上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定
|
摘要
盈余管理是企业管理当局在不违反会计准则的前提下有目的地采取多种手段达到期望报告盈余的行为。有关盈余管理的研究是会计理论研究的一个重要课题。以往的研究停留在“是什么”(概念)，“为什么”(动机)和“怎么样”(方法)等问题上，结合目前国内外上市公司盈余管理的新动向，本文将研究的视角转向盈余管理的制约因素。以制约盈余管理的关键因素——会计准则作为切入点，在构建盈余管理理论框架的基础上，首次系统论证了上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定之间的关系问题。会计准则一方面有力地制约了盈余管理的发生，但另一方面由于种种原因也可能成为企业盈余管理的工具。因此我们会发现有时准则实施的效果并不理想，甚至完全违背了准则制定的初衷。对于这个问题，会计准则制定者必须加以考虑。在对上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定进行深入的理论论述和经验分析的基础上，本文提出了对我国准则制定的政策建议，从而有助于完善我国的会计准则。全文的主要内容如下：
第1章，导言。介绍本文的选题动因、研究方法、结构安排及主要贡献。
第2章，盈余管理的有关理论问题。在阐述盈余管理的概念、产生原因、制约因素及利弊等基本理论的基础上，指出会计准则对盈余管理的产生具有双重作用，并在此基础上进行进一步的研究。
第3章，盈余管理的文献综述。从盈余管理的动机、方法、市场反应和制约因素等会计准则制定者感兴趣的方面对国内外有关研究文献进行了回顾，并从盈余管理研究的发展脉络中得出了本文的研究意义。
第4章，上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定之理论研究。分别从两个方面论述了盈余管理与会计准则制定之间的关系。一方面，会计准则的产生及其发展，对盈余管理起到了防范和制约作用，但另一方面，由于经济后果、
上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定
制定技术和制定模式等原因，会计准则却又不能消除盈余管理，甚至可能引
发盈余管理的产生。
第5章，上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定之经验研究。本章通过重要
性原则、资产减值准备和非经常性损益等问题的案例和统计分析，印证了理
论研究的内容，并得出了初步的结论。
第6章，对我国会计准则制定的政策建议。针对上市公司的盈余管理，
探讨我国会计准则制定的对策问题。
Earnings management is an act in which the enterprise's management deliberately adopts a multiplicity of methods to achieve anticipated report earnings on the precondition of compliance with accounting standards. Earnings management is an important subject in the studies of accounting theories. Previous studies have largely been limited to "what" (concept), "why" (motive) and "how" (methodology). By taking into account the latest developments of earnings management of listed companies in China and beyond, this paper swifts its attention to the restrictive factors of earnings management, and takes the key factors that restrict earnings management - accounting standards as the point of entry, and, on the basis of building a theoretical framework for earnings management, elaborates on the relationship between the earnings management and accounting standards of listed companies in a systematic manner for the first time. On one hand, accounting standards vigorously restricts the occurrence of earnings management,
but on the other hand, for one reason or another, accounting standards may also become a tool for corporate earnings management. Therefore, we may find that the result of the implementation of such standards is not always desirable, and that in some cases, it may even entirely betray the original intensions of the setting of the standards. This issue deserves some serious thought of the setters of accounting standards. On the basis of an in-depth theoretical elucidation of and empirical analysis of the earnings management of the listed companies and the setting of accounting standards, this paper puts forwards some policy suggestion for China's setting of standards, which are helpful for improving China's accounting standards. Following is a description of the major contents of this paper:
Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter describes the motive for selecting this research topic, research methodology, structural arrangement and major contribution.
Chapter 2: Theories Related to Earnings Management. On the basis of expounding the basic theories relating to the concept, formative cause, restrictive
factor, advantages and disadvantages, this paper points out that accounting standards have a dual effect on the occurrence of earnings management, and performs a further study on this basis.
Chapter 3: Overview of Literature on Earnings Management. This chapter provides a review of domestic and overseas research literature on points of interest for setters of accounting standards, including the motive, methodology, market response and restrictive factors, and derives the research significance of this paper from the evolution of earnings management studies.
Chapter 4: Theoretical Studies of the Earnings Management of Listing Companies and the Setting of Accounting Standards. This chapter elaborates on the relationship between earnings management and the setting of accounting standards from two aspects. On one hand, the setting and development of accounting standards play a precautionary and restricting role for earnings management, but on the other hand, as a result of economic consequence, limitation of the technology and the model of accounting standards setting, accounting standards cannot eliminate earnings management, and may even cause earning management.
Chapter 5: Empirical Studies of Earnings Management of Listed Companies and the Setting of Accounting Standards. This chapter, through case studies and statistical analysis of the Materiality principle, assets depreciation reserves, and non-recurring profit and loss, corroborates the contents of theoretical studies and derives preliminary conclusions.
Chapter 6: Policy Suggestions for China's Accounting Standards Setting. This chapter explores the possible solutions to China's Setting of accounting standards in terms of the earnings management of listed companies.
第1章，导言。介绍本文的选题动因、研究方法、结构安排及主要贡献。
第2章，盈余管理的有关理论问题。在阐述盈余管理的概念、产生原因、制约因素及利弊等基本理论的基础上，指出会计准则对盈余管理的产生具有双重作用，并在此基础上进行进一步的研究。
第3章，盈余管理的文献综述。从盈余管理的动机、方法、市场反应和制约因素等会计准则制定者感兴趣的方面对国内外有关研究文献进行了回顾，并从盈余管理研究的发展脉络中得出了本文的研究意义。
第4章，上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定之理论研究。分别从两个方面论述了盈余管理与会计准则制定之间的关系。一方面，会计准则的产生及其发展，对盈余管理起到了防范和制约作用，但另一方面，由于经济后果、
上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定
制定技术和制定模式等原因，会计准则却又不能消除盈余管理，甚至可能引
发盈余管理的产生。
第5章，上市公司盈余管理与会计准则制定之经验研究。本章通过重要
性原则、资产减值准备和非经常性损益等问题的案例和统计分析，印证了理
论研究的内容，并得出了初步的结论。
第6章，对我国会计准则制定的政策建议。针对上市公司的盈余管理，
探讨我国会计准则制定的对策问题。
Earnings management is an act in which the enterprise's management deliberately adopts a multiplicity of methods to achieve anticipated report earnings on the precondition of compliance with accounting standards. Earnings management is an important subject in the studies of accounting theories. Previous studies have largely been limited to "what" (concept), "why" (motive) and "how" (methodology). By taking into account the latest developments of earnings management of listed companies in China and beyond, this paper swifts its attention to the restrictive factors of earnings management, and takes the key factors that restrict earnings management - accounting standards as the point of entry, and, on the basis of building a theoretical framework for earnings management, elaborates on the relationship between the earnings management and accounting standards of listed companies in a systematic manner for the first time. On one hand, accounting standards vigorously restricts the occurrence of earnings management,
but on the other hand, for one reason or another, accounting standards may also become a tool for corporate earnings management. Therefore, we may find that the result of the implementation of such standards is not always desirable, and that in some cases, it may even entirely betray the original intensions of the setting of the standards. This issue deserves some serious thought of the setters of accounting standards. On the basis of an in-depth theoretical elucidation of and empirical analysis of the earnings management of the listed companies and the setting of accounting standards, this paper puts forwards some policy suggestion for China's setting of standards, which are helpful for improving China's accounting standards. Following is a description of the major contents of this paper:
Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter describes the motive for selecting this research topic, research methodology, structural arrangement and major contribution.
