蚯蚓消解稻麦秸秆的效果与蚓粪的初步利用研究
摘要
作物秸秆是农业有机固体废弃物,更是可以综合利用的重要资源。秸秆可用作肥料、饲料、燃料及工业生产的原材料。随着我国农业生产的快速发展和农村能源结构的变化,作物秸秆大量剩余问题日益突出。许多地区农民往往就地焚烧或随意堆积,不但浪费资源,而且造成大气污染、土壤退化、甚至引发交通事故等,对人畜健康和生态环境造成不良影响。使这些废弃物经过无害化处理,成为优质有机肥,则不仅减轻环境污染,而且极有利于农业的可持续发展。
蚯蚓能消解农业废弃物,使之转化为蚓粪并收获大量蚯蚓。蚓粪是优质有机肥,适合作各种农作物的肥料。
本试验利用蚯蚓对小麦、水稻秸秆进行消解。蚯蚓消解小麦秸秆的试验设4个处理:(1)接种4kg蚯蚓,秸秆堆中间夹有污泥层;(2)接种2kg蚯蚓,中间夹有污泥层;(3)接种4kg蚯蚓,中间没有污泥层;(4)接种2kg蚯蚓,中间没有污泥层;(5)空白,不加蚯蚓,没有污泥层。
蚯蚓消解水稻秸秆的试验设4个处理:(1)接种6kg蚯蚓,秸秆为整齐的状态;(2)接种4kg蚯蚓,秸秆为打碎的状态;(3)接种4kg蚯蚓,秸秆为整齐的状态;(4)接种2kg蚯蚓,秸秆为整齐的状态;(5)空白,不加蚯蚓。消解60天后测定处理后秸秆与蚯蚓粪混合物的全N、P、K含量;测定处理后产出蚯蚓粪的全N、P、K含量与有机质含量;测定处理完后蚯蚓数量、未腐烂秸秆的数量以及蚯蚓粪的数量。
蚯蚓粪在蔬菜上的应用采用盆栽试验,试验共设5个处理。(1) 1kg土;(2) 0.25kg蚯蚓粪+0.75kg土;(3) 0.5kg蚯蚓粪+0.5kg土;(4) 0.75kg蚯蚓粪+0.25kg土;(5) 1kg蚯蚓粪。到苗龄20天时统一调查其幼苗的株高、茎粗、茎高,青菜和苋菜收获期的株高、茎粗、茎高、青菜可溶性糖的含量、青菜和苋菜可溶性固形物的含量、青菜、苋菜NO3-的含量。所得出的主要结论如下:
(1)经过一段时间的堆放,稻麦秸秆中的全N、P、K含量都会减少。
(2)蚯蚓消解后残留小麦秸秆与蚯蚓粪混合物全N含量有一定程度的增加效果。在相同蚯蚓投入量的条件下,有污泥层处理的混合物全N含量高于没有污泥层处理的。在有无污泥相同处理下,蚯蚓投入量少的处理混合物的全N、P含量高于蚯蚓投入量多的处理。经过蚯蚓活动后,混合物全P含量普遍上升。在相同蚯蚓投入量的处理下,有污泥层处理的混合物的全P含量明显高于没有污泥层的。蚯蚓消解后残留水稻秸秆与蚯蚓粪混合物全P含量有一定程度的增加效果。
(3)蚯蚓消解小麦秸秆后产生的蚯蚓粪全N、P含量,有污泥层的处理比没有污泥层的处理要高。而蚯蚓粪全K含量,有污泥层的处理比没有污泥层的处理要低。
(4)有机质含量的大小与有无污泥层有很大的关系,有污泥层处理其有机质含量明显大于没有污泥层的处理。
(5)施用适量比例的蚯蚓粪有利于青菜和苋菜的出苗与幼苗生长。在粪土比为1:1时,青菜和苋菜的出苗率最高。青菜在幼苗期的株高、茎高以及根茎粗都随着粪土比的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,在粪土比为1:1时,达到最高值。青菜苋菜在成熟期的株高、茎高以及茎粗都随着粪土比的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。在粪土比为1:1时,达到最高值。
(6)青菜中可溶性糖的含量在粪土比为3:1时达到最高。青菜和苋菜中可溶性固形物的含量随着蚯蚓粪投入比例的增加,呈先增加后减少的趋势,在粪土比为1:1时,其含量最高。青菜和苋菜中硝态氮含量都随着蚯蚓粪投入比例的增加,呈上升的趋势。
Crop stalks are not only agronomic organic solid wastes, but also important resources for comprehensive utilization, such as organic fertilizers, feedstuff, fuel and industrial materials. With the rapid development of Chinese agriculture and the great change of rural energy structures, the excess crop stalks is becoming a serious problem. Safe treatments of crop stalks is helpful to the decrease of environmental pollution and to the agricultural sustainable development.
