深厚覆盖层地基高土质心墙堆石坝抗震安全性研究
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摘要
随着我国西部水能资源的大开发,将出现一批建立在高地震烈度区、深厚覆盖层等不良地质条件下的200m甚至300m级高土石坝,而目前世界上在深厚覆盖层地基上已建最高坝——瀑布沟心墙堆石坝的最大坝高仅为186米。对于深厚覆盖层上200m级以上的高土石坝,坝体和坝基的防渗设计、大坝抗震安全措施等方面均无成熟经验可借鉴,在设计、施工和运行中都存在极具挑战性的世界性难题。本文主要对深厚覆盖层上200m级以上高土石坝的抗震安全性进行研究探索,主要研究内容如下：
1.土石坝筑坝材料的动力特性参数有较强的围压依赖性,广泛应用的Hardin-Drnevich模型仅体现了围压的部分影响,但并不能完全反应不同围压条件下土石料动力特性性质。针对传统Hardin-Drnevich模型进行改进,提出一个可以考虑土石料动力特性参数围压依赖性的改进动力本构模型,该模型更加符合动力特性试验结果,可以更真实地反应材料的动力特性。新的本构模型中每个参数均存在明确的物理意义,且参数确定方便,虽然模型中材料参数数量增加,但并不会降低计算效率。以大型通用有限元程序ADINA为平台进行二次开发,将新模型应用于深厚覆盖层地基240m高长河坝大坝的地震动力响应分析中,计算结果表明在高土石坝动力分析时,不考虑土石料围压效应的计算结果偏于保守,对工程的经济性有一定影响。
2.防渗系统是高心墙堆石坝结构中最为关键的结构,坝体防渗结构与坝基防渗结构的接头是大坝抗震安全的薄弱环节。在研究总结深厚覆盖层地基高土石坝防渗系统特征的基础上,以长河坝高心墙堆石坝为工程背景,采用考虑围压效应的Hardin-Drnevich土石料本构模型和先进的有限元子模型分析技术对深厚覆盖层地基高土石坝防渗系统的抗震安全性进行了系统深入研究,分析高心墙堆石坝心墙与深厚覆盖层地基内防渗墙、墙顶廊道的动力反应规律,并采用混凝土非线性开裂本构模型对混凝土廊道在坝体填筑及蓄水过程中裂缝发展的非线性变化过程进行分析。最后,分别评价了坝体防渗心墙、坝基防渗墙、心墙与防渗墙接头的抗震安全性,总结了深厚覆盖层地基上高土质心墙堆石坝动力反应的特点,并结合工程经验提出了防渗系统的抗震措施。
3.分别针对土工格栅与混凝土抗震梁格两种高土石坝坝顶抗震措施,从加固机理、加固效果与应用特点等方面进行了研究。针对两种措施存在的不足,提出了一种新的坝顶抗震加固措施—-Hardfill材料抗震加固措施,以长河坝工程为例,对该措施的加固效果与实施的可能性进行了考察。计算结果表明,Hardfill抗震加固措施对增强坝体整体的稳定性、抑制坝体永久变形有较明显的效果,同时使反滤料和心墙料的动强度安全系数得到提高,且将Hardfill材料布置于土石坝中不会对大坝的运行带来明显不利影响,该措施具有施工简便快速、造价低廉、与土石坝施工无干扰等优点,具有很好的推广应用前景。
4.传统经典振动孔压模型一般根据砂土试验得到,不能直接应用于粘性土、砂砾石土等土料的振动孔压计算当中。根据饱和不排水动三轴试验结果,提出一种计算粘性土、砂砾石土等振动孔压的新模型,新模型考虑了动剪应力比对材料动强度特性的影响,更加符合材料动强度试验结果,可以更好地反应材料动强度的真实特性。模型中参数确定方便,虽然增加了材料参数的数量,但并不会降低计算效率基于ADINA平台,编制了以新孔压本构模型为基础的土石坝有效应力法有限元分析程序,并应用于长河坝工程高土石坝动力响应的计算分析中,得到了地震过程中坝内振动孔隙水压力的发展积累过程及震后振动孔隙水压力消散、扩散的过程及其规律。
With the progress of the hydropower resources development in western China, there will appear a batch of200m and even300m high earth-rockfill dams, which will be located in the area of high seismic intensity, thick overburden and even adverse geological conditions. So far, however, the highest dam on thick overburden in the world is the Pubugou dam with only186meter dam height. For building the high dam more than200m on the thick overburden layer, both the seepage control design for dam and foundation and the anti-seismic measures have no experience to draw on, which bring worldwide challenges to the design, construction and operation. The seismic safety of the high earth-rockfill dams more than200m on the thick overburden foundation was studied; the main contents are as follows:
1. The material parameters of the earth-rockfill dams are strongly dependent on confining pressure. The widely used Hardin-Drnevich model can reflect the effect of confining pressure partly. A new improved constitutive model that could accurately consider the confining pressure was put forward based on the traditional Hardin-Drnevich model in this paper. The new model can fit the experimental data better, response the dynamic properties of the material accurately. Each parameter in the new constitutive model still retains their physical meaning and easy to be defined. The model would not reduce the computational efficiency though the number of material parameters in the model is big. The relevant calculated procedure with the new model was programmed based on the program of ADINA, which are applied to the calculation and analysis of seismic dynamic response of240m high Cnanghe dam on the thick overburden foundation. The conclusion can be got that the result was conservative without considering the effect of confining pressure when analyzing high rockfill dam, which will have a certain influence on the economics of engineering.