Chapter 2: Theories Related to Earnings Management. On the basis of expounding the basic theories relating to the concept, formative cause, restrictive
factor, advantages and disadvantages, this paper points out that accounting standards have a dual effect on the occurrence of earnings management, and performs a further study on this basis.
Chapter 3: Overview of Literature on Earnings Management. This chapter provides a review of domestic and overseas research literature on points of interest for setters of accounting standards, including the motive, methodology, market response and restrictive factors, and derives the research significance of this paper from the evolution of earnings management studies.
Chapter 4: Theoretical Studies of the Earnings Management of Listing Companies and the Setting of Accounting Standards. This chapter elaborates on the relationship between earnings management and the setting of accounting standards from two aspects. On one hand, the setting and development of accounting standards play a precautionary and restricting role for earnings management, but on the other hand, as a result of economic consequence, limitation of the technology and the model of accounting standards setting, accounting standards cannot eliminate earnings management, and may even cause earning management.
Chapter 5: Empirical Studies of Earnings Management of Listed Companies and the Setting of Accounting Standards. This chapter, through case studies and statistical analysis of the Materiality principle, assets depreciation reserves, and non-recurring profit and loss, corroborates the contents of theoretical studies and derives preliminary conclusions.
Chapter 6: Policy Suggestions for China's Accounting Standards Setting. This chapter explores the possible solutions to China's Setting of accounting standards in terms of the earnings management of listed companies.
引文
[1] 比弗，W．H．财务呈报：会计革命[M]．薛云奎主译．大连：东北财经大学出版社，1999．
[2] 陈汉文等．证券市场与会计监管[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2001．
[3] 陈小悦，肖星，过晓艳．配股权与上市公司利润操纵[J]．经济研究，2000(1)：30～36．
[4] 陈晓，李静．地方政府财政行为在提升上市公司业绩中的作用探析[J]．会计研究，2001(12)：20～28．
[5] 陈玉洁，洪瑶．会计魔方[J]．证券市场周刊，2003(7)：15～25．
[6] 冯淑萍．市场经济与会计准则[J]．会计研究，1999(1)：2～8．
[7] 冯淑萍．关于中国会计标准的国际化问题[J]．会计研究，2001(11)：3～11．
[8] 冯淑萍．关于中国会计国际协调问题的思考[J]．会计研究，2002(11)：8～13．
[9] 葛家澍，黄世忠．反映经济真实是会计的基本职能——学习《会计法》的一点体会[J]．会计研究，1999(12)：2～7．
[10] 葛家澍，林志军．现代西方会计理论[M]．厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001．
[11] 葛家澍，刘峰．会计理论——关于财务会计概念结构的研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003．
[12] 葛家澍．财务会计理论、方法、准则探讨[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[13] 国际会计准则委员会．国际财务报告准则前言[S]．于小旺，朱海林译．会计研究，2002(7)：59～61．
[14] 国际会计准则委员会．国际会计准则：2000[S]．财政部会计准则委员会秘书处译．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2000．
[15] 洪剑峭，陈朝晖．2002．中国股市IPO效应实证研究．中国会计与财务研究，1：30～43．
[16] 胡继之．中国股市的演进与制度变迁[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，1999．
[17] 黄世忠．巨额冲销与信号发送[J]．会计研究，2002(8)：10～21．
[18] 黄世忠．完善会计准则，抑制会计报表粉饰[A]．会计准则专题(1999)[G]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，1999．77～89．
[19] 蒋义宏，李东平．会计信息失真：投资者视角与经营者视角[J]．证券市场导报．2001(3)：33～39．
[20] 蒋义宏，魏刚．中国上市公司会计与财务问题研究[M]．大连：东北财经大学出版社，2001．
[21] 蒋义宏等．会计信息失真的现状、成因与对策——上市公司利润操纵实证研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[22] 柯武刚，史漫飞．制度经济学：社会秩序与公共政策[M]．韩朝华译．北京：商务
印书馆，2000
[23] 科斯，R．等．财产权利与制度变迁：产权学派和新制度经济学派译文集[G]．上海：三联书店．1991．
[24] 莱维特，A．九十年代的信息披露与投资者教育[J]．李为，水东流译．证券市场导报，2002(9)：72～75．
[25] 李东平，黄德华，王振林．“不清洁”审计意见、盈余管理与会计师事务所变更[J]．会计研究，2001(6)：51～57．
[26] 李树华．上市公司境内外审计报告税后净利润差异之实证分析闭，会计研究，1997(12)．
[27] 李增泉．我国上市公司资产减值政策的实证研究闭．中国会计与财务研究，2001(4)：70～114．
[28] 李志文，宋衍蘅．中国上市公司的“变脸”现象[A]．中国会计与财务问题国际研讨会论文集[G]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2001．
[29] 林长泉等．我国国有企业及上市公司的利润操纵行为分析[J]．管理世界，2000(6)：88～95．
[30] 刘峰．会计准则变迁[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2001．
[31] 刘峰．会计准则研究[M]．大连：东北财经大学出版社，1996．
[32] 陆建桥．后安然时代的会计与审计[J]．会计研究，2002(10)：
