CCD based X-ray digital imaging system, it includes both hardware and software parts. The part of hardware includes scintillation screen,mirror, lens, CCD camera and computer, it is used to take medical images. The part of software is the image capture and processing software, it is used to finish the image capturing, processing and management. In this paper, the main contents include four parts. Firstly, we introduced the design of system structure and working principle and expounded the working principle and performance of components. Secondly, we analyzed the reasons which degrade image quality and studied methods to adjust them. Thirdly, we designed the image acquisition and processing software, which consulted PACS and follows the DICOM standard and can satisfy user’s need. Finally, we studied image processing methods, such as space conversion methods and image enhanced methods.
The CCD based medical X-ray digital imaging system we developed has good spatial resolution, high dynamic range and high reliability. This system is inexpensive and can be operated easily. It will be widely used in medical diagnosis and it will be helpful for the study and application of DR system.
本文研究了基于CCD医用X射线数字成像系统,系统硬件部分由闪烁屏、反射镜、镜头组、CCD相机、计算机组成,实现图像的拍摄和数字化,软件部分即图像采集和处理软件,用于采集、处理、管理拍摄的图像。本文的主要研究内容包括:系统的结构设计、工作原理、各器件的工作原理及性能;图像拍摄过程中引起图像质量下降的原因分析及校正方法的研究;图像采集与处理软件的设计,软件在参考PACS和遵循DICOM标准的基础上实现用户需求;图像处理方法的研究,包括图像的空间变换和图像增强方法等。
基于CCD医用X射线数字成像系统具有好的空间分辨率、动态范围和可靠性,并且系统的价格合理,操作简单,便于推广使用,有助于推动我国DR系统的发展和应用。
Medical images play an important role in medical diagnosis, checking treatment effect, confirmation of the treatment plan. X-ray imaging is an important means to obtain medical images. X-ray imaging was developed from film imaging, CR imaging to DR imaging. DR system has many advantages such as high image quality and fast imaging speed and acquisition of digital image directly and powerful image processing function and low radiation dosage, so it is becoming a hot research in X-ray imaging area. In China, the study on DR system and the application of DR system are still in beginning, so DR system has broad prospect in study field and application field.
This paper study on the CCD based X-ray digital imaging system, it includes both hardware and software parts. The part of hardware includes scintillation screen,mirror, lens, CCD camera and computer, it is used to take medical images. The part of software is the image capture and processing software, it is used to finish the image capturing, processing and management. In this paper, the main contents include four parts. Firstly, we introduced the design of system structure and working principle and expounded the working principle and performance of components. Secondly, we analyzed the reasons which degrade image quality and studied methods to adjust them. Thirdly, we designed the image acquisition and processing software, which consulted PACS and follows the DICOM standard and can satisfy user’s need. Finally, we studied image processing methods, such as space conversion methods and image enhanced methods.