The earthworms can convert agronomic organic solid wastes to casts, which is good organic fertilizers for various crops.
The earthworms were used in this experiment to decompose the straws of wheat and rice. For wheat straws five treatments were carried out: 1) straw heap was inoculated with 4kg earthworms and intermingled with sludge layer; 2) inoculated with 2kg earthworms and also intermingled with sludge layer; 3) inoculated with 4kg earthworms and no sludge layer existed; 4) inoculated with 2kg earthworms and no sludge layer existed; 5) inoculated with no earthworms and no sludge layer existed (as the control).
The experimental treatments of rice straws included: 1) straw heap was inoculated with 6kg earthworms and straw maintained integrated; 2) inoculated with 6kg earthworms and straw were pulverized; 3) inoculated with 4kg earthworms and straw maintained integrated; 4) inoculated with 2kg earthworms and straw maintained integrated; 5) inoculated with no earthworms (as the control). After 60 days of decomposition, amount of earthworms, casts and unrotten straws were measured, and total N, P, K in earthworm casts and mixture of straw and earthworm casts, organic material content in casts were also analyzed.
Pot experiments were used to study the effects of earthworm casts on the vegetable growth. Five treatments were designed: 1) 0 kg casts + 1 kg soil and no casts; 2) 0.25 kg casts + 0.75 kg soil; 3) 0.5 kg casts + 0.5 kg soil; 4) 0.75 kg casts + 0.25 kg soil; 5)1 kg casts + 0 kg soil. 20 day old seedlings were sampled to measure plant height, stem diameter, stem height, soluble sugar content in green vegetable, contents of soluble solid and nitrate in green vegetable and amaranth. The results indicated that:
(1) Total N, P, K content in straws decreased with the compost treatment;
(2) Total N, P content in the mixture of residual wheat straw and earthworm casts increased with the digestion of earthworms. With the same amount of earthworm inoculation, total N, P content in the mixture with sludge layer was higher than that without sludge layer. Total N, P content in the mixture with less earthworms was higher than that with more earthworms.
(3) Earthworm casts with wheat straw decomposition has higher total N, P content when sludge layer existed, compared with the treatment of no sludge layer. Total K contend just exhibited the contrary tendency.
(4) Compared with the treatment of no sludge layer, organic materials content was higher when sludge layer existed.
(5) Appropriate earthworm casts were helpful to the growth of green vegetable and amaranth. When the ration of casts and soil was 1:1, the germination rate reached highest. Plant height, stem height and stem diameter of two vegetables increased first and then decreased with the increase of cast/soil ratio, and reached the highest at 1:1. The tendency not only existed in the seedling stage, but also in the harvest stage.
(6) Soluble sugar content in green vegetables reaches highest when cast/soil ratio was 3:1. Soluble solid content in two experimental vegetables increased first and then decreased with the increase of cast/soil ratio, and reached highest at 1:1. Nitrate content in two vegetables increased with the increase of cast/soil ratio.