[33] 陆建桥．中国亏损上市公司盈余管理实证研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[34] 陆正飞，高强．中国上市公司融资行为研究——基于问卷调查的分析[J]．会计研究，2003(10)：16～24．
[35] 美国国会．2002萨班斯—奧克斯莱法案[S]．张为国，邱昱芳编．后安然时代[G]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003．
[36] 美国会计准则委员会．美国财务会计准则：第1—137号[S]．王世定，李海定主译．北京：经济科学出版社，2002
[37] 美国证券交易委员会．对美国财务报告采用以原则为基础的会计体系的研究[R]．财政部会计司译．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003
[38] 曲晓辉，陈少华，杨金忠。会计准则研究——借鉴与反思[M]．厦门：厦门大学出版社，1999．
[39] 秦勉，周伟．“八项计提”特征分析[J]．资本市场，2003(9)：14～17．
[40] 司可脱，W．R．财务会计理论[M]．陈汉文等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
[41] 孙爱军，陈小悦．关于会计盈余的信息含量的研究[J]．北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2002(1)：15～26．
[42] 孙铮，王跃堂．资源配置与盈余操纵之实证分析[J]．财经研究，1999(4)：3～11．
[43] 孙铮．证券市场的会计规范与会计准则[J]．财经研究，1999(5)．
[44] 汤云为，陆建桥．论证券市场中的会计研究：发现与启示[J]．经济研究，1998(8)：50～59．
[45] 唐国平，郑海英．企业·会计·市场经济：会计信息失真的广角透视与思考[J]．会
计研究，2001(7)：42～45．
[46] 瓦茨，R．L．，齐默尔曼，J．L．实证会计理论[M]．陈少华等译．大连：东北财经大学出版社，1999．
[47] 汪祥耀．会计准则的发展：透视、比较与展望[M]．厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001．
[48] 王华，石本仁．论会计的不确定性LJ]．暨南学报(哲学社会科学)，1997(4)：44～49．
[49] 王跃堂．会计政策选择的经济动机——基于沪深股市的实证研究[J]．会计研究，2000(12)：31～40．
[50] 魏明海，谭劲松，林舒．盈利管理研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2000．
[51] 吴水澎．财务会计理论[M]．沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1996．
[52] 吴水澎．论经济效果与会计[A]．会计理论与方法研究[M]：广州：暨南大学出版社，2003．
[53] 吴水澎等．中国会计理论研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2000．
[54] 夏冬林，邹奕．转轨过程中的企业监控与会计管制[J]．会计研究，1997(10)：22～28．
[55] 夏立军，杨海斌．注册会计师对上市公司盈余管理的反应[J]．审计研究，2002(4)：28～34．
[56] 肖时庆．上市公司财务报告粉饰防范体系研究[J]．会计研究，2000(12)：46～49．
[57] 谢德仁．会计规则制定权合约安排的范式与变迁——兼及会计准则性质的研究[J]．会计研究，1997(9)：23～29．
[58] 谢德仁．会计信息的真实性与会计规则制定权合约安排[J]．经济研究，2000(5)：47～51．
[59] 谢诗芬．会计计量中的现值研究[M]．成都：西南财经大学出版社，2001．
[60] 薛云奎．会计准则制定的方法论研究[M]．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．
[61] 杨纪琬．对当前几个会计问题的思考[J]．会计研究，1996(2)：4～5．
[62] 姚海鑫．经济政策的博弈论分析[M]．北京：经济管理出版社，2001．
[63] 于增彪等．重新审视美国会计对中国会计国际化的影响[J]．会计研究，2004(3)：7～15．
[64] 泽夫，S．A．，德兰，B．G．现代财务会计理论——问题与论争[G]．夏冬林等译．北京：经济科学出版社，2000．
[65] 张为国，邱昱芳．后安然时代[G]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[66] 张为国．建立高质量的会计准则，夯实证券市场发展基础[J]．财经论丛，2003(1)：64～66．
[67] 张维迎．博弈论与信息经济学[M]．上海：上海人民出版社和三联书店出版社，1996．
[68] 张象至，李红霞．改进国际会计准则[J]．会计研究，2004(1)：82～95．
[69] 张亦春，周颍刚．信息不对称、企业改革和证券市场[J]．经济研究，1997(5)：24～30．
[70] 张育军，隆武华，段亚林．中国证券市场发展中的制度与法治问题[J]．证券市场导报，2003(5)：4～15．
[71] 章永奎，刘峰．盈余管理与审计意见相关性实证研究[J]．中国会计与财务研究，2002(1)：1～13
[72] 赵宇龙，王志台．我国证券市场“功能锁定”现象的实证研究[J]．经济研究，1999(9)：56～63．
[73] 赵宇龙．会计盈余披露的信息含量——来自上海股市的经验证据[J]．经济研究，1998(7)：42～51．
[74] 赵宇龙．会计盈余与股价行为[M]．上海：三联书店，2000．
[75] 中国证券监督管理委员会．关于进一步提高上市公司财务信息披露质量的通知[EB]．http：／／www．csrc．gov．cn．
[76] 中国证券监督管理委员会．就上市公司2002年非标准无保留审计意见年度报告、重大会计差错追溯调整答记者问[EB]．http：／／www．csrc．gov．cn．
[77] 中国证券监督管理委员会首席会计师办公室，上海证券交易所．注册会计师说“不”——中国上市公司审计意见分析[R)。北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[78] 中国注册会计师协会．中国注册会计师独立审计准则[S]．北京：经济科学出版社，2003．
[79] 中华人民共和国财政部．关于执行《企业会计制度》和相关会计准则有关问题解答[EB]．http：／／www．e521．com
[80] 中华人民共和国财政部．企业会计准则[S]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[81] 竺乾威．从理性到有限理性——决策理论的一种发展[J]．决策研究，1994(6)：11～12．
[1] Arya, A., J. Glover, andS. Sunder. 2003. Are unmanaged earnings always better for shareholders? Accounting Horizons (Supplement): 111～116.
[2] Aharony, J., et al. 2000. Financial packaging of IPO firms in China. Journal of Accounting Research (Spring): 103～125.
[3] American Accounting Association's Financial Accounting Standards Committee. 2003. Evaluating concepts-based vs. rule-based approaches to standard setting. Accounting Horizons 17: 73～89.
[4] Bagnoli, M., S. G. Watts. 2000. The effect of relative performance evaluation on earnings management: A game-theoretic approach. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 19: 377-397.
[5] Bannister, J. W., and D. N. Wiest. 2001. Earnings management and audit conservatism: Effects of SEC enforcement actions. Managerial Finance 27: 57～71.