The CCD based medical X-ray digital imaging system we developed has good spatial resolution, high dynamic range and high reliability. This system is inexpensive and can be operated easily. It will be widely used in medical diagnosis and it will be helpful for the study and application of DR system.
引文
[1]苟量,王绪本,曹辉. X射线成像技术的发展现状和趋势.成都理工学院学报. 2004,29(2):227-231
[2]喻春雨.新型X光影像探测器及成像系统研究:[博士学位论文].南京:南京理工大学. 2006
[3]胡军武.医学数字成像技术.武汉:湖北科学技术出版社. 2001
[4] John Yorkston. Recent development in digital radiography detectors. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A . 2007,10:10-16
[5]曹厚德.计算机X线摄影(CR)概述.当代医学. 2000,3:24~26
[6] M J Yaffe, J A Rowlands. X-ray detectors for digital radiography. Phys. Med. Biol. 1997,42:1-39
[7]李志军. HOLOGIC直接转换DR系统平板探测器分析.中国医学影像技术. 2004,1:140-142
[8]杨福家.原子物理学.北京:高等教育出版社. 2005
[9]安继刚.电离辐射探测器.北京:原子能出版社. 1995
[10]付建国.医学影像设备学.北京:高等教育出版社. 2005
[11]张兆巨,袭著霞,刘晓峰,韩丰谈,李月卿. X线滤线栅几何性能微机测试系统的研制及应用.中国医学物理学杂志. 2000,17(1):34-35
[12]曹宇东,程晋明,祁双喜等.转换屏发光光谱对X光闪光照相成像质量影响.高能量密度物理. 2007,4:149-151
[13]曹宇东,祁双喜,王伟等. CsI( Tl)与LYSO转换屏在高能X射线激发下的发光光谱.高能量密度物理. 2007,2:65-67
[14]任国浩,王绍华.核医学成像技术对无机闪烁材料的需求.材料导报. 2002,16(7):31-34
[15]臧竞存,刘燕行.闪烁发光与闪烁晶体研究动态.人工晶体学报. 2004,33(2):266-271
[16] Scott Watson, Todd Kaupp ila, Louis Morrison,et al. The Pulsed High-energy Radiographic Machine Emitting X-rays Flash Radiographic Camera. SPIE. 1997,2869: 920 - 928
[17]李相民,周立伟,金伟其.科学级致冷CCD相机的性能和技术.大连理工大学学报. 1997,37(2):163-165
[18] Robert D. LaBelle, Sean D.Gaarvey. Introduction to High Performance CCD Camera.IEEE, 1995,(30):l-5
[19] Prettyjohns K, Schumcher J. High performance CCD cameras & applications that demand them. Adv Imaging. 1992,(7):11-14
[20]罗述谦,周果宏.医学图像处理和分析.北京:科学出版社. 2003
[21]贾克斌.数字医学图像处理、存档及传输技术.北京:科学出版社. 2006
[22] Huang H K. PACS: Basic Principles and Applications. New York: Wiley. 1999
[23] Jia K B, Shen L S, Zhu Q,Tominaga H. Establishment of small-scale PACS. Proceeding of International Conferences on Info-tech and Info-net(ICII2001),beijing, china. 149-154
[24] DICOM Standards Committee. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 2004. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. 2004
[25]王晟编. Visual Basic数据库开发经典案例解析.北京:清华大学出版社. 2006
[26]胡建,朱俊,宁交贤,陈向荣,程梦云.高效完善DICOM图像显示软件的开发研究.四川大学学报. 2006,43(2):361-364
[27]吴健,崔志明.医学图像的显示与压缩技术综述.苏州大学学报. 2005,25(6):21-24
[28]李忠红.便携式数字X线诊断仪医学图像工作站软件设计. [硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学,2006
[29]李云飞,司国良,郭永飞.科学级CCD相机的噪声分析及处理技术.光学精密工程. 2005,13(增刊):158-163
[30]堪家喜.直接数字化X线摄影系统. [博士学位论文].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2008
[31] Byoung Jik-kim. A study on spatial resolution of pixilated CsI(Tl) scintillator. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A. 2007,4:10-16
[32] Hong Liu, Andrew Karellas, Lisa J. Harris,Carl J. D'Oris. Methods to calculate the lens efficiency in optically coupled CCD x-ray imaging system. Med.Phys. 1994,21(7)
[33] Hong Liu, Andrew Karellas, Lisa J. Harris, Carl J. D'Oris. Signal-to- noise ratio analysis of the optically coupled CCD x-ray imaging system. SPIE. 1994,2132:301-308
[34]张大鹏,王义,李元景,程建平,李金.数字X射线图像综合校正方法研究.核电子学与探测技术. 2008,28(1):46-51
[35]王以铭.电荷耦合器件原理与应用.北京:科学出版社. 1987
[36]袁祥辉.固体图像传感器及其应用.重庆:重庆大学出版社. 1992
[37]蔡文贵等. CCD技术及应用.北京:电子工业出版社. 1992
[38]张永民.射线照相对比度公式的研究及应用.无损检测. 2005,27(4):219-221
[39]程耀瑜,李永红,张丕壮,郭洁.射线数字成像检测系统不均匀性分析与校正.光电工程. 2005,32(5):42-45
