压控振荡器的设计与优化
摘要
压控振荡器是锁相环频率合成器的重要组成单元,在很大程度上决定了锁相环的性能。在多种射频工艺(GaAs、SiGe、Bipolar、CMOS)中,CMOS工艺以高集成度、低成本得到了广泛应用。因此CMOS VCO也成为当前射频研究领域的热点。而在深亚微米条件下设计出兼具低功耗、低噪声与宽调频范围的压控振荡器是比较困难的。
首先,本论文简单介绍了课题研究背景以及振荡器发展现状,阐述了振荡器的基本理论和压控振荡器的性能指标,并对压控振荡器的重要性能参数—相位噪声进行了深入的研究;其次,针对电感电容振荡器,列举了几种常见的振荡器结构,并对它们特性做出了分析和比较;然后,对在深亚微米工艺下压控振荡器设计的具体过程给出了详细的分析,提出了在深亚微米低电源电压下设计低相位噪声、低功耗和宽谐调范围的电感电容压控振荡器的实现方案和优化方法;最后,针对本课题低噪声和低功耗的设计指标,设计了可应用于2.4GHz无线通信收发系统的PMOS交叉耦合电感电容压控振荡器,并用SMIC 0.13μm CMOS工艺,在Cadence的Spectre RF仿真器中对电路进行了仿真。结果表明,在偏离中心频率1MHz处的相位噪声为-131dBc,最低功耗仅为2mw,且调谐范围达到了2.33GHz～2.57GHz,最后用Cadence中的Virtuoso Layout Editor软件绘制了电路的版图。在与有关文献的设计比较之后,可以看出本论文设计的压控振荡器有非常好的综合性能,可以应用在无线数字音频、无线传输(鼠标、耳机)、蓝牙等无线通信技术中。
VCO(Voltage Controlled Oscillator)is the core block of PLL based frequency synthesizer. Its performance determines the whole synthesizer to a large extent. In many RFprecesses(GaA,SIGe,Bipolar,CMOS),CMOS Process is widely applied for its high integrated density and low cost.Therefore,CMOS VCOs on chip become the hotspot of many RF applications. It's difficult to fulfill the low noise and wide tuning range requirements with low power dissipation in VDSM.
Firstly,the background and current situation of oscillator are introduced simply,the theory and parameters of the oscillator are presented, and a very vital parameter for voltage-controlled oscillators—phase noise is tudied.Secondly,for LC VCO, several common oscillator topologies are listed,their circuit structure have been given out and the analysis and comparison to their characteristics have been done out. In addition,the analysis procedure of design are introduced,an implementation and optimization of low phase noise,low power dissipation and wide frequency turning range in VDSM and low power supply LC VCO is proposed. In the end,to achieve the goal of low phase noise and low power dissaption,a pmos-core cross-coupled LC-VCO circuit is designed.The VCO circuit applies to the 2.4GHz wireless communications.Then the circuit is simulated with Spectre RF in SMIC 0.13μm CMOS process,the result indicate thatthe design has a Phase noise of -131dBc@1MHz . And the power dissipation of the circuit is only about 2mW, tuning frequeney range is2 .33GHz～2.57GHz and the layout of the related circuit is portrayed by means of the Virtuoso Layout Editor.we compare with similar designs on the references.This VCO has an excellent synthetical function and is able to be used in wireless communications technology, such as wireless digital audio frequency, wireless transmission (mouse, earphone )and bluetooth.
首先,本论文简单介绍了课题研究背景以及振荡器发展现状,阐述了振荡器的基本理论和压控振荡器的性能指标,并对压控振荡器的重要性能参数—相位噪声进行了深入的研究;其次,针对电感电容振荡器,列举了几种常见的振荡器结构,并对它们特性做出了分析和比较;然后,对在深亚微米工艺下压控振荡器设计的具体过程给出了详细的分析,提出了在深亚微米低电源电压下设计低相位噪声、低功耗和宽谐调范围的电感电容压控振荡器的实现方案和优化方法;最后,针对本课题低噪声和低功耗的设计指标,设计了可应用于2.4GHz无线通信收发系统的PMOS交叉耦合电感电容压控振荡器,并用SMIC 0.13μm CMOS工艺,在Cadence的Spectre RF仿真器中对电路进行了仿真。结果表明,在偏离中心频率1MHz处的相位噪声为-131dBc,最低功耗仅为2mw,且调谐范围达到了2.33GHz～2.57GHz,最后用Cadence中的Virtuoso Layout Editor软件绘制了电路的版图。在与有关文献的设计比较之后,可以看出本论文设计的压控振荡器有非常好的综合性能,可以应用在无线数字音频、无线传输(鼠标、耳机)、蓝牙等无线通信技术中。
VCO(Voltage Controlled Oscillator)is the core block of PLL based frequency synthesizer. Its performance determines the whole synthesizer to a large extent. In many RFprecesses(GaA,SIGe,Bipolar,CMOS),CMOS Process is widely applied for its high integrated density and low cost.Therefore,CMOS VCOs on chip become the hotspot of many RF applications. It's difficult to fulfill the low noise and wide tuning range requirements with low power dissipation in VDSM.