[6] Barnea, A., et al. 1976. Classificatory smoothing of income with extraordinary items. The Accounting Review (January): 110～122.
[7] Beaver, W. H., and E. Engel. 1996. Discretionary behavior with respect to allowances for loan losses and the behavior of security prices. Journal of Accounting and Economics 22: 177～206.
[8] Becker, C., et al. 1998. The effect of audit quality on earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research (Spring): 1～24.
[9] Beneish, M. D. 1997. Detecting GAAP violation: Implications for assessing earnings management among firms with extreme financial performance. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 16: 271-309.
[10] Beneish, M. D. 2001. Earnings management: A perspective. Managerial Finance 27: 3～18.
[11] Bohren, O., et al. 2004. Compliance with flexible accounting standards. The International Journal of Accounting 39: 1～19.
[12] Brody, R. G., et al. 2003.Could $51 million be immaterial when Enron reports income of $105 million? Accounting Horizons(June): 153～160.
[13] Burgstahler, D., Dichev, I. 1997. Earnings management to avoid earning decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 24: 99～126.
[14] Chen, Shimin, et al. 2002. Evidence from China on whether harmonized accounting standards harmonize accounting practices. Accounting Horizons (Sep): 183～197.
[15] Cho, S., et al. 2003. Measuring stockholder materiality. Accounting Horizons (supplement): 63～76.
[16] Chung, R., et al. 2002. Institutional monitoring and opportunistic earnings management. Journal of Corporate Finance 8: 29～48.
[17] Cuccia, A. D., et al. 1995. The ability of professional standards to mitigate aggressive reporting. The Accounting Review (Spring): 227～248.
[18] Das, S., and H. Zhang. 2003. Rounding-up in reported EPS, behavioral thresholds, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics 35:31～50.
[19] Dechow, P. M. 1994. Accounting eamings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: The role of accounting accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics (July): 3～42.
[20] Dechow, P. M., et al. 1995. Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review (April): 193～225.
[21] Dechow, P. M., and D. Skinner. 2000. Eamings Management: Reconcilling views of accounting academic, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Hodzons 14: 235～250.
[22] Dechow, P. M., et al. 1996. Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: An analysis of firm subject to enforcement actions by the SEC, Contemporary Accounting Research ( Spring): 1～36.
[23] DeFond, M. L., and C. W. Park. 1997. Smoothing income in anticipation of future earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 23: 115-139.
[24] Degeorge, F., et al. 1999. Earnings management to exceed thresholds. The Journal of Business(January): 1～33.
[25] Dye, R. A., and R. E. Verrecchia. 1995. Discretion vs. uniformity: Choices among GAAP. The Accounting Review (July): 389～415.
[26] Emmanuel, C. R. et al. 1999. The impact of SSAP 25 and the 10％ materiality rule on segment disclose in the UK. British Accounting Review 31:127～149.
[27] FEI Research Foundation. 2001. Quantitative measures of the quality of financial reporting, http://www.fei.org
[28] Fields, T. D., et al. 2001. Empirical research on accounting choice. Journal of Accounting and Economics 31: 255～307.
[29] Financial Accounting Standards Board. 2002. Proposal: Principles-based approach to U.S. standard setting, http://www.fasb.org
[30] Financial Accounting Standards Board. 2000. Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc
[31] Gaver, J. J., et al. Additional evidence on bonus plans and income management. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1995(19): 3～28.
[32] Gaver, J. J., and J. S. Paterson. 2000. Earnings management under changing regulatory regimes: State accreditation in the insurance industry. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 19: 399～420.
[33] Godwin, N. 2000. Financial accounting choices and eamings management. Journal of Accounting Education 18:369～376.
[34] Gordon, M. J. 1964. Postulates, principles and research in accounting. The Accounting Review (April): 251～263.
[35] Gujurathi, M. R., and R. E. Hoskin. 1992. Evidence of eamings managementby the early adopters of SFAS 96. Accounting Horizons (Dec): 18～31.
[36] Haw, In-Mu, et al. 2001. The nature of information in accruals and cash flows in an emerging capital market: The case of China. The international of Accounting 36: 391～406.
[37] Healy, P. M. 1985. The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting and Economics 7: 85～107.
[38] Healy, P. M. 1999. Discussion of earnings-based bonus plans and earnings management by business unit managers. Journal of Accounting and Economics 26: 143～147.
[39] Healy, P. M., and J. M. Wahlen. 1999. A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons(December): 365～384.
[40] Healy, P. M., and K. G. Palepu. 1993. The effect of firms' financial disclosure strategies on stock prices. Accounting Horizons (March): 1～11.
[41] Herrmann, D., et al. 2003. The sales of assets to manage earnings in Japan. Journal of Accounting Research (March): 89～108
[42] Herz, R. H. 2003. A year of challenge and change for the FASB. Accounting Horizons (Sep): 247～255.
[43] Holthausen, R. W. 1990. Accounting methotl choice: Opportunistic behavior, efficient contracting, and information perspectives. Journal of Accounting and Economics 12:
207～218.
[44] Holthausen, R. W., et al. 1995. Annual bonus schemes and the manipulation of earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 19:29～74.
[45] Huron Consulting Group. 2002. An analysis of restatement matter: Rules, errors, ethics, for the five years, http://www.huronconsultinggroup.com.
[46] Iselin, E. R., and T. M. Iskandar. 2000. Auditor's recognition and disclose materiality thresholds: Their magnitude and the effects of industry. British Accounting Review 32: 289～309.
[47] Jonas, G. and J. Blanchet. 2000. Assessing quality of financial reporting. Accounting Horizons(September): 353～363.
[48] Jones, J. J. 1991. Earnings management during import relief investigations. Journal of Accounting Research (Autumn): 193～223.
[49] Kaplan, S. E. 2001. Further evidence on the ethics of managing earnings: An examination of the ethically related judgments of shareholders and non-shareholders. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 20: 27～44.
[50] Keating, A. S., and J. L. Zimmerman. 2000. Depreciation-policy changes: tax, earnings management, and investment opportunity incentives. Journal of Accounting and Economics 28: 359～389.
[51] Kelly, L. 1985. Corporate management lobbying on FAS No.8: Some further evidence. Journal of Accounting Research (Autumn): 619～632.
[52] Key, K. G. 1997. Political cost incentives for earning management in the cable television industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics 23: 309～337.
[53] Krishnan, G. V. 2003. Does Big 6 auditor industry expertise constrain earnings management? Accounting Horizons (supplement): 1～16.
