自制铸钛包埋材料铸造工艺与铸钛修复体铸造精度的研究
|
摘要
钛具有生物相容性良好、耐腐蚀、比强度大、无金属离子味等优点,被公认为是生物金属。真空铸造是口腔钛修复体最常用的加工方法。研制新的包埋料和适宜的铸造工艺,才能制作出高质量牙科铸钛修复体。本课题是前期自制铸钛包埋材料研究工作的继续,在前期材料学研究的基础上,综合考察自制包埋料及其钛铸件的多方面性能,探索自制铸钛包埋材料的铸造工艺及相关参数,为自制铸钛包埋材料的临床应用提供较完善的技工操作规范。另外,对利用尖晶石生成反应的颗粒尺寸效应提高包埋料热膨胀率,以及将三维测量技术引入口腔修复可摘义齿适合性测量领域进行初步探索。
本课题第一部份采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、万能试验机、体视显微镜等,研究了自制铸钛包埋材料的铸模温度、铸造后冷却方式和包埋方式对钛铸件的流铸率、反应层、力学性能、全冠铸造精度等的影响。结果显示:采用600℃铸模温度、一次包埋法和自然冷却方式,铸钛全冠有良好的适合性,虽然600℃铸模温度钛铸件的表面反应层较厚(115μm),但经过喷砂处理去除反应层后,钛冠各部位的适合性均小于120μm,达到临床要求,而且,600℃铸模温度钛铸件的规定非比例延伸强度350.67MPa,抗拉强度477.50MPa,断后延伸率20.75%,在可接受范围内;骤冷方式钛铸件的表面反应层厚100μm,强度较自然冷却组小,但延伸率无差异,而且其全冠适合性未达到临床要求(>1204μm);一次性包埋法
Titanium is regarded as biological metal for its advantages of good biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, great specific strength, etc. Vacuum cast is the most common method to produce dental titanium restorations. Investment with high quality and proper cast technology are essential to well-qualified titanium castings. This research was based on knowledge of the foregoing material study of a self-made investment for titanium. The primary purpose of this research was to find out proper cast technology of the new investment for its possible clinical application. Moreover, there were two other aims: to investigate if thermal expansion could be enhanced by way of granular size effect of spinel formation and to measure fit of removable partial denture (RPD) by three-dimensional measurement technique.In the first part, by metallographic microscopy, SEM (scanning electric microscopy), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray analysis), a mechanical testing machine and a stereomicroscope, the influence of mould temperature, cooling method and investing method on castability, reaction layer, mechanical properties and fit of titamum castings were investigated. The results indicated that titanium full crowns by 600℃ mould temperature , bench cooling and one-step investing exhibited better and clinically acceptable fit, that is, although its titanium castings exhibited 115μm thick reaction layer, the full crowns exhibited marginal and internal fit less than 120μm after sandblasting, and the mechanical properties were acceptable (0.2 proof strength 350.67MPa, tensile strength 477.50MPa, and percentage elongation after fracture 20.75%); titanium full crowns by 600℃ mould temperature and quenching in room
temperature water exhibited fit beyond the clinically acceptable range (> 120pm ); titanium full crowns by 600X1! mould temperature and two-step investing also exhibited fit more than 120um and were not clinically acceptable.In the second part, by use of a thermal dilatometer and XRD (X-ray diffractometer), the influence of reduced AI2O3 particle sizes on thermal expansion ratio of the MgO/ AI2O3 investment was observed. The results showed that, although well powder processed investment had good manipulating properties, it was not seemed that the thermal expansion could be enhanced by reduction of AI2O3 particle sizes.In the third part, the casting accuracy of titanium RPD frameworks made from the investmerit was calculated by two ways: one to measure dimensional changes of the frameworks by a measuring microscope, and the other to measure the fit between the base of a framework and its model surface by a three coordinate measuring machine (3CMM). The results showed that the titanium RPD frameworks exhibited dimensional constriction, i.e. AD 1.235%, AE 0.9825%, BC 1.245%, and DE 1.188%, which were similar to the results of other researchers; and the average fit of RPD base was less than 200um and clinically acceptable.In conclusion, to made titanium full crowns and RPD frameworks with good comprehensive qualities (especially with clinically acceptable casting accuracy) , the self-made investment should be manipulated with 600 "C mould temperature , bench cooling and one-step investing; by dental titanium casting technology at present, it was not seemed that thermal expansion of the investment could be enlarged by way of granular size effect of spinel formation; the laser scanning 3D measuring method provided a new, nondestructive, accurate and full-scale way for fit measurement of RPDs.