2. Seepage prevention system is the most important structure in high rockfill dam with earth core. The joint of the dam seepage structure and foundation seepage control structure is the weakest part in the seismic safety of dams. Taking high core rockfill Changhe dam as background, the seismic safety of seepage prevention system of high rockfill dam on thick overburden layer was studied using the improved Hardin-Drnevich model considering confining pressure and the advanced sub-model technology. The dynamic responses on the core wall of high rockfill dam and the cutoff wall and the corridor on thick overburden layer were analyzed. Used nonlinear constructive model of concrete cracking, the nonlinear changes in the cracks development process of the corridor in process of reservoir impounding and dam construction were analyzed. At last, seismic safety of the dam seepage core wall, the dam foundation cutoff wall, the joint of core wall and cutoff wall was evaluated. The feature of dynamic response on the high core rockfill dam with thick overburden was summarized. Combined with engineering experience, safety measures of seepage control system were put forward.
3. The calculation and analysis were carried out on the aspects of reinforcement mechanisms, effects and application characteristics for anti-seismic measures of geogrid and concrete beam grillage used in the crest of high earth-rockfill dam. But some problems exist in the anti-seismic measures, so a new kind of rockfill dam seismic strengthening measure has been put forward:Hardfill seismic strengthening measure. The reinforcement effect and the possibility of implementing of Hardfill seismic strengthening measure were discussed based on the Changheba project. The results show that the Hardfill seismic strengthening measure can enhance the overall stability, inhibit the permanent deformation and improve the dynamic strength safety coefficient, bring no adverse effect to the operation of the dam. The new measure has the advantages such as, the simple construction process, low cost as well as no interference with construction schedule of the dam and has a good application prospect.
4. Some of the traditional classical vibration pore pressure models were obtained based on the testing of sand, which cannot be directly applied to seismic pore pressure computation of the cohesive soil and gravel of high earth-rockfill dam. A new vibration pore pressure model for cohesive soil and gravel was put forward in this paper according to the results of saturated undrained dynamic triaxial test. The new vibration pore pressure model considered the influence of dynamic shear stress ratio and can fit the experimental data better, response the dynamic strength properties of the material more accurately. The model parameters were determined conveniently and the model would not reduce the computational efficiency though the number of material parameters in the model is added. Based on the program of ADINA, the effective stress algorithm program with the new vibration pore pressure model was implemented. The new model was used in the calculation and analysis of Changheba dam. The pattern of the accumulation process of excess pore pressure during earthquake and the dissipation as well as diffusion of excess pore pressure after earthquake were understanded through the calculation and analysis.