[54] Leuz, C., et al. 2003. Earnings management and investor protection: An international comparison. Journal of Financial Economics 69: 505～527.
[55] Levitt, A. 1998. The importance of high quality accounting standards. Accounting Horizons(Mar): 79～82.
[56] Levitt, A. 1998. The number game. http://www.sec.gov.
[57] Lin, Z. J., et al. 2001. An empirical evaluation of the new system of business accounting in China. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation 10: 23～49.
[58] Livingston, P. Earnings management: Practices and pitfalls, www.fei.org.
[59] Mian, S. L., C. W. Smith. 1990. Incentives forunconsolidatedfinancialreporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics 12: 141～171.
[60] McNichols, M. F. 2000. Research design issue in earning management studies. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 19: 313～345.
[61] Min, C. T., et al. 1998. Accounting for extraordinary items in Singapore: Empirical findings and international implications. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing &
Taxation 7: 215～232.
[62] Navissi, F. 1999. Earnings management under price regulation. Contemporary Accounting Research(Summer): 281～304.
[63] Nelson, M. W. 2003. Behavioral evidence on the effects of principles-and roles-based standards. Accounting Horizons(March): 91～104.
[64] Nelson, M. W., et al. 2003. How are earnings managed? Examples from auditors. Accounting Horizons (supplement) :17～35.
[65] Olson, J. A. 1995. Earnings, book values, and dividends in equity valuation. Contemporary Accounting Research (Spring): 661～687.
[66] Parfet, W. U. 2000. Accounting subjectivity and earnings management: A preparer perspective. Accounting Horizons (December): 481～488.
[67] Penman, S. H. 2003. The quality of financial statements: perspectives from the recent stock market bubble. Accounting Horizons 17: 77～93.
[68] Rogero, L. H. 1998. Characteristics of high quality accounting standards. Accounting Horizons(Jun): 177～183.
[69] Rutledge, R. W. 1995. Does management engage in the manipulation of earnings? The case of SFAS 52. Joumal of International Accounting Auditing & Taxation 4:69～86.
[70] Saudagaran S. M., and J. G. Diga. 1997. Financial reporting in emerging capital markets: Characteri-stics and policy issues. Accounting Horizons (June): 41～64.
[71] Schipper, K. 1989. Commentary on eamings management. Accounting Horizons(Dec): 91～102.
[72] Schipper, K. 1994. Academic accounting research and the standard setting process. Accounting Horizons (December): 61～73.
[73] Schipper, K. 2003. Principles-based accounting standards, Accounting Horizons (March): 61～72.
[74] Schipper, K., and L. Vincent. 2003. Earnings quality. Accounting Horizons (Supplement): 97～110.
[75] SEC. 2000. Concept Release: International Accounting standards, http://www.see.org
[76] SEC. 1999. Staff Accounting Bulletin No.99.. Materiality. http://www.sec.org
[77] Sloan, R. G. 1996. Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings? The Accounting Review (July): 289～315.
[78] Smith, J. T. 1998. Responding to FASB standard-setting proposals. Accounting Horizons (Jun): 163～169.
[79] Stolowy, H., Y. Ding. 2003. Regulatory flexibility and management opportunism in the choice of alternative accounting standards: An illustration based on large French group. The International Journal of Accounting 38: 195～213.
[80] Sutton, M. H. 2002. Financial reporting at a crossroad. Accounting Horizons (Dec): 319～328.
[81] Sweeney, A. P. 1994. Debt-covenant violations and manager's accounting responses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 17:281～308.
[82] Tang, Yunwei. 2000. Bumpy road leading to internationalization: A review of accounting development in China. Accounting Horizons(March), 93～102.
[83] Teoh, S. H., et al. 1998. Earnings management and the underperformance of seasoned equity offerings. Journal of Financial Economics 50: 63～99.
[84] Turner, L. E. 1999. Implementing continuous improvement in financial reporting. http://www.sec.org.
[85] Turner, L. E. 1999. The year of accountant, http://www.sec.org.
[86] Watts, R. L., and J. L. Zimmerman. 1978. Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards. The Accounting Review (January): 112-134.
[87] Watt, R. L. Conservatism in accounting part Ⅱ: Evidence and research opportunities. Accounting Horizons (December): 287～301.
[88] Xiang, B. 1998. Institutional factors influencing China's accounting reforms and standards. Accounting Horizons (June): 105～119.
[89] Zeff, S. A. 2002. "Political" lobbing on proposed standards: A challenge to the IASB. Accounting Horizons (March): 43～54.