本课题第一部份采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、万能试验机、体视显微镜等,研究了自制铸钛包埋材料的铸模温度、铸造后冷却方式和包埋方式对钛铸件的流铸率、反应层、力学性能、全冠铸造精度等的影响。结果显示:采用600℃铸模温度、一次包埋法和自然冷却方式,铸钛全冠有良好的适合性,虽然600℃铸模温度钛铸件的表面反应层较厚(115μm),但经过喷砂处理去除反应层后,钛冠各部位的适合性均小于120μm,达到临床要求,而且,600℃铸模温度钛铸件的规定非比例延伸强度350.67MPa,抗拉强度477.50MPa,断后延伸率20.75%,在可接受范围内;骤冷方式钛铸件的表面反应层厚100μm,强度较自然冷却组小,但延伸率无差异,而且其全冠适合性未达到临床要求(>1204μm);一次性包埋法
Titanium is regarded as biological metal for its advantages of good biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, great specific strength, etc. Vacuum cast is the most common method to produce dental titanium restorations. Investment with high quality and proper cast technology are essential to well-qualified titanium castings. This research was based on knowledge of the foregoing material study of a self-made investment for titanium. The primary purpose of this research was to find out proper cast technology of the new investment for its possible clinical application. Moreover, there were two other aims: to investigate if thermal expansion could be enhanced by way of granular size effect of spinel formation and to measure fit of removable partial denture (RPD) by three-dimensional measurement technique.In the first part, by metallographic microscopy, SEM (scanning electric microscopy), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray analysis), a mechanical testing machine and a stereomicroscope, the influence of mould temperature, cooling method and investing method on castability, reaction layer, mechanical properties and fit of titamum castings were investigated. The results indicated that titanium full crowns by 600℃ mould temperature , bench cooling and one-step investing exhibited better and clinically acceptable fit, that is, although its titanium castings exhibited 115μm thick reaction layer, the full crowns exhibited marginal and internal fit less than 120μm after sandblasting, and the mechanical properties were acceptable (0.2 proof strength 350.67MPa, tensile strength 477.50MPa, and percentage elongation after fracture 20.75%); titanium full crowns by 600℃ mould temperature and quenching in room
temperature water exhibited fit beyond the clinically acceptable range (> 120pm ); titanium full crowns by 600X1! mould temperature and two-step investing also exhibited fit more than 120um and were not clinically acceptable.In the second part, by use of a thermal dilatometer and XRD (X-ray diffractometer), the influence of reduced AI2O3 particle sizes on thermal expansion ratio of the MgO/ AI2O3 investment was observed. The results showed that, although well powder processed investment had good manipulating properties, it was not seemed that the thermal expansion could be enhanced by reduction of AI2O3 particle sizes.In the third part, the casting accuracy of titanium RPD frameworks made from the investmerit was calculated by two ways: one to measure dimensional changes of the frameworks by a measuring microscope, and the other to measure the fit between the base of a framework and its model surface by a three coordinate measuring machine (3CMM). The results showed that the titanium RPD frameworks exhibited dimensional constriction, i.e. AD 1.235%, AE 0.9825%, BC 1.245%, and DE 1.188%, which were similar to the results of other researchers; and the average fit of RPD base was less than 200um and clinically acceptable.In conclusion, to made titanium full crowns and RPD frameworks with good comprehensive qualities (especially with clinically acceptable casting accuracy) , the self-made investment should be manipulated with 600 "C mould temperature , bench cooling and one-step investing; by dental titanium casting technology at present, it was not seemed that thermal expansion of the investment could be enlarged by way of granular size effect of spinel formation; the laser scanning 3D measuring method provided a new, nondestructive, accurate and full-scale way for fit measurement of RPDs.