蚯蚓能消解农业废弃物,使之转化为蚓粪并收获大量蚯蚓。蚓粪是优质有机肥,适合作各种农作物的肥料。
本试验利用蚯蚓对小麦、水稻秸秆进行消解。蚯蚓消解小麦秸秆的试验设4个处理:(1)接种4kg蚯蚓,秸秆堆中间夹有污泥层;(2)接种2kg蚯蚓,中间夹有污泥层;(3)接种4kg蚯蚓,中间没有污泥层;(4)接种2kg蚯蚓,中间没有污泥层;(5)空白,不加蚯蚓,没有污泥层。
蚯蚓消解水稻秸秆的试验设4个处理:(1)接种6kg蚯蚓,秸秆为整齐的状态;(2)接种4kg蚯蚓,秸秆为打碎的状态;(3)接种4kg蚯蚓,秸秆为整齐的状态;(4)接种2kg蚯蚓,秸秆为整齐的状态;(5)空白,不加蚯蚓。消解60天后测定处理后秸秆与蚯蚓粪混合物的全N、P、K含量;测定处理后产出蚯蚓粪的全N、P、K含量与有机质含量;测定处理完后蚯蚓数量、未腐烂秸秆的数量以及蚯蚓粪的数量。
蚯蚓粪在蔬菜上的应用采用盆栽试验,试验共设5个处理。(1) 1kg土;(2) 0.25kg蚯蚓粪+0.75kg土;(3) 0.5kg蚯蚓粪+0.5kg土;(4) 0.75kg蚯蚓粪+0.25kg土;(5) 1kg蚯蚓粪。到苗龄20天时统一调查其幼苗的株高、茎粗、茎高,青菜和苋菜收获期的株高、茎粗、茎高、青菜可溶性糖的含量、青菜和苋菜可溶性固形物的含量、青菜、苋菜NO3-的含量。所得出的主要结论如下:
(1)经过一段时间的堆放,稻麦秸秆中的全N、P、K含量都会减少。
(2)蚯蚓消解后残留小麦秸秆与蚯蚓粪混合物全N含量有一定程度的增加效果。在相同蚯蚓投入量的条件下,有污泥层处理的混合物全N含量高于没有污泥层处理的。在有无污泥相同处理下,蚯蚓投入量少的处理混合物的全N、P含量高于蚯蚓投入量多的处理。经过蚯蚓活动后,混合物全P含量普遍上升。在相同蚯蚓投入量的处理下,有污泥层处理的混合物的全P含量明显高于没有污泥层的。蚯蚓消解后残留水稻秸秆与蚯蚓粪混合物全P含量有一定程度的增加效果。
(3)蚯蚓消解小麦秸秆后产生的蚯蚓粪全N、P含量,有污泥层的处理比没有污泥层的处理要高。而蚯蚓粪全K含量,有污泥层的处理比没有污泥层的处理要低。
(4)有机质含量的大小与有无污泥层有很大的关系,有污泥层处理其有机质含量明显大于没有污泥层的处理。
(5)施用适量比例的蚯蚓粪有利于青菜和苋菜的出苗与幼苗生长。在粪土比为1:1时,青菜和苋菜的出苗率最高。青菜在幼苗期的株高、茎高以及根茎粗都随着粪土比的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,在粪土比为1:1时,达到最高值。青菜苋菜在成熟期的株高、茎高以及茎粗都随着粪土比的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。在粪土比为1:1时,达到最高值。
(6)青菜中可溶性糖的含量在粪土比为3:1时达到最高。青菜和苋菜中可溶性固形物的含量随着蚯蚓粪投入比例的增加,呈先增加后减少的趋势,在粪土比为1:1时,其含量最高。青菜和苋菜中硝态氮含量都随着蚯蚓粪投入比例的增加,呈上升的趋势。
Crop stalks are not only agronomic organic solid wastes, but also important resources for comprehensive utilization, such as organic fertilizers, feedstuff, fuel and industrial materials. With the rapid development of Chinese agriculture and the great change of rural energy structures, the excess crop stalks is becoming a serious problem. Safe treatments of crop stalks is helpful to the decrease of environmental pollution and to the agricultural sustainable development.
The earthworms can convert agronomic organic solid wastes to casts, which is good organic fertilizers for various crops.
The earthworms were used in this experiment to decompose the straws of wheat and rice. For wheat straws five treatments were carried out: 1) straw heap was inoculated with 4kg earthworms and intermingled with sludge layer; 2) inoculated with 2kg earthworms and also intermingled with sludge layer; 3) inoculated with 4kg earthworms and no sludge layer existed; 4) inoculated with 2kg earthworms and no sludge layer existed; 5) inoculated with no earthworms and no sludge layer existed (as the control).
The experimental treatments of rice straws included: 1) straw heap was inoculated with 6kg earthworms and straw maintained integrated; 2) inoculated with 6kg earthworms and straw were pulverized; 3) inoculated with 4kg earthworms and straw maintained integrated; 4) inoculated with 2kg earthworms and straw maintained integrated; 5) inoculated with no earthworms (as the control). After 60 days of decomposition, amount of earthworms, casts and unrotten straws were measured, and total N, P, K in earthworm casts and mixture of straw and earthworm casts, organic material content in casts were also analyzed.