[40]陈迎娟,张之江,张智强. CCD像素响应不均匀性的校正方法.光学精密工程. 2004,12(2):2169-219
[41]田捷,包尚联,周明全.医学影像处理与分析.北京:电子工业出版社. 2003
[2]喻春雨.新型X光影像探测器及成像系统研究:[博士学位论文].南京:南京理工大学. 2006
[3]胡军武.医学数字成像技术.武汉:湖北科学技术出版社. 2001
[4] John Yorkston. Recent development in digital radiography detectors. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A . 2007,10:10-16
[5]曹厚德.计算机X线摄影(CR)概述.当代医学. 2000,3:24~26
[6] M J Yaffe, J A Rowlands. X-ray detectors for digital radiography. Phys. Med. Biol. 1997,42:1-39
[7]李志军. HOLOGIC直接转换DR系统平板探测器分析.中国医学影像技术. 2004,1:140-142
[8]杨福家.原子物理学.北京:高等教育出版社. 2005
[9]安继刚.电离辐射探测器.北京:原子能出版社. 1995
[10]付建国.医学影像设备学.北京:高等教育出版社. 2005
[11]张兆巨,袭著霞,刘晓峰,韩丰谈,李月卿. X线滤线栅几何性能微机测试系统的研制及应用.中国医学物理学杂志. 2000,17(1):34-35
[12]曹宇东,程晋明,祁双喜等.转换屏发光光谱对X光闪光照相成像质量影响.高能量密度物理. 2007,4:149-151
[13]曹宇东,祁双喜,王伟等. CsI( Tl)与LYSO转换屏在高能X射线激发下的发光光谱.高能量密度物理. 2007,2:65-67
[14]任国浩,王绍华.核医学成像技术对无机闪烁材料的需求.材料导报. 2002,16(7):31-34
[15]臧竞存,刘燕行.闪烁发光与闪烁晶体研究动态.人工晶体学报. 2004,33(2):266-271
[16] Scott Watson, Todd Kaupp ila, Louis Morrison,et al. The Pulsed High-energy Radiographic Machine Emitting X-rays Flash Radiographic Camera. SPIE. 1997,2869: 920 - 928
[17]李相民,周立伟,金伟其.科学级致冷CCD相机的性能和技术.大连理工大学学报. 1997,37(2):163-165
[18] Robert D. LaBelle, Sean D.Gaarvey. Introduction to High Performance CCD Camera.IEEE, 1995,(30):l-5
[19] Prettyjohns K, Schumcher J. High performance CCD cameras & applications that demand them. Adv Imaging. 1992,(7):11-14
[20]罗述谦,周果宏.医学图像处理和分析.北京:科学出版社. 2003
[21]贾克斌.数字医学图像处理、存档及传输技术.北京:科学出版社. 2006
[22] Huang H K. PACS: Basic Principles and Applications. New York: Wiley. 1999
[23] Jia K B, Shen L S, Zhu Q,Tominaga H. Establishment of small-scale PACS. Proceeding of International Conferences on Info-tech and Info-net(ICII2001),beijing, china. 149-154
[24] DICOM Standards Committee. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 2004. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. 2004
[25]王晟编. Visual Basic数据库开发经典案例解析.北京:清华大学出版社. 2006
[26]胡建,朱俊,宁交贤,陈向荣,程梦云.高效完善DICOM图像显示软件的开发研究.四川大学学报. 2006,43(2):361-364
[27]吴健,崔志明.医学图像的显示与压缩技术综述.苏州大学学报. 2005,25(6):21-24
[28]李忠红.便携式数字X线诊断仪医学图像工作站软件设计. [硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学,2006
[29]李云飞,司国良,郭永飞.科学级CCD相机的噪声分析及处理技术.光学精密工程. 2005,13(增刊):158-163
[30]堪家喜.直接数字化X线摄影系统. [博士学位论文].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2008
[31] Byoung Jik-kim. A study on spatial resolution of pixilated CsI(Tl) scintillator. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A. 2007,4:10-16
[32] Hong Liu, Andrew Karellas, Lisa J. Harris,Carl J. D'Oris. Methods to calculate the lens efficiency in optically coupled CCD x-ray imaging system. Med.Phys. 1994,21(7)
[33] Hong Liu, Andrew Karellas, Lisa J. Harris, Carl J. D'Oris. Signal-to- noise ratio analysis of the optically coupled CCD x-ray imaging system. SPIE. 1994,2132:301-308
[34]张大鹏,王义,李元景,程建平,李金.数字X射线图像综合校正方法研究.核电子学与探测技术. 2008,28(1):46-51
[35]王以铭.电荷耦合器件原理与应用.北京:科学出版社. 1987
[36]袁祥辉.固体图像传感器及其应用.重庆:重庆大学出版社. 1992
[37]蔡文贵等. CCD技术及应用.北京:电子工业出版社. 1992
[38]张永民.射线照相对比度公式的研究及应用.无损检测. 2005,27(4):219-221
[39]程耀瑜,李永红,张丕壮,郭洁.射线数字成像检测系统不均匀性分析与校正.光电工程. 2005,32(5):42-45
[40]陈迎娟,张之江,张智强. CCD像素响应不均匀性的校正方法.光学精密工程. 2004,12(2):2169-219
[41]田捷,包尚联,周明全.医学影像处理与分析.北京:电子工业出版社. 2003