引文
1 程静涛 综述.牙科铸钛系统.生物医学工程杂志 1997,14(4):388-392
2 Weber H, Probster L, Geis-Gerstoffer J, Titan als prosthetischer Werkstoff (Titanium as a prosthetic material). Dtsch Zahnaztl A 1992, 47:473-481
3 Einar Berg, Warren C. Wagner, Geir Davik, et al. Mechanical properties of laser-welded cast and wrought titanium. J Prosthet Dent 1995, 74:250-257
4 R.onald Blackman, Nasser Barghi, Christopher Tran. Dimensional changes in casting titanium removable partial denture frameworks. J Prosthet Dent 1991, 65:309-315
5 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣.牙科铸钛技术的研究现状.特种铸造及有色金属.2000(3):41-43
6 Takahashi J, Kimura H, Lautensehlager E, et al. Casting pure titanium into commercial phosphate-bonded SiO_2 investment molds. J Dent Res 1990, 69(12): 1800-1805
7 Taira M, Moser J B, Greener E H. Studies of Ti alloys for dental castings. Dent Mater 1989, 5(1):45-50
8 黑岩昭弘,和田贤一,日比野靖,等.铸造关研究(第1报)—铸造温度铸造体影响齿科材料·器械 1990,9(2):279-288
9 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣.铸模温度对牙科用Ti-Zr合金流铸率影响的研究.华西口腔医学杂志 2001,19(3):178-180
10 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣.铸模温度对Ti-75合金流铸率影响的研究.实用口腔医学杂志 2000,16(2):105-107
11 张建中,高桥纯造,刚岐正之.烧烤及铸造温度对纯钛铸件表面结构的影响.口腔材料器械杂志 1993,2(4):3-7
12 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣,等.Ti-75铸造后机械性能的研究.实用口腔医学杂志1998,14(1):30-31
13 远藤泰生,堀口英子,黑岩昭弘.各种压铸造铸型温度铸入率及影响.歯科材料·器械 1997,16(3):206-217
14 Ida K, Togaya T, Tsutsumi S, et al. Effect of magnesia inveatments in the dental casting of pure titanium or titanium alloys. Dent Mater J, 1982 1(1):8-21
15 蒋海燕,李邦盛,李志强,等.钛合金精密铸造技术.宇航材料工艺 1999(4):6-15
16 宫川修,渡边孝一,大川成刚含铸型铸造表层反应层.齿科材料·器械 19821,1(1):8-21
17 大川成刚,渡边孝一,宫川修,他.铸造新——特市贩埋没材铸造体表面反応层齿科技工1993,21(7):673-685
18 张建中.纯钛铸造应用于种植体上部结构的修复.口腔材料器械杂志 1996,5(1):25-26,50-51
19 佐藤秀树.融解$加压吸引铸造机试作3.纯铸造体表面,寸法精度变形.日齿保志 1988,31(5):1330
20 李邦盛,蒋海燕,李志强,等.钛合金熔模精铸氧化锆陶瓷型壳/金属界面反应研究.航空材料学报 1999,19(2):43-47
21 骆小平,郭天文,欧阳官,等.铸模温度对铸钛机械性能及表面反应层结构的影响.中华口腔医学杂志 1997,32(6):327-330
22 Miyakawa O, Watanabe K, et al. Layered structure of cast titanium surface. Dent Mater, 1989, 8(2):175
23 碾建中,岡崎正之,高橋純造.纯铸造体表面性状铸造方法应響.齿科材料·器械 1994,13(3):221-227
24 张建中,高橋纯造,岡崎正之.烧烤及铸造温度对纯钛铸件表面结构的影响.口腔材料器械杂志 1993,2(4):3-7
25 张建中,高橘纯造,同崎正之.铸造方式对纯钛铸件表面性状及流铸率的影响.口腔材料器械杂志 1996,5(4):157-160
26 Toshiko Mori, Michael Jean-Louis, Masahiko Yabugami, et al. The effect of investment type on the fit of cast titanium crowns. Aust Dent J 1994, 39(6):348-352
27 谭树松 主编。有色金属材料学。北京:冶金工业出版社。第一版。1993:76—80
28 王寿彭 主编.铸件形成理论及工艺基础.第一版.西安:西北工业大学出版社.:20-30
29 曹洪喜 综述.牙科合金的铸造性能研究进展.口腔材料器械杂志2000,9(1):40-41,46
30 梁钦业.铸钛专用包埋材料的研制.四川大学博士学位论文.2003:63
31 Hinman RW, Tesk JA, Whitlock RP, et al. A technique for characterizing casting behavior of dental alloy. J Dent Res, 1985, 64(2):134-138
32 Asgar K. Metal casting in dentistry. In:Waehtel LW ed. Dental Biomaterials Resesreh Priorities. Washington DC. DHEW Publication, 1973:27-44