1.土石坝筑坝材料的动力特性参数有较强的围压依赖性,广泛应用的Hardin-Drnevich模型仅体现了围压的部分影响,但并不能完全反应不同围压条件下土石料动力特性性质。针对传统Hardin-Drnevich模型进行改进,提出一个可以考虑土石料动力特性参数围压依赖性的改进动力本构模型,该模型更加符合动力特性试验结果,可以更真实地反应材料的动力特性。新的本构模型中每个参数均存在明确的物理意义,且参数确定方便,虽然模型中材料参数数量增加,但并不会降低计算效率。以大型通用有限元程序ADINA为平台进行二次开发,将新模型应用于深厚覆盖层地基240m高长河坝大坝的地震动力响应分析中,计算结果表明在高土石坝动力分析时,不考虑土石料围压效应的计算结果偏于保守,对工程的经济性有一定影响。
2.防渗系统是高心墙堆石坝结构中最为关键的结构,坝体防渗结构与坝基防渗结构的接头是大坝抗震安全的薄弱环节。在研究总结深厚覆盖层地基高土石坝防渗系统特征的基础上,以长河坝高心墙堆石坝为工程背景,采用考虑围压效应的Hardin-Drnevich土石料本构模型和先进的有限元子模型分析技术对深厚覆盖层地基高土石坝防渗系统的抗震安全性进行了系统深入研究,分析高心墙堆石坝心墙与深厚覆盖层地基内防渗墙、墙顶廊道的动力反应规律,并采用混凝土非线性开裂本构模型对混凝土廊道在坝体填筑及蓄水过程中裂缝发展的非线性变化过程进行分析。最后,分别评价了坝体防渗心墙、坝基防渗墙、心墙与防渗墙接头的抗震安全性,总结了深厚覆盖层地基上高土质心墙堆石坝动力反应的特点,并结合工程经验提出了防渗系统的抗震措施。
3.分别针对土工格栅与混凝土抗震梁格两种高土石坝坝顶抗震措施,从加固机理、加固效果与应用特点等方面进行了研究。针对两种措施存在的不足,提出了一种新的坝顶抗震加固措施—-Hardfill材料抗震加固措施,以长河坝工程为例,对该措施的加固效果与实施的可能性进行了考察。计算结果表明,Hardfill抗震加固措施对增强坝体整体的稳定性、抑制坝体永久变形有较明显的效果,同时使反滤料和心墙料的动强度安全系数得到提高,且将Hardfill材料布置于土石坝中不会对大坝的运行带来明显不利影响,该措施具有施工简便快速、造价低廉、与土石坝施工无干扰等优点,具有很好的推广应用前景。
4.传统经典振动孔压模型一般根据砂土试验得到,不能直接应用于粘性土、砂砾石土等土料的振动孔压计算当中。根据饱和不排水动三轴试验结果,提出一种计算粘性土、砂砾石土等振动孔压的新模型,新模型考虑了动剪应力比对材料动强度特性的影响,更加符合材料动强度试验结果,可以更好地反应材料动强度的真实特性。模型中参数确定方便,虽然增加了材料参数的数量,但并不会降低计算效率基于ADINA平台,编制了以新孔压本构模型为基础的土石坝有效应力法有限元分析程序,并应用于长河坝工程高土石坝动力响应的计算分析中,得到了地震过程中坝内振动孔隙水压力的发展积累过程及震后振动孔隙水压力消散、扩散的过程及其规律。
With the progress of the hydropower resources development in western China, there will appear a batch of200m and even300m high earth-rockfill dams, which will be located in the area of high seismic intensity, thick overburden and even adverse geological conditions. So far, however, the highest dam on thick overburden in the world is the Pubugou dam with only186meter dam height. For building the high dam more than200m on the thick overburden layer, both the seepage control design for dam and foundation and the anti-seismic measures have no experience to draw on, which bring worldwide challenges to the design, construction and operation. The seismic safety of the high earth-rockfill dams more than200m on the thick overburden foundation was studied; the main contents are as follows:
1. The material parameters of the earth-rockfill dams are strongly dependent on confining pressure. The widely used Hardin-Drnevich model can reflect the effect of confining pressure partly. A new improved constitutive model that could accurately consider the confining pressure was put forward based on the traditional Hardin-Drnevich model in this paper. The new model can fit the experimental data better, response the dynamic properties of the material accurately. Each parameter in the new constitutive model still retains their physical meaning and easy to be defined. The model would not reduce the computational efficiency though the number of material parameters in the model is big. The relevant calculated procedure with the new model was programmed based on the program of ADINA, which are applied to the calculation and analysis of seismic dynamic response of240m high Cnanghe dam on the thick overburden foundation. The conclusion can be got that the result was conservative without considering the effect of confining pressure when analyzing high rockfill dam, which will have a certain influence on the economics of engineering.