[2] 陈汉文等．证券市场与会计监管[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2001．
[3] 陈小悦，肖星，过晓艳．配股权与上市公司利润操纵[J]．经济研究，2000(1)：30～36．
[4] 陈晓，李静．地方政府财政行为在提升上市公司业绩中的作用探析[J]．会计研究，2001(12)：20～28．
[5] 陈玉洁，洪瑶．会计魔方[J]．证券市场周刊，2003(7)：15～25．
[6] 冯淑萍．市场经济与会计准则[J]．会计研究，1999(1)：2～8．
[7] 冯淑萍．关于中国会计标准的国际化问题[J]．会计研究，2001(11)：3～11．
[8] 冯淑萍．关于中国会计国际协调问题的思考[J]．会计研究，2002(11)：8～13．
[9] 葛家澍，黄世忠．反映经济真实是会计的基本职能——学习《会计法》的一点体会[J]．会计研究，1999(12)：2～7．
[10] 葛家澍，林志军．现代西方会计理论[M]．厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001．
[11] 葛家澍，刘峰．会计理论——关于财务会计概念结构的研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003．
[12] 葛家澍．财务会计理论、方法、准则探讨[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[13] 国际会计准则委员会．国际财务报告准则前言[S]．于小旺，朱海林译．会计研究，2002(7)：59～61．
[14] 国际会计准则委员会．国际会计准则：2000[S]．财政部会计准则委员会秘书处译．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2000．
[15] 洪剑峭，陈朝晖．2002．中国股市IPO效应实证研究．中国会计与财务研究，1：30～43．
[16] 胡继之．中国股市的演进与制度变迁[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，1999．
[17] 黄世忠．巨额冲销与信号发送[J]．会计研究，2002(8)：10～21．
[18] 黄世忠．完善会计准则，抑制会计报表粉饰[A]．会计准则专题(1999)[G]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，1999．77～89．
[19] 蒋义宏，李东平．会计信息失真：投资者视角与经营者视角[J]．证券市场导报．2001(3)：33～39．
[20] 蒋义宏，魏刚．中国上市公司会计与财务问题研究[M]．大连：东北财经大学出版社，2001．
[21] 蒋义宏等．会计信息失真的现状、成因与对策——上市公司利润操纵实证研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[22] 柯武刚，史漫飞．制度经济学：社会秩序与公共政策[M]．韩朝华译．北京：商务
印书馆，2000
[23] 科斯，R．等．财产权利与制度变迁：产权学派和新制度经济学派译文集[G]．上海：三联书店．1991．
[24] 莱维特，A．九十年代的信息披露与投资者教育[J]．李为，水东流译．证券市场导报，2002(9)：72～75．
[25] 李东平，黄德华，王振林．“不清洁”审计意见、盈余管理与会计师事务所变更[J]．会计研究，2001(6)：51～57．
[26] 李树华．上市公司境内外审计报告税后净利润差异之实证分析闭，会计研究，1997(12)．
[27] 李增泉．我国上市公司资产减值政策的实证研究闭．中国会计与财务研究，2001(4)：70～114．
[28] 李志文，宋衍蘅．中国上市公司的“变脸”现象[A]．中国会计与财务问题国际研讨会论文集[G]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2001．
[29] 林长泉等．我国国有企业及上市公司的利润操纵行为分析[J]．管理世界，2000(6)：88～95．
[30] 刘峰．会计准则变迁[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2001．
[31] 刘峰．会计准则研究[M]．大连：东北财经大学出版社，1996．
[32] 陆建桥．后安然时代的会计与审计[J]．会计研究，2002(10)：
[33] 陆建桥．中国亏损上市公司盈余管理实证研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[34] 陆正飞，高强．中国上市公司融资行为研究——基于问卷调查的分析[J]．会计研究，2003(10)：16～24．
[35] 美国国会．2002萨班斯—奧克斯莱法案[S]．张为国，邱昱芳编．后安然时代[G]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003．
[36] 美国会计准则委员会．美国财务会计准则：第1—137号[S]．王世定，李海定主译．北京：经济科学出版社，2002
[37] 美国证券交易委员会．对美国财务报告采用以原则为基础的会计体系的研究[R]．财政部会计司译．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003
[38] 曲晓辉，陈少华，杨金忠。会计准则研究——借鉴与反思[M]．厦门：厦门大学出版社，1999．
[39] 秦勉，周伟．“八项计提”特征分析[J]．资本市场，2003(9)：14～17．
[40] 司可脱，W．R．财务会计理论[M]．陈汉文等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
[41] 孙爱军，陈小悦．关于会计盈余的信息含量的研究[J]．北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2002(1)：15～26．
[42] 孙铮，王跃堂．资源配置与盈余操纵之实证分析[J]．财经研究，1999(4)：3～11．
[43] 孙铮．证券市场的会计规范与会计准则[J]．财经研究，1999(5)．
[44] 汤云为，陆建桥．论证券市场中的会计研究：发现与启示[J]．经济研究，1998(8)：50～59．
[45] 唐国平，郑海英．企业·会计·市场经济：会计信息失真的广角透视与思考[J]．会
计研究，2001(7)：42～45．
[46] 瓦茨，R．L．，齐默尔曼，J．L．实证会计理论[M]．陈少华等译．大连：东北财经大学出版社，1999．
[47] 汪祥耀．会计准则的发展：透视、比较与展望[M]．厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001．
[48] 王华，石本仁．论会计的不确定性LJ]．暨南学报(哲学社会科学)，1997(4)：44～49．
[49] 王跃堂．会计政策选择的经济动机——基于沪深股市的实证研究[J]．会计研究，2000(12)：31～40．
[50] 魏明海，谭劲松，林舒．盈利管理研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2000．
[51] 吴水澎．财务会计理论[M]．沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1996．
[52] 吴水澎．论经济效果与会计[A]．会计理论与方法研究[M]：广州：暨南大学出版社，2003．
[53] 吴水澎等．中国会计理论研究[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2000．
[54] 夏冬林，邹奕．转轨过程中的企业监控与会计管制[J]．会计研究，1997(10)：22～28．
[55] 夏立军，杨海斌．注册会计师对上市公司盈余管理的反应[J]．审计研究，2002(4)：28～34．
[56] 肖时庆．上市公司财务报告粉饰防范体系研究[J]．会计研究，2000(12)：46～49．
[57] 谢德仁．会计规则制定权合约安排的范式与变迁——兼及会计准则性质的研究[J]．会计研究，1997(9)：23～29．
[58] 谢德仁．会计信息的真实性与会计规则制定权合约安排[J]．经济研究，2000(5)：47～51．
[59] 谢诗芬．会计计量中的现值研究[M]．成都：西南财经大学出版社，2001．
[60] 薛云奎．会计准则制定的方法论研究[M]．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．
[61] 杨纪琬．对当前几个会计问题的思考[J]．会计研究，1996(2)：4～5．
[62] 姚海鑫．经济政策的博弈论分析[M]．北京：经济管理出版社，2001．
[63] 于增彪等．重新审视美国会计对中国会计国际化的影响[J]．会计研究，2004(3)：7～15．
[64] 泽夫，S．A．，德兰，B．G．现代财务会计理论——问题与论争[G]．夏冬林等译．北京：经济科学出版社，2000．
[65] 张为国，邱昱芳．后安然时代[G]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[66] 张为国．建立高质量的会计准则，夯实证券市场发展基础[J]．财经论丛，2003(1)：64～66．
[67] 张维迎．博弈论与信息经济学[M]．上海：上海人民出版社和三联书店出版社，1996．
[68] 张象至，李红霞．改进国际会计准则[J]．会计研究，2004(1)：82～95．
[69] 张亦春，周颍刚．信息不对称、企业改革和证券市场[J]．经济研究，1997(5)：24～30．
[70] 张育军，隆武华，段亚林．中国证券市场发展中的制度与法治问题[J]．证券市场导报，2003(5)：4～15．
[71] 章永奎，刘峰．盈余管理与审计意见相关性实证研究[J]．中国会计与财务研究，2002(1)：1～13
[72] 赵宇龙，王志台．我国证券市场“功能锁定”现象的实证研究[J]．经济研究，1999(9)：56～63．
[73] 赵宇龙．会计盈余披露的信息含量——来自上海股市的经验证据[J]．经济研究，1998(7)：42～51．
[74] 赵宇龙．会计盈余与股价行为[M]．上海：三联书店，2000．
[75] 中国证券监督管理委员会．关于进一步提高上市公司财务信息披露质量的通知[EB]．http：／／www．csrc．gov．cn．
[76] 中国证券监督管理委员会．就上市公司2002年非标准无保留审计意见年度报告、重大会计差错追溯调整答记者问[EB]．http：／／www．csrc．gov．cn．
[77] 中国证券监督管理委员会首席会计师办公室，上海证券交易所．注册会计师说“不”——中国上市公司审计意见分析[R)。北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[78] 中国注册会计师协会．中国注册会计师独立审计准则[S]．北京：经济科学出版社，2003．
[79] 中华人民共和国财政部．关于执行《企业会计制度》和相关会计准则有关问题解答[EB]．http：／／www．e521．com
[80] 中华人民共和国财政部．企业会计准则[S]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002．
[81] 竺乾威．从理性到有限理性——决策理论的一种发展[J]．决策研究，1994(6)：11～12．
[1] Arya, A., J. Glover, andS. Sunder. 2003. Are unmanaged earnings always better for shareholders? Accounting Horizons (Supplement): 111～116.