33 Vincent PF, Stevens L, Basford KE. A comparison of the casting ability of precious and non-precious alloy for porcelain veneering. J Prosthent Dent, 1997, 37(5):527-536
34 K. Asgar, A. H. Arfaei. Castability of crown and bridge alloys. J Prosthet Dent 1985, 54(1):60-63
35 Whiflock RP, Hinman RW, Eden CT, et al. A practical test to evaluate the castability of dental alloys. J Dent Res, 1981, 60(special issue):404
36 黑岩昭弘.条件铸造铸込率及影响.歯科材料·器械 1992,11(2):262-277
37 Bessing C, Bergman M. The castability of unalloyed titanium in three different castinlg machines. Swed Dent J, 1992, 16(3): 109-113
38 Bessing C. Evaluation of the eastability of four different zitemative alloys by measuring the marginal sharpness. Acta Odontol Scand 1986, 44:165-172
39 Ronald Blackman, Ramon Baez, Nasser Barghi. Marginal accuracy and geometry of cast titanium copings. J Prosthet Dent 1992, 67:435-440
40 胡晓阳,H.Brauner.铸造力对铸钛全冠完整性的影响.现代口腔医学杂志 1997,11(4):271-273
41 张建中,高桥纯造,冈岐正之.石英磷酸盐系包埋料铸钛精度的研究.口腔材料器械杂志 1997,6(3):99-102
42 何邕江 综述.牙科包埋料和修复体的铸造精度.国外医学口腔医学分册 1993,20(4):215-218
43 王寿彭 主编.铸件形成理论及工艺研究.西安:西北工业大学出版社.1996:67-98
44 西村文夫,亘理文夫,中村英雄,他.基埋没材中·小型铸造体铸造精度铸造收缩率.齿科材料·器械 1990,9(6):850-857
45 井田一夫.合金技工.1992,20(12):1264
46 D. Low, T.Mori. Titanium full crown casting: thermal expansion of investments and crown accuracy. Dental Materials 1999, 15:185-190
47 都贺谷纪宏.適合性向上埋没材選択.齿科技工 1993,21(9):910—917
48 陈金水,刘永宾,蔡惠民,等.特种铸造及有色金属.2002,(3):
49 陈金水,刘永宾,蔡惠民.新型牙科铸态专用包埋料研制.天津大学学报2002,35(1):53-57
50 张玉幸,张廷发,苏强,等.铸模温度对铸造精度的影响.中日友好医院学报2001,15(3):162-163
51 长谷川二郎.齿科技工 别册,昭和55年7月
52 Huntor AJ, et al. J Prosthet Dent 1990, 64:636
53 Gardner. Margins of complete crowns-literature review. J Prosthet Dent 1982,48:396
54 Hung SH, et al. J Prosthet Dent 1990, 63:26
55 Arnold H, et al. J Prosthet Dent 1988, 59:409
56 陈小东 综述.固定修复体适合性的评价方法.国外医学口腔医学分册 1992,19(5):270-272
57 Torsten Jemt, Jeffrey E. Rubenstein, Lennart Carlsson, et al. Measueing fit at the implant prosthodontic interface. J Prosthet Dent 1996, 75:314-325
58 王远勤,鲜苏琴,巢永烈,等.整铸种植固定桥支架适合性的实验研究——种植基桩部位对支架适合性的影响.华西医科大学学报 1996,27(4):392-394
59 王臻,王远勤,巢永烈,等.前牙缺失中种植基桩数目对种植固定桥适合性影响的实验研究.华西医科大学学报 2000,31(1):72-74
60 韩晓莉,巢永烈,梁星.桩径对游离端缺失种植固定桥支架适合性影响的实验研究.实用口腔医学杂志 1998,14(2):109-111
61 郭天文 主编.口腔科铸钛理论和技术.第一版.西安:世界图书出版公司 1997:466-474
62 金聖泰,小田豐,住井俊夫.齿科铸造评价关研究.齿科学报 1994,94:845-857
63 骆小平 综述.牙科精密铸钛技术的研究进展.国外医学口腔医学分册 1997,24(1):33-36
64 万红,杜传诗.包埋方法对烤瓷熔附金属修复体底层冠适合性的影响.中华口腔医学杂志 1990,25(6):229-331
65 Syverud M, Hero H. Mold filling of Ti castings using investments with different gas permeability. Dent Mater 1995, 11 (1): 14-18
66 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣.牙科用Ti-Zr合金的研制及性能特点.华西口腔医学杂志 1999,17(4):329-330
67 陈治清 主编.口腔材料学.北京:人民卫生出版社.第一版.1995:132-135
68 马翔弘,刘玉英译.烧结过程中原生尖晶石相的形成(膨胀与收缩).国外耐火材料1998(8):24-27
69 川崎炉材,城野胜文,森淳一郎,等.氧化铝粒度对尖晶石生成反应的影响.本钢译丛1996(2):32-33
70 桂明玺译.氧化铝粒度对尖晶石生成反应的影响.国外耐火材料.1996(10):57-61
71 李一为,王习东,傅元坤.MgO/Al_2O_3比对铝镁浇注料性能的影响.耐火材料2001,35(2):81-83
72 张文杰,汪厚植,顾华志,等.结合剂对铝镁浇注料烧后膨胀行为的影响.耐火材料1999(4):106-108
73 顾华志,汪厚植,张文杰,等.连铸钢包用高纯铝镁系浇注料的性能与损毁.钢铁研究2002,总125(2):6-8,36
74 李再耕.不定形耐火材料粒度组成控制届外耐火材料 1998,23(5):3-9
75 朱丽娟,张海玉,李润华,等.粉料粒度优化级配降低精铸件表面粗糙度的机理和应用.铸造 1996(5):6-9
76 刘浩斌.颗粒尺寸分布与堆积理论.硅酸盐学报 1991,19(2):164-172
77 李邦盛,蒋海燕,李志强,等.ZrO2粉双峰级配对钛合金熔模精铸涂料粘度的影响.铸造 1999(5):22-24
78 李传栻 编著.造型材料新论.北京:机械工业出版社.第一版.1992:24-81
79 沈桂荣,姜不居.熔模铸造用粉砂粒度优化级配对铸件表面质量的影响.铸造1990(6):22-28
80 Watanabe I, Atkins JH, Nakajima H, et al. Marginal accuracy in casting titanium fixed partial dentures. J Dent Des 1998, 77:163
81 徐君伍 主编.口腔修复理论与临床.北京:人民卫生出版社.第一版.1999:468