Firstly,the background and current situation of oscillator are introduced simply,the theory and parameters of the oscillator are presented, and a very vital parameter for voltage-controlled oscillators—phase noise is tudied.Secondly,for LC VCO, several common oscillator topologies are listed,their circuit structure have been given out and the analysis and comparison to their characteristics have been done out. In addition,the analysis procedure of design are introduced,an implementation and optimization of low phase noise,low power dissipation and wide frequency turning range in VDSM and low power supply LC VCO is proposed. In the end,to achieve the goal of low phase noise and low power dissaption,a pmos-core cross-coupled LC-VCO circuit is designed.The VCO circuit applies to the 2.4GHz wireless communications.Then the circuit is simulated with Spectre RF in SMIC 0.13μm CMOS process,the result indicate thatthe design has a Phase noise of -131dBc@1MHz . And the power dissipation of the circuit is only about 2mW, tuning frequeney range is2 .33GHz～2.57GHz and the layout of the related circuit is portrayed by means of the Virtuoso Layout Editor.we compare with similar designs on the references.This VCO has an excellent synthetical function and is able to be used in wireless communications technology, such as wireless digital audio frequency, wireless transmission (mouse, earphone )and bluetooth.
引文
[1]Razavi B.A study of phasenoise in mososcillators.IEEE solid-state Circuits,1996,31(3):331-343P
[2]A.Hajimiri and T.H.Lee.A general Theory of Phase Noise in Electrical Oscillators.IEEE journal of solid state circuits,2000,33(2):717-724P
[3]拉扎维著,陈贵灿等译.模拟CMOS集成电路设计.西安交通大学出版社,2002:416-423页
[4]远坂俊昭.锁相环(PLL)电路设计与应用.科学出版社,2007:131-133页
[5]池保勇,余志平等.CMOS射频集成电路分析与设计.清华大学出版社,2006:354-360页
[6]Lesson D B.A simple model of feedback oscillator noise pectrum.Proceedings of the IEEE,1966,54:329-330P
[7]李长生等.射频应用的压控振荡器相位噪声的研究.通信技术,2003(12):26-28页
[8]A.D.Bemy.A 1.8-GHz LC VCO with 1.3-GHz tuning range and digital amplitude calibration.IEEE Solid State Circuits,2005,40(4):909-917P
[9]刘颖异,王志功,钱照华.全集成低相位噪声LC压控振荡器设计.中国集成电路.2008,17(3):78-80页
[10]Hong Zhen,Guician Chen and Ning Li.A 2.4-GHz lineartuning CMOS LC voltage-controlled oscillator.Proceeding of the ASPDAC,2005,2(2):779-802P
[11]S.S.Broussev,T.A.Lehtonen.A wide-band low phase-noiseLC VCO with programmable Kvco.IEEE Microw.Wireless Compon.2007,17(4):274-276P
[12]Jongsik Kim,Jaewook Shin.A Wide-Band CMOS LC VCO With Linearized Coarse Tuning Characteristics IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—Ⅱ:EXPRESS BRIEFS,VOL.55,NO.5,MAY 2008
[13]曾健平等.1.8GHz宽带低相位噪声CMOS压控振荡器设计.湖南大学出版社,2007,34(6):37-40页
[14]P.Vaananen,N.Mikkola,and P.Helio.VCO design with on-chip calibration system.IEEE TransCircuits Syst.I,Reg.Papers,2006,53(10):2157-2166P
[15]Changhua Cao.Millimeter-wave voltage-controlled oscillators in 0.13-μm CMOS technology.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,2006,41(6):1297-1304P
[16]Berny A.D.wide band low phase noise cmos vco.Custom Integrated Circuits Conference.Proceedings of the IEEE,2003,9:555-558P
[17]王天心.一个2.4GHz CMOS LC压控振荡器的设计.微电子学,2005,36(4):502-509P
[18]赵宇浩 陈军宁.2.4GHz低相位噪声CMOS负阻LC压控振荡器设计.计算机技术与发展,2008,18(2):170-172页
[19]R.L.Bunch.Large-signal analysis of MOS varactors in CMOS Gm LC VCOs.IEEE Solid-State Circuits,2003,38(8):1325-1332P