Pot experiments were used to study the effects of earthworm casts on the vegetable growth. Five treatments were designed: 1) 0 kg casts + 1 kg soil and no casts; 2) 0.25 kg casts + 0.75 kg soil; 3) 0.5 kg casts + 0.5 kg soil; 4) 0.75 kg casts + 0.25 kg soil; 5)1 kg casts + 0 kg soil. 20 day old seedlings were sampled to measure plant height, stem diameter, stem height, soluble sugar content in green vegetable, contents of soluble solid and nitrate in green vegetable and amaranth. The results indicated that:
(1) Total N, P, K content in straws decreased with the compost treatment;
(2) Total N, P content in the mixture of residual wheat straw and earthworm casts increased with the digestion of earthworms. With the same amount of earthworm inoculation, total N, P content in the mixture with sludge layer was higher than that without sludge layer. Total N, P content in the mixture with less earthworms was higher than that with more earthworms.
(3) Earthworm casts with wheat straw decomposition has higher total N, P content when sludge layer existed, compared with the treatment of no sludge layer. Total K contend just exhibited the contrary tendency.
(4) Compared with the treatment of no sludge layer, organic materials content was higher when sludge layer existed.
(5) Appropriate earthworm casts were helpful to the growth of green vegetable and amaranth. When the ration of casts and soil was 1:1, the germination rate reached highest. Plant height, stem height and stem diameter of two vegetables increased first and then decreased with the increase of cast/soil ratio, and reached the highest at 1:1. The tendency not only existed in the seedling stage, but also in the harvest stage.
(6) Soluble sugar content in green vegetables reaches highest when cast/soil ratio was 3:1. Soluble solid content in two experimental vegetables increased first and then decreased with the increase of cast/soil ratio, and reached highest at 1:1. Nitrate content in two vegetables increased with the increase of cast/soil ratio.
引文
[1]石磊,赵由才,柴晓利.我国农作物秸秆的综合利用技术进展[J].中国沼气,2005,23(2):11-14.
[2]周琼华.大力推进有机肥无害化处理是发展可持续农业的重要措施[J].福建农业科技,2003(6):19-20.
[3]钟杭,张勇勇,林潮澜,等.麦稻秸秆全量整草免耕还田方法和效果[J].土壤肥料,2003(3):34-37.
[4]刘娅.农作物秸秆治理与综合利用[J].辽宁农业科学,2003,(1):18-23.
[5]钱素文,缪荣蓉,李柱,等.姜堰市作物秸秆综合利用研究初报[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(1):114-115.
[6]高德明,梅旭荣,陆建飞,等.晋东早区农作物秸秆资源综合利用模式研究[J].自然资源学报,1999,(14):258-264.
[7]胡立峰,张利峰.玉米秸秆还田与“南秸北饲”的比较分析[J].河北农业大学学报,2003,(26):12-14.
[8]黄忠乾,龙章富,彭卫红,等.农作物秸秆资源的综合利用[J].资源开发与市场,1999,15(1):32-34.
[9]何良胜,刘初成.烟草秸秆还田的效果研究初报[J].湖南农业科学,2002,(6):34-35.
[10]王荣乐,王洪铭.秸秆资源的综合利用[J].福建热作科技,2005,30(1):41-42.
[11]阎文圣,陈颍.对玉米秸秆综合利用的探讨[J].中国农机化,2003(3):12-13.
[12]丘华昌.稻草还田与土壤有机无机复合状况[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998(1):92-96.
[13]赵聚宝.秸秆覆盖对旱地作物水分利用率的影响[J].中国农业科学,1996,29(2):59-66.
[14]张艳哲,李毅,刘吉平.秸秆综合利用技术进展[J].纤维素科学与技术,2003,11(2):57-61.
[15]夏萍,江家伍.机械化秸秆还田技术及配套机具[J].安徽农业大学学报,2001,28(1):106-108.
[16]韩鲁佳,闰巧娟,刘向阳,等.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(3):87-91.
[17]高梦祥,许育彬,熊雷锋,等.玉米秸秆的综合利用途径[J].陕西农业科学,2000(7):29-31.
[18] Sun R C, Fang J M, Tomkinson J. Delignification of rye straw using hydrogen peroxide[M]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2000, 12(2): 71-83.
[19]马增奇,王静学.农作物秸秆的综合利用[J].现代化农业,2005,(3):32.