82 戴红莲等.磷酸盐包埋材料.武汉工业大学学报 1996,18(2):107-109
83 Frank E. Pulskamp. A comparison of the casting accuracy of base metal and gold alloys. J Prosthet Dent 1979,41(3):272-276
84 Nidk Polychronakis, stavros Yannikakis, Alcibiades Zissis. A clinical 5-year longitudinal study on the dimensional changes of compleate maxillary dentures. Int J Prosthodont 2003,16:78-81
85 James J. Shanley, Stephen J. Ancowitz, Robert K. Fenster, et al. A comparative study of the centrifugal and vacuum-pressure techniques of casting removable partial denture frameworks. J Prosthet Dent 1981,45(1): 18-23
86 E. L. DaBreo, Paul Herman. A new method of measuring dimensional change. J Prosthet Dent 1991,65:718-722
87 Dukes BS, Fields H, Olson JW, et al. A laboratory studyof changes in vertical dimension using a compression molding and a pour resin technique. J Prosthet Dent 1985,53:667-669
88 Mainier ET, Boone ME, Potter RH. Tooth movement and dimensional change of denture base materials using two investment methods. J Prosthet Dent 1980,44:368-373
89 Garfunkel E. Evaluation of dimensional changes in complete dentures processed by injection-pressing and the pack-and -press technique. J Prosthet Dent 1983,50:757-761
90 McCartney JW. Flange adaptation discrepancy, palatal base distortion and induced malocclusion carsed bu processing acrylic resin maxillary complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1984,52:545-553
91 Woelfel JB, Paffenbarger GC, Sweeney WT. Dimensional changes occurring in dentures during processing. J Am Dent Assoc 1960,19:415-430
92 Hugget R, Brooks C, Bates JF. The effect of different curing cycles on the dimensional accuracy of acrylic resin denture base materials. Quintessence Dent Tech 1984,8:81-85
93 Lechner SK,Lautenschlager EP. Processing changes in maxillary complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1984,52:20-24
94 O'Toole TJ, Furnish GM, von Fraunhofer JA. Linear distortion of acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent 1985,54:53-55
95 Goldfogel M, Harvey WL,Winter D. Dimensional change of acrylic resin tray materials.J Prosthet Dent 1985,54:284-286
96 Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consani, Saide Sarckis Domitti, Simonides Consani. Effect of a new tension system, used in acrylic resin flasking, on the dimensional stability of denture bases. J Prosthet Dent 2002,88:285-289
97 Academy of Prosthodontics. Principles, Concepts, and Practices in Prosthodontics, 9(th) ed. J Prosthet Dent 1995,73:73-94
98 Richard P. Frank, James S. Brudvik, Brian Leroux, et al. Relationship between the standards of removable partial denture construction, clinical acceptability, and patient satisfaction. J Prosthet Dent 2000, 83:521-527
99 Anthony DH, Peyton FA. Evaluating dimensional accuracy of denture bases with a modified comparator. J Prosthet Dent 1959, 9:683-692
100 Funmio Teraoka, Junzo Takahashi. Controlled polymerization systemfor fabricating precise dentures. J Prosthet Dent 2000, 83:514-520
101 方金素,张春宝,王宝成.不同出盒温度对义齿塑料基托适合性的影响.实用口腔医学杂志 1998,14(3):183
102 覃峰,赵云凤,王敏.打磨与浸水对全口义齿后腭边缘封闭区适合性的影响.实用口腔医学杂志 1999,15(2):118-119
103 罗岚,李宝泉,王彩彤,等.关于高温合金基托铸道的研究——上颌全口义齿基托的铸道.白求恩医科大学学报 1999,25(1):54-55
104 Jef M, Van der Zel. Heutige CAD/CAM system in vergleich. Quintessenz Zahnteeh, 1999, 25:193-204
105 Stephen Thielke, Juan Glen Srrano, Xavier Lepe. A method for true coordinate three-dimansioanal measurement of casts using a measuring microscope. J Prosthet Dent 1998, 80:506-510