[20]H.I.Lee,J.K.Cho.A sigma-delta fractional-N frequency synthesizer using a wide-band VCO and a fast AFC technique for GSM/GPRS/WCDMA applications.IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits,2004,39(7):1164-1169P
[21]Andreani,P.A low-phase-noise low-phase-error 1.8GHz quadrature CMOS VCO.ISSCC Solid-State Circuits Conference,2002,2:228-229P
[22]Bhattachaijee.A 5.8 GHz fully integrated low power low phase noise CMOS LC VCO for WLAN applications.IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits(RFIC) Symposium,2002,7:475-478P
[23]Jongsik Kim,Jaewook Shin.A Wide-Band CMOS LC VCO With Linearized Coarse Tuning Characteristics.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSVOL.2008,55(5):399-403P
[24]孙文,唐守龙,吴炬,宋莹莹.宽带低噪声LC VCO及一种新式稳幅电路的设计.电路与系统学报,2007,12(4):105-108页
[25]李壤中等.数字电视调谐器中低噪声LC VCO的设计.固体电子学研究与进展,2008,28(1):119-123页
[26]Emad Hegazi.A Filtering Technique to lower LC oscillator Phase Noise.IEEE journal of solid-state circuits,2001,36(12):1921-1929P
[27]Lin Jia,A Novel Methodology for the Design of LC Tank VCO with Low Phase Noise.IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference,2005,5:376- 379P
[28]Babak Soltanian and Peter Kinget.A Tail Current-Shaping Technique to Reduce Phase Noise in LC VCOs.IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference,2005,9:579-582P
[29]杨丰林.CMOS电感电容压控振荡器中对称噪声滤波技术的研究.微电子学与计算机,2007,24(5):41-44页
[30]M.Tiebout.Low-power low-phase-noise differentially tuned quadrature VCO design in standard CMOS.IEEE Solid-State Circuits,2001,36(7):1018-1024P
[31]D.J.Young.2GHz CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator with optimal dedign of pase noise and power dissipation.IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium,2007:131-134P
[32]Daisuke Miyashita.A Phase Noise Minimization of CMOS VCOs over Wide Tuning Range and Large PVT Variations.IEEE custom integrated circuits conference,2005,9:583-586P
[33]Paavo Vaananen,Niko Mikkola VCO Design With On-Chip Calibration System.IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems—Ⅰ:Regular Papers,2006,53(10):2157-2166P
[34]Neric H.W.Fong.Design of Wide-Band CMOS VCO for Multiband Wireless LAN Applications.IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuit,2003.38(8):1333-1341P
[35]N.H.W.Fong.Al-V 3.8-5.7-GHz wide-band VCO with differentially tuned accumulation MOS varactors for common-mode noise rejection in CMOS SOI technology.IEFE Trans Microwave Theory and Tech,2003,51(8):1952-1959P
[2]A.Hajimiri and T.H.Lee.A general Theory of Phase Noise in Electrical Oscillators.IEEE journal of solid state circuits,2000,33(2):717-724P
[3]拉扎维著,陈贵灿等译.模拟CMOS集成电路设计.西安交通大学出版社,2002:416-423页
[4]远坂俊昭.锁相环(PLL)电路设计与应用.科学出版社,2007:131-133页
[5]池保勇,余志平等.CMOS射频集成电路分析与设计.清华大学出版社,2006:354-360页
[6]Lesson D B.A simple model of feedback oscillator noise pectrum.Proceedings of the IEEE,1966,54:329-330P
[7]李长生等.射频应用的压控振荡器相位噪声的研究.通信技术,2003(12):26-28页
[8]A.D.Bemy.A 1.8-GHz LC VCO with 1.3-GHz tuning range and digital amplitude calibration.IEEE Solid State Circuits,2005,40(4):909-917P
[9]刘颖异,王志功,钱照华.全集成低相位噪声LC压控振荡器设计.中国集成电路.2008,17(3):78-80页
[10]Hong Zhen,Guician Chen and Ning Li.A 2.4-GHz lineartuning CMOS LC voltage-controlled oscillator.Proceeding of the ASPDAC,2005,2(2):779-802P
[11]S.S.Broussev,T.A.Lehtonen.A wide-band low phase-noiseLC VCO with programmable Kvco.IEEE Microw.Wireless Compon.2007,17(4):274-276P