[2] Aharony, J., et al. 2000. Financial packaging of IPO firms in China. Journal of Accounting Research (Spring): 103～125.
[3] American Accounting Association's Financial Accounting Standards Committee. 2003. Evaluating concepts-based vs. rule-based approaches to standard setting. Accounting Horizons 17: 73～89.
[4] Bagnoli, M., S. G. Watts. 2000. The effect of relative performance evaluation on earnings management: A game-theoretic approach. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 19: 377-397.
[5] Bannister, J. W., and D. N. Wiest. 2001. Earnings management and audit conservatism: Effects of SEC enforcement actions. Managerial Finance 27: 57～71.
[6] Barnea, A., et al. 1976. Classificatory smoothing of income with extraordinary items. The Accounting Review (January): 110～122.
[7] Beaver, W. H., and E. Engel. 1996. Discretionary behavior with respect to allowances for loan losses and the behavior of security prices. Journal of Accounting and Economics 22: 177～206.
[8] Becker, C., et al. 1998. The effect of audit quality on earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research (Spring): 1～24.
[9] Beneish, M. D. 1997. Detecting GAAP violation: Implications for assessing earnings management among firms with extreme financial performance. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 16: 271-309.
[10] Beneish, M. D. 2001. Earnings management: A perspective. Managerial Finance 27: 3～18.
[11] Bohren, O., et al. 2004. Compliance with flexible accounting standards. The International Journal of Accounting 39: 1～19.
[12] Brody, R. G., et al. 2003.Could $51 million be immaterial when Enron reports income of $105 million? Accounting Horizons(June): 153～160.
[13] Burgstahler, D., Dichev, I. 1997. Earnings management to avoid earning decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 24: 99～126.
[14] Chen, Shimin, et al. 2002. Evidence from China on whether harmonized accounting standards harmonize accounting practices. Accounting Horizons (Sep): 183～197.
[15] Cho, S., et al. 2003. Measuring stockholder materiality. Accounting Horizons (supplement): 63～76.
[16] Chung, R., et al. 2002. Institutional monitoring and opportunistic earnings management. Journal of Corporate Finance 8: 29～48.
[17] Cuccia, A. D., et al. 1995. The ability of professional standards to mitigate aggressive reporting. The Accounting Review (Spring): 227～248.
[18] Das, S., and H. Zhang. 2003. Rounding-up in reported EPS, behavioral thresholds, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics 35:31～50.
[19] Dechow, P. M. 1994. Accounting eamings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: The role of accounting accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics (July): 3～42.
[20] Dechow, P. M., et al. 1995. Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review (April): 193～225.
[21] Dechow, P. M., and D. Skinner. 2000. Eamings Management: Reconcilling views of accounting academic, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Hodzons 14: 235～250.
[22] Dechow, P. M., et al. 1996. Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: An analysis of firm subject to enforcement actions by the SEC, Contemporary Accounting Research ( Spring): 1～36.
[23] DeFond, M. L., and C. W. Park. 1997. Smoothing income in anticipation of future earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 23: 115-139.
[24] Degeorge, F., et al. 1999. Earnings management to exceed thresholds. The Journal of Business(January): 1～33.
[25] Dye, R. A., and R. E. Verrecchia. 1995. Discretion vs. uniformity: Choices among GAAP. The Accounting Review (July): 389～415.
[26] Emmanuel, C. R. et al. 1999. The impact of SSAP 25 and the 10％ materiality rule on segment disclose in the UK. British Accounting Review 31:127～149.
[27] FEI Research Foundation. 2001. Quantitative measures of the quality of financial reporting, http://www.fei.org
[28] Fields, T. D., et al. 2001. Empirical research on accounting choice. Journal of Accounting and Economics 31: 255～307.
[29] Financial Accounting Standards Board. 2002. Proposal: Principles-based approach to U.S. standard setting, http://www.fasb.org
[30] Financial Accounting Standards Board. 2000. Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc
[31] Gaver, J. J., et al. Additional evidence on bonus plans and income management. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1995(19): 3～28.
[32] Gaver, J. J., and J. S. Paterson. 2000. Earnings management under changing regulatory regimes: State accreditation in the insurance industry. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 19: 399～420.
[33] Godwin, N. 2000. Financial accounting choices and eamings management. Journal of Accounting Education 18:369～376.
[34] Gordon, M. J. 1964. Postulates, principles and research in accounting. The Accounting Review (April): 251～263.
[35] Gujurathi, M. R., and R. E. Hoskin. 1992. Evidence of eamings managementby the early adopters of SFAS 96. Accounting Horizons (Dec): 18～31.
[36] Haw, In-Mu, et al. 2001. The nature of information in accruals and cash flows in an emerging capital market: The case of China. The international of Accounting 36: 391～406.
[37] Healy, P. M. 1985. The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting and Economics 7: 85～107.
[38] Healy, P. M. 1999. Discussion of earnings-based bonus plans and earnings management by business unit managers. Journal of Accounting and Economics 26: 143～147.
[39] Healy, P. M., and J. M. Wahlen. 1999. A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons(December): 365～384.
[40] Healy, P. M., and K. G. Palepu. 1993. The effect of firms' financial disclosure strategies on stock prices. Accounting Horizons (March): 1～11.