106 王晓波.牙磨耗量计算机辅助三维测量的研究.第四军医大学硕士学位论文.2002:12-15
107 张虎,姚长久,叶声华,等.空间三维测量技术的研究.轻型汽车技术 2001(2)总138:4-11
108 杨文茂,李全英编.空间解析几何(修订版).武汉大学出版社.2001
109 Juan Glen Srrano, Xavier Lepe, John D. Towmsend. An accuracy evaluation of four removable die systems. J Prosthet Dent 1998, 80:575-586
2 Weber H, Probster L, Geis-Gerstoffer J, Titan als prosthetischer Werkstoff (Titanium as a prosthetic material). Dtsch Zahnaztl A 1992, 47:473-481
3 Einar Berg, Warren C. Wagner, Geir Davik, et al. Mechanical properties of laser-welded cast and wrought titanium. J Prosthet Dent 1995, 74:250-257
4 R.onald Blackman, Nasser Barghi, Christopher Tran. Dimensional changes in casting titanium removable partial denture frameworks. J Prosthet Dent 1991, 65:309-315
5 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣.牙科铸钛技术的研究现状.特种铸造及有色金属.2000(3):41-43
6 Takahashi J, Kimura H, Lautensehlager E, et al. Casting pure titanium into commercial phosphate-bonded SiO_2 investment molds. J Dent Res 1990, 69(12): 1800-1805
7 Taira M, Moser J B, Greener E H. Studies of Ti alloys for dental castings. Dent Mater 1989, 5(1):45-50
8 黑岩昭弘,和田贤一,日比野靖,等.铸造关研究(第1报)—铸造温度铸造体影响齿科材料·器械 1990,9(2):279-288
9 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣.铸模温度对牙科用Ti-Zr合金流铸率影响的研究.华西口腔医学杂志 2001,19(3):178-180
10 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣.铸模温度对Ti-75合金流铸率影响的研究.实用口腔医学杂志 2000,16(2):105-107
11 张建中,高桥纯造,刚岐正之.烧烤及铸造温度对纯钛铸件表面结构的影响.口腔材料器械杂志 1993,2(4):3-7
12 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣,等.Ti-75铸造后机械性能的研究.实用口腔医学杂志1998,14(1):30-31
13 远藤泰生,堀口英子,黑岩昭弘.各种压铸造铸型温度铸入率及影响.歯科材料·器械 1997,16(3):206-217
14 Ida K, Togaya T, Tsutsumi S, et al. Effect of magnesia inveatments in the dental casting of pure titanium or titanium alloys. Dent Mater J, 1982 1(1):8-21
15 蒋海燕,李邦盛,李志强,等.钛合金精密铸造技术.宇航材料工艺 1999(4):6-15
16 宫川修,渡边孝一,大川成刚含铸型铸造表层反应层.齿科材料·器械 19821,1(1):8-21
17 大川成刚,渡边孝一,宫川修,他.铸造新——特市贩埋没材铸造体表面反応层齿科技工1993,21(7):673-685
18 张建中.纯钛铸造应用于种植体上部结构的修复.口腔材料器械杂志 1996,5(1):25-26,50-51
19 佐藤秀树.融解$加压吸引铸造机试作3.纯铸造体表面,寸法精度变形.日齿保志 1988,31(5):1330
20 李邦盛,蒋海燕,李志强,等.钛合金熔模精铸氧化锆陶瓷型壳/金属界面反应研究.航空材料学报 1999,19(2):43-47
21 骆小平,郭天文,欧阳官,等.铸模温度对铸钛机械性能及表面反应层结构的影响.中华口腔医学杂志 1997,32(6):327-330
22 Miyakawa O, Watanabe K, et al. Layered structure of cast titanium surface. Dent Mater, 1989, 8(2):175
23 碾建中,岡崎正之,高橋純造.纯铸造体表面性状铸造方法应響.齿科材料·器械 1994,13(3):221-227
24 张建中,高橋纯造,岡崎正之.烧烤及铸造温度对纯钛铸件表面结构的影响.口腔材料器械杂志 1993,2(4):3-7
25 张建中,高橘纯造,同崎正之.铸造方式对纯钛铸件表面性状及流铸率的影响.口腔材料器械杂志 1996,5(4):157-160
26 Toshiko Mori, Michael Jean-Louis, Masahiko Yabugami, et al. The effect of investment type on the fit of cast titanium crowns. Aust Dent J 1994, 39(6):348-352
27 谭树松 主编。有色金属材料学。北京:冶金工业出版社。第一版。1993:76—80
28 王寿彭 主编.铸件形成理论及工艺基础.第一版.西安:西北工业大学出版社.:20-30
29 曹洪喜 综述.牙科合金的铸造性能研究进展.口腔材料器械杂志2000,9(1):40-41,46
30 梁钦业.铸钛专用包埋材料的研制.四川大学博士学位论文.2003:63
31 Hinman RW, Tesk JA, Whitlock RP, et al. A technique for characterizing casting behavior of dental alloy. J Dent Res, 1985, 64(2):134-138
32 Asgar K. Metal casting in dentistry. In:Waehtel LW ed. Dental Biomaterials Resesreh Priorities. Washington DC. DHEW Publication, 1973:27-44
33 Vincent PF, Stevens L, Basford KE. A comparison of the casting ability of precious and non-precious alloy for porcelain veneering. J Prosthent Dent, 1997, 37(5):527-536
34 K. Asgar, A. H. Arfaei. Castability of crown and bridge alloys. J Prosthet Dent 1985, 54(1):60-63