[20] Liu J X, Orskov E R, Chen X B. Optimization of steam treatment as a method for upgrading rice straw as feeds[J]. Animal Feed Scicncc and Technology, 1999, 76(3-4): 345-357.
[21]夏清阳.玉米秸秆的利用[J].中国饲料,2001,(18):33.
[22] Erik F K, Jens K K. Development and test of small-scale batch fired straw boilers in Denmark[J]. Biomass and Bioenegy, 2004, 26(6): 561-569.
[23]胡夏明,朱学明.秸秆气化系统经济效益评价[J].中国农机化,2001,(5):37-38.
[24]张强,陆军,侯霖,等.玉米秸秆制酒精[J].酿酒科技,2004,(4):57-58.
[25]陈洪章,徐建,姚建中,等.秸秆分层多级转化液体燃料新工艺的研究进展[J].生物加工过程,2005,3(1):9-13.
[26] Zhang R H, Li X, Fadel J G. Oyster mushroom cultivation with rice and wheat straw[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 82(3): 277-284.
[27]丁占来,任德亮,郑凤山.玉米秸秆制作建筑装饰复合板的研究[J].石家庄铁道学院报,2004,17(3):47-49.
[28]李莉,刘瑛.用玉米秸秆制备羧甲基纤维素[J].精细化工,2001,18(6):339-340.
[29]王万森.农作物秸秆制备羧甲基纤维素工艺的研究[J].天津化工,2004,18(1):10-11.
[30] Nigam I N. Ethanol production from wheat straw hemicellulose hydrolysate by Pichia stipitis[J].Journal of Biotechnology, 2001, 87(1): 17-27.
[31]刘俊峰,易平贵,金一粟.稻草、麦秆等农作物秸秆资源再利用研究[J].资源科学,2001,23(2):46-48.
[32]田连生,李书生,史延茂,等.利用玉米秸秆制备生物杀菌剂的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(2):59-61.
[33] Liang Wenju, Wen Dazhong. Soil biota and its role in soil ecology[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2001, 12(1): 137-140.
[34] Lavelle P, Barros E, Blanchart E, et al. SOM management in the tropics: Why feeding the soil macrofauna[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2001, 61(1): 53-61.
[35] Cortez J, Hameed R, Bouche M B. C and N transfer in soil with or without earthworms fed with 14C- and 15N-labelled wheat straw[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1989, 21(4): 491-497.
[36]常志州,黄红英.动物排泄物对生态环境的负面影响[J].江苏农业科学,2003,(1):4-6.
[37]柯建明,王凯军,田宁宁.北京市城市污水污泥的处理和处置问题研究[J].中国沼气,2000,18(3):35-38.
[38]刘悦秋,刘克峰,石爱平,等.生活垃圾堆肥优良菌剂的筛选[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(5):597-600.
[39] Edwards C A, Burrows I. The potential of earthworm composts as plant growth media [M]// Edwards C A, Neuhauser E, eds. Earthworms in waste and environment management. The Hague: SPB Academic Press, The Netherlands, 1988: 21-32.
[40] Elvira C, Goicoechea M, Sampedrol, et al. Bioconversion of solid paper-pulp mill sludge earthworms [J]. Bioresource Technology, 1996, 57(2): 173-177.
[41] Ndegwa P M, Thompson S A, Das K C. Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolid [M]. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 71(1): 5-12.
[42] Handreck K A. Vermicomposts as components of potting media[J]. Bio Cycle, 1986, 27(9):58-62.
[43]张宝贵.蚯蚓与微生物的相互作用[J].生态学报,1997,(5):556-560.
[44]Tomati U, Grappelli A, Galli E. Fertility factors in earthworm[M]. Ministrodella Ricerca Scientifica Technology, 1983: 49-56.
[45]Atiyeh R M, Edwards C A, Subler D. Pig manure vermicompostas a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium:effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth [J]. Bioresource Tecnology, 2001, 78(1): 11-20.
[46] Atiyeh R M, Arancon N Q, Edeards C A, et al. The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds[J]. Bioresource Teenology, 2002,81(2) : 103-108.
[47]尚庆茂,张志刚.蚯蚓粪基质辣椒穴盘苗播后喷施肥料效果的研究[J].西南园艺,2005,33(5):1-3.
[48]尚庆茂,张志刚.蚯蚓粪基质在西瓜穴盘育苗中的应用研究[J].中国瓜菜,2006,1:14-16.