[41] Herrmann, D., et al. 2003. The sales of assets to manage earnings in Japan. Journal of Accounting Research (March): 89～108
[42] Herz, R. H. 2003. A year of challenge and change for the FASB. Accounting Horizons (Sep): 247～255.
[43] Holthausen, R. W. 1990. Accounting methotl choice: Opportunistic behavior, efficient contracting, and information perspectives. Journal of Accounting and Economics 12:
207～218.
[44] Holthausen, R. W., et al. 1995. Annual bonus schemes and the manipulation of earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 19:29～74.
[45] Huron Consulting Group. 2002. An analysis of restatement matter: Rules, errors, ethics, for the five years, http://www.huronconsultinggroup.com.
[46] Iselin, E. R., and T. M. Iskandar. 2000. Auditor's recognition and disclose materiality thresholds: Their magnitude and the effects of industry. British Accounting Review 32: 289～309.
[47] Jonas, G. and J. Blanchet. 2000. Assessing quality of financial reporting. Accounting Horizons(September): 353～363.
[48] Jones, J. J. 1991. Earnings management during import relief investigations. Journal of Accounting Research (Autumn): 193～223.
[49] Kaplan, S. E. 2001. Further evidence on the ethics of managing earnings: An examination of the ethically related judgments of shareholders and non-shareholders. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 20: 27～44.
[50] Keating, A. S., and J. L. Zimmerman. 2000. Depreciation-policy changes: tax, earnings management, and investment opportunity incentives. Journal of Accounting and Economics 28: 359～389.
[51] Kelly, L. 1985. Corporate management lobbying on FAS No.8: Some further evidence. Journal of Accounting Research (Autumn): 619～632.
[52] Key, K. G. 1997. Political cost incentives for earning management in the cable television industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics 23: 309～337.
[53] Krishnan, G. V. 2003. Does Big 6 auditor industry expertise constrain earnings management? Accounting Horizons (supplement): 1～16.
[54] Leuz, C., et al. 2003. Earnings management and investor protection: An international comparison. Journal of Financial Economics 69: 505～527.
[55] Levitt, A. 1998. The importance of high quality accounting standards. Accounting Horizons(Mar): 79～82.
[56] Levitt, A. 1998. The number game. http://www.sec.gov.
[57] Lin, Z. J., et al. 2001. An empirical evaluation of the new system of business accounting in China. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation 10: 23～49.
[58] Livingston, P. Earnings management: Practices and pitfalls, www.fei.org.
[59] Mian, S. L., C. W. Smith. 1990. Incentives forunconsolidatedfinancialreporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics 12: 141～171.
[60] McNichols, M. F. 2000. Research design issue in earning management studies. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 19: 313～345.
[61] Min, C. T., et al. 1998. Accounting for extraordinary items in Singapore: Empirical findings and international implications. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing &
Taxation 7: 215～232.
[62] Navissi, F. 1999. Earnings management under price regulation. Contemporary Accounting Research(Summer): 281～304.
[63] Nelson, M. W. 2003. Behavioral evidence on the effects of principles-and roles-based standards. Accounting Horizons(March): 91～104.
[64] Nelson, M. W., et al. 2003. How are earnings managed? Examples from auditors. Accounting Horizons (supplement) :17～35.
[65] Olson, J. A. 1995. Earnings, book values, and dividends in equity valuation. Contemporary Accounting Research (Spring): 661～687.
[66] Parfet, W. U. 2000. Accounting subjectivity and earnings management: A preparer perspective. Accounting Horizons (December): 481～488.
[67] Penman, S. H. 2003. The quality of financial statements: perspectives from the recent stock market bubble. Accounting Horizons 17: 77～93.
[68] Rogero, L. H. 1998. Characteristics of high quality accounting standards. Accounting Horizons(Jun): 177～183.
[69] Rutledge, R. W. 1995. Does management engage in the manipulation of earnings? The case of SFAS 52. Joumal of International Accounting Auditing & Taxation 4:69～86.
[70] Saudagaran S. M., and J. G. Diga. 1997. Financial reporting in emerging capital markets: Characteri-stics and policy issues. Accounting Horizons (June): 41～64.
[71] Schipper, K. 1989. Commentary on eamings management. Accounting Horizons(Dec): 91～102.
[72] Schipper, K. 1994. Academic accounting research and the standard setting process. Accounting Horizons (December): 61～73.
[73] Schipper, K. 2003. Principles-based accounting standards, Accounting Horizons (March): 61～72.
[74] Schipper, K., and L. Vincent. 2003. Earnings quality. Accounting Horizons (Supplement): 97～110.
[75] SEC. 2000. Concept Release: International Accounting standards, http://www.see.org
[76] SEC. 1999. Staff Accounting Bulletin No.99.. Materiality. http://www.sec.org
[77] Sloan, R. G. 1996. Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings? The Accounting Review (July): 289～315.
[78] Smith, J. T. 1998. Responding to FASB standard-setting proposals. Accounting Horizons (Jun): 163～169.
[79] Stolowy, H., Y. Ding. 2003. Regulatory flexibility and management opportunism in the choice of alternative accounting standards: An illustration based on large French group. The International Journal of Accounting 38: 195～213.
[80] Sutton, M. H. 2002. Financial reporting at a crossroad. Accounting Horizons (Dec): 319～328.
[81] Sweeney, A. P. 1994. Debt-covenant violations and manager's accounting responses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 17:281～308.
[82] Tang, Yunwei. 2000. Bumpy road leading to internationalization: A review of accounting development in China. Accounting Horizons(March), 93～102.
[83] Teoh, S. H., et al. 1998. Earnings management and the underperformance of seasoned equity offerings. Journal of Financial Economics 50: 63～99.
[84] Turner, L. E. 1999. Implementing continuous improvement in financial reporting. http://www.sec.org.
[85] Turner, L. E. 1999. The year of accountant, http://www.sec.org.
[86] Watts, R. L., and J. L. Zimmerman. 1978. Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards. The Accounting Review (January): 112-134.
[87] Watt, R. L. Conservatism in accounting part Ⅱ: Evidence and research opportunities. Accounting Horizons (December): 287～301.
[88] Xiang, B. 1998. Institutional factors influencing China's accounting reforms and standards. Accounting Horizons (June): 105～119.
[89] Zeff, S. A. 2002. "Political" lobbing on proposed standards: A challenge to the IASB. Accounting Horizons (March): 43～54.