35 Whiflock RP, Hinman RW, Eden CT, et al. A practical test to evaluate the castability of dental alloys. J Dent Res, 1981, 60(special issue):404
36 黑岩昭弘.条件铸造铸込率及影响.歯科材料·器械 1992,11(2):262-277
37 Bessing C, Bergman M. The castability of unalloyed titanium in three different castinlg machines. Swed Dent J, 1992, 16(3): 109-113
38 Bessing C. Evaluation of the eastability of four different zitemative alloys by measuring the marginal sharpness. Acta Odontol Scand 1986, 44:165-172
39 Ronald Blackman, Ramon Baez, Nasser Barghi. Marginal accuracy and geometry of cast titanium copings. J Prosthet Dent 1992, 67:435-440
40 胡晓阳,H.Brauner.铸造力对铸钛全冠完整性的影响.现代口腔医学杂志 1997,11(4):271-273
41 张建中,高桥纯造,冈岐正之.石英磷酸盐系包埋料铸钛精度的研究.口腔材料器械杂志 1997,6(3):99-102
42 何邕江 综述.牙科包埋料和修复体的铸造精度.国外医学口腔医学分册 1993,20(4):215-218
43 王寿彭 主编.铸件形成理论及工艺研究.西安:西北工业大学出版社.1996:67-98
44 西村文夫,亘理文夫,中村英雄,他.基埋没材中·小型铸造体铸造精度铸造收缩率.齿科材料·器械 1990,9(6):850-857
45 井田一夫.合金技工.1992,20(12):1264
46 D. Low, T.Mori. Titanium full crown casting: thermal expansion of investments and crown accuracy. Dental Materials 1999, 15:185-190
47 都贺谷纪宏.適合性向上埋没材選択.齿科技工 1993,21(9):910—917
48 陈金水,刘永宾,蔡惠民,等.特种铸造及有色金属.2002,(3):
49 陈金水,刘永宾,蔡惠民.新型牙科铸态专用包埋料研制.天津大学学报2002,35(1):53-57
50 张玉幸,张廷发,苏强,等.铸模温度对铸造精度的影响.中日友好医院学报2001,15(3):162-163
51 长谷川二郎.齿科技工 别册,昭和55年7月
52 Huntor AJ, et al. J Prosthet Dent 1990, 64:636
53 Gardner. Margins of complete crowns-literature review. J Prosthet Dent 1982,48:396
54 Hung SH, et al. J Prosthet Dent 1990, 63:26
55 Arnold H, et al. J Prosthet Dent 1988, 59:409
56 陈小东 综述.固定修复体适合性的评价方法.国外医学口腔医学分册 1992,19(5):270-272
57 Torsten Jemt, Jeffrey E. Rubenstein, Lennart Carlsson, et al. Measueing fit at the implant prosthodontic interface. J Prosthet Dent 1996, 75:314-325
58 王远勤,鲜苏琴,巢永烈,等.整铸种植固定桥支架适合性的实验研究——种植基桩部位对支架适合性的影响.华西医科大学学报 1996,27(4):392-394
59 王臻,王远勤,巢永烈,等.前牙缺失中种植基桩数目对种植固定桥适合性影响的实验研究.华西医科大学学报 2000,31(1):72-74
60 韩晓莉,巢永烈,梁星.桩径对游离端缺失种植固定桥支架适合性影响的实验研究.实用口腔医学杂志 1998,14(2):109-111
61 郭天文 主编.口腔科铸钛理论和技术.第一版.西安:世界图书出版公司 1997:466-474
62 金聖泰,小田豐,住井俊夫.齿科铸造评价关研究.齿科学报 1994,94:845-857
63 骆小平 综述.牙科精密铸钛技术的研究进展.国外医学口腔医学分册 1997,24(1):33-36
64 万红,杜传诗.包埋方法对烤瓷熔附金属修复体底层冠适合性的影响.中华口腔医学杂志 1990,25(6):229-331
65 Syverud M, Hero H. Mold filling of Ti castings using investments with different gas permeability. Dent Mater 1995, 11 (1): 14-18
66 张玉梅,郭天文,李佐臣.牙科用Ti-Zr合金的研制及性能特点.华西口腔医学杂志 1999,17(4):329-330
67 陈治清 主编.口腔材料学.北京:人民卫生出版社.第一版.1995:132-135
68 马翔弘,刘玉英译.烧结过程中原生尖晶石相的形成(膨胀与收缩).国外耐火材料1998(8):24-27
69 川崎炉材,城野胜文,森淳一郎,等.氧化铝粒度对尖晶石生成反应的影响.本钢译丛1996(2):32-33
70 桂明玺译.氧化铝粒度对尖晶石生成反应的影响.国外耐火材料.1996(10):57-61
71 李一为,王习东,傅元坤.MgO/Al_2O_3比对铝镁浇注料性能的影响.耐火材料2001,35(2):81-83
72 张文杰,汪厚植,顾华志,等.结合剂对铝镁浇注料烧后膨胀行为的影响.耐火材料1999(4):106-108
73 顾华志,汪厚植,张文杰,等.连铸钢包用高纯铝镁系浇注料的性能与损毁.钢铁研究2002,总125(2):6-8,36
74 李再耕.不定形耐火材料粒度组成控制届外耐火材料 1998,23(5):3-9
75 朱丽娟,张海玉,李润华,等.粉料粒度优化级配降低精铸件表面粗糙度的机理和应用.铸造 1996(5):6-9
76 刘浩斌.颗粒尺寸分布与堆积理论.硅酸盐学报 1991,19(2):164-172
77 李邦盛,蒋海燕,李志强,等.ZrO2粉双峰级配对钛合金熔模精铸涂料粘度的影响.铸造 1999(5):22-24
78 李传栻 编著.造型材料新论.北京:机械工业出版社.第一版.1992:24-81
79 沈桂荣,姜不居.熔模铸造用粉砂粒度优化级配对铸件表面质量的影响.铸造1990(6):22-28
80 Watanabe I, Atkins JH, Nakajima H, et al. Marginal accuracy in casting titanium fixed partial dentures. J Dent Des 1998, 77:163
81 徐君伍 主编.口腔修复理论与临床.北京:人民卫生出版社.第一版.1999:468
82 戴红莲等.磷酸盐包埋材料.武汉工业大学学报 1996,18(2):107-109
83 Frank E. Pulskamp. A comparison of the casting accuracy of base metal and gold alloys. J Prosthet Dent 1979,41(3):272-276
84 Nidk Polychronakis, stavros Yannikakis, Alcibiades Zissis. A clinical 5-year longitudinal study on the dimensional changes of compleate maxillary dentures. Int J Prosthodont 2003,16:78-81