2. Seepage prevention system is the most important structure in high rockfill dam with earth core. The joint of the dam seepage structure and foundation seepage control structure is the weakest part in the seismic safety of dams. Taking high core rockfill Changhe dam as background, the seismic safety of seepage prevention system of high rockfill dam on thick overburden layer was studied using the improved Hardin-Drnevich model considering confining pressure and the advanced sub-model technology. The dynamic responses on the core wall of high rockfill dam and the cutoff wall and the corridor on thick overburden layer were analyzed. Used nonlinear constructive model of concrete cracking, the nonlinear changes in the cracks development process of the corridor in process of reservoir impounding and dam construction were analyzed. At last, seismic safety of the dam seepage core wall, the dam foundation cutoff wall, the joint of core wall and cutoff wall was evaluated. The feature of dynamic response on the high core rockfill dam with thick overburden was summarized. Combined with engineering experience, safety measures of seepage control system were put forward.
3. The calculation and analysis were carried out on the aspects of reinforcement mechanisms, effects and application characteristics for anti-seismic measures of geogrid and concrete beam grillage used in the crest of high earth-rockfill dam. But some problems exist in the anti-seismic measures, so a new kind of rockfill dam seismic strengthening measure has been put forward:Hardfill seismic strengthening measure. The reinforcement effect and the possibility of implementing of Hardfill seismic strengthening measure were discussed based on the Changheba project. The results show that the Hardfill seismic strengthening measure can enhance the overall stability, inhibit the permanent deformation and improve the dynamic strength safety coefficient, bring no adverse effect to the operation of the dam. The new measure has the advantages such as, the simple construction process, low cost as well as no interference with construction schedule of the dam and has a good application prospect.
4. Some of the traditional classical vibration pore pressure models were obtained based on the testing of sand, which cannot be directly applied to seismic pore pressure computation of the cohesive soil and gravel of high earth-rockfill dam. A new vibration pore pressure model for cohesive soil and gravel was put forward in this paper according to the results of saturated undrained dynamic triaxial test. The new vibration pore pressure model considered the influence of dynamic shear stress ratio and can fit the experimental data better, response the dynamic strength properties of the material more accurately. The model parameters were determined conveniently and the model would not reduce the computational efficiency though the number of material parameters in the model is added. Based on the program of ADINA, the effective stress algorithm program with the new vibration pore pressure model was implemented. The new model was used in the calculation and analysis of Changheba dam. The pattern of the accumulation process of excess pore pressure during earthquake and the dissipation as well as diffusion of excess pore pressure after earthquake were understanded through the calculation and analysis.
引文
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