[12]Jongsik Kim,Jaewook Shin.A Wide-Band CMOS LC VCO With Linearized Coarse Tuning Characteristics IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—Ⅱ:EXPRESS BRIEFS,VOL.55,NO.5,MAY 2008
[13]曾健平等.1.8GHz宽带低相位噪声CMOS压控振荡器设计.湖南大学出版社,2007,34(6):37-40页
[14]P.Vaananen,N.Mikkola,and P.Helio.VCO design with on-chip calibration system.IEEE TransCircuits Syst.I,Reg.Papers,2006,53(10):2157-2166P
[15]Changhua Cao.Millimeter-wave voltage-controlled oscillators in 0.13-μm CMOS technology.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,2006,41(6):1297-1304P
[16]Berny A.D.wide band low phase noise cmos vco.Custom Integrated Circuits Conference.Proceedings of the IEEE,2003,9:555-558P
[17]王天心.一个2.4GHz CMOS LC压控振荡器的设计.微电子学,2005,36(4):502-509P
[18]赵宇浩 陈军宁.2.4GHz低相位噪声CMOS负阻LC压控振荡器设计.计算机技术与发展,2008,18(2):170-172页
[19]R.L.Bunch.Large-signal analysis of MOS varactors in CMOS Gm LC VCOs.IEEE Solid-State Circuits,2003,38(8):1325-1332P
[20]H.I.Lee,J.K.Cho.A sigma-delta fractional-N frequency synthesizer using a wide-band VCO and a fast AFC technique for GSM/GPRS/WCDMA applications.IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits,2004,39(7):1164-1169P
[21]Andreani,P.A low-phase-noise low-phase-error 1.8GHz quadrature CMOS VCO.ISSCC Solid-State Circuits Conference,2002,2:228-229P
[22]Bhattachaijee.A 5.8 GHz fully integrated low power low phase noise CMOS LC VCO for WLAN applications.IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits(RFIC) Symposium,2002,7:475-478P
[23]Jongsik Kim,Jaewook Shin.A Wide-Band CMOS LC VCO With Linearized Coarse Tuning Characteristics.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSVOL.2008,55(5):399-403P
[24]孙文,唐守龙,吴炬,宋莹莹.宽带低噪声LC VCO及一种新式稳幅电路的设计.电路与系统学报,2007,12(4):105-108页
[25]李壤中等.数字电视调谐器中低噪声LC VCO的设计.固体电子学研究与进展,2008,28(1):119-123页
[26]Emad Hegazi.A Filtering Technique to lower LC oscillator Phase Noise.IEEE journal of solid-state circuits,2001,36(12):1921-1929P
[27]Lin Jia,A Novel Methodology for the Design of LC Tank VCO with Low Phase Noise.IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference,2005,5:376- 379P
[28]Babak Soltanian and Peter Kinget.A Tail Current-Shaping Technique to Reduce Phase Noise in LC VCOs.IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference,2005,9:579-582P
[29]杨丰林.CMOS电感电容压控振荡器中对称噪声滤波技术的研究.微电子学与计算机,2007,24(5):41-44页
[30]M.Tiebout.Low-power low-phase-noise differentially tuned quadrature VCO design in standard CMOS.IEEE Solid-State Circuits,2001,36(7):1018-1024P
[31]D.J.Young.2GHz CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator with optimal dedign of pase noise and power dissipation.IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium,2007:131-134P
[32]Daisuke Miyashita.A Phase Noise Minimization of CMOS VCOs over Wide Tuning Range and Large PVT Variations.IEEE custom integrated circuits conference,2005,9:583-586P
[33]Paavo Vaananen,Niko Mikkola VCO Design With On-Chip Calibration System.IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems—Ⅰ:Regular Papers,2006,53(10):2157-2166P
[34]Neric H.W.Fong.Design of Wide-Band CMOS VCO for Multiband Wireless LAN Applications.IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuit,2003.38(8):1333-1341P
[35]N.H.W.Fong.Al-V 3.8-5.7-GHz wide-band VCO with differentially tuned accumulation MOS varactors for common-mode noise rejection in CMOS SOI technology.IEFE Trans Microwave Theory and Tech,2003,51(8):1952-1959P