85 James J. Shanley, Stephen J. Ancowitz, Robert K. Fenster, et al. A comparative study of the centrifugal and vacuum-pressure techniques of casting removable partial denture frameworks. J Prosthet Dent 1981,45(1): 18-23
86 E. L. DaBreo, Paul Herman. A new method of measuring dimensional change. J Prosthet Dent 1991,65:718-722
87 Dukes BS, Fields H, Olson JW, et al. A laboratory studyof changes in vertical dimension using a compression molding and a pour resin technique. J Prosthet Dent 1985,53:667-669
88 Mainier ET, Boone ME, Potter RH. Tooth movement and dimensional change of denture base materials using two investment methods. J Prosthet Dent 1980,44:368-373
89 Garfunkel E. Evaluation of dimensional changes in complete dentures processed by injection-pressing and the pack-and -press technique. J Prosthet Dent 1983,50:757-761
90 McCartney JW. Flange adaptation discrepancy, palatal base distortion and induced malocclusion carsed bu processing acrylic resin maxillary complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1984,52:545-553
91 Woelfel JB, Paffenbarger GC, Sweeney WT. Dimensional changes occurring in dentures during processing. J Am Dent Assoc 1960,19:415-430
92 Hugget R, Brooks C, Bates JF. The effect of different curing cycles on the dimensional accuracy of acrylic resin denture base materials. Quintessence Dent Tech 1984,8:81-85
93 Lechner SK,Lautenschlager EP. Processing changes in maxillary complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1984,52:20-24
94 O'Toole TJ, Furnish GM, von Fraunhofer JA. Linear distortion of acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent 1985,54:53-55
95 Goldfogel M, Harvey WL,Winter D. Dimensional change of acrylic resin tray materials.J Prosthet Dent 1985,54:284-286
96 Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consani, Saide Sarckis Domitti, Simonides Consani. Effect of a new tension system, used in acrylic resin flasking, on the dimensional stability of denture bases. J Prosthet Dent 2002,88:285-289
97 Academy of Prosthodontics. Principles, Concepts, and Practices in Prosthodontics, 9(th) ed. J Prosthet Dent 1995,73:73-94
98 Richard P. Frank, James S. Brudvik, Brian Leroux, et al. Relationship between the standards of removable partial denture construction, clinical acceptability, and patient satisfaction. J Prosthet Dent 2000, 83:521-527
99 Anthony DH, Peyton FA. Evaluating dimensional accuracy of denture bases with a modified comparator. J Prosthet Dent 1959, 9:683-692
100 Funmio Teraoka, Junzo Takahashi. Controlled polymerization systemfor fabricating precise dentures. J Prosthet Dent 2000, 83:514-520
101 方金素,张春宝,王宝成.不同出盒温度对义齿塑料基托适合性的影响.实用口腔医学杂志 1998,14(3):183
102 覃峰,赵云凤,王敏.打磨与浸水对全口义齿后腭边缘封闭区适合性的影响.实用口腔医学杂志 1999,15(2):118-119
103 罗岚,李宝泉,王彩彤,等.关于高温合金基托铸道的研究——上颌全口义齿基托的铸道.白求恩医科大学学报 1999,25(1):54-55
104 Jef M, Van der Zel. Heutige CAD/CAM system in vergleich. Quintessenz Zahnteeh, 1999, 25:193-204
105 Stephen Thielke, Juan Glen Srrano, Xavier Lepe. A method for true coordinate three-dimansioanal measurement of casts using a measuring microscope. J Prosthet Dent 1998, 80:506-510
106 王晓波.牙磨耗量计算机辅助三维测量的研究.第四军医大学硕士学位论文.2002:12-15
107 张虎,姚长久,叶声华,等.空间三维测量技术的研究.轻型汽车技术 2001(2)总138:4-11
108 杨文茂,李全英编.空间解析几何(修订版).武汉大学出版社.2001
109 Juan Glen Srrano, Xavier Lepe, John D. Towmsend. An accuracy evaluation of four removable die systems. J Prosthet Dent 1998, 80:575-586