[49]张志刚,尚庆茂.蚯蚓粪基质对茄果类蔬菜穴盘苗耐热性的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报, 2006,37(3):404-408.
[50] Arancon N Q, Edwards C A, Bierman P, et al. Influences of vermicomposts on filed strawberries: 1. Effects on growth and yields[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2004, 93(2): 145-153.
[51] Atiyeh R M, Arancon N Q, Edwards C A, et al. Influence of earthworm processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 75(3): 175-180.
[52] Arancon N Q, Edwards C A, Bierman P. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: Part 2. Effects on soil microbiological and chemical properties[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2006, 97(6): 831-840.
[53]吕振宇,马永良.蚯蚓粪有机肥对土壤肥力与甘蓝生长、品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,(12):236-240.
[54] Atiyeh R M, Lees, Edwards C A, et al. The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm - processed organic wastes on plant growth[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 84(1): 7-14.
[55]崔玉珍,牛明芬.蚯蚓粪对土壤的培肥作用及草莓产量和品质的影响[J].土壤通报,1998,29(4):156-157.
[56] Edwards C A, Norman Q A. Vermicomposts can suppress plant pest and disease attacks[J]. Pro Quest Agriculture Journals, 2004, 45(3): 51-53.
[57] Arancon N Q, Edwards C A, Yardim F, et al. Management of plant parasitic nematodes by use of vermicomposts[J]. Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference Pests and Diseases, 2002, 2: 705-701.
[58]胡艳霞,孙振钧,周法永,等.蚯蚓粪对黄瓜苗期土传病害的抑制作用[J].生态学报,2002, 22(7): 1106-1115.
[59]胡艳霞,孙振钧,孙永明,等.蚯蚓粪对黄瓜炭疽病的系统诱导抗性作用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1358-1362.
[60] Scheu S. Microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in earthworm casts[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1987, 5(3): 230-234.
[61]曾正清,孙振钧,The O Wan Kempe.牛粪和蚯蚓粪对猪排泄物中臭气化合物产量的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2003,8(3):37-42.
[62]王颂萍.蚯蚓粪除鸡舍臭气效果的试验报告[J].畜牧环保,2006(8):22-23.
[63]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社,2000,309-312.
[64]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社,2000,312-314.
[65]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社,2000,315-316.
[66]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社,2000,107-108.
[67]周琦.植物生理生化实验指导.中国农业出版社,1995,13-17.
[68]周琦.植物生理生化实验指导.中国农业出版社,1995,110-111.
[69]周琦.植物生理生化实验指导.中国农业出版社,1995,54-55.
[2]周琼华.大力推进有机肥无害化处理是发展可持续农业的重要措施[J].福建农业科技,2003(6):19-20.
[3]钟杭,张勇勇,林潮澜,等.麦稻秸秆全量整草免耕还田方法和效果[J].土壤肥料,2003(3):34-37.
[4]刘娅.农作物秸秆治理与综合利用[J].辽宁农业科学,2003,(1):18-23.
[5]钱素文,缪荣蓉,李柱,等.姜堰市作物秸秆综合利用研究初报[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(1):114-115.
[6]高德明,梅旭荣,陆建飞,等.晋东早区农作物秸秆资源综合利用模式研究[J].自然资源学报,1999,(14):258-264.
[7]胡立峰,张利峰.玉米秸秆还田与“南秸北饲”的比较分析[J].河北农业大学学报,2003,(26):12-14.
[8]黄忠乾,龙章富,彭卫红,等.农作物秸秆资源的综合利用[J].资源开发与市场,1999,15(1):32-34.
[9]何良胜,刘初成.烟草秸秆还田的效果研究初报[J].湖南农业科学,2002,(6):34-35.
[10]王荣乐,王洪铭.秸秆资源的综合利用[J].福建热作科技,2005,30(1):41-42.
[11]阎文圣,陈颍.对玉米秸秆综合利用的探讨[J].中国农机化,2003(3):12-13.
[12]丘华昌.稻草还田与土壤有机无机复合状况[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998(1):92-96.
[13]赵聚宝.秸秆覆盖对旱地作物水分利用率的影响[J].中国农业科学,1996,29(2):59-66.
[14]张艳哲,李毅,刘吉平.秸秆综合利用技术进展[J].纤维素科学与技术,2003,11(2):57-61.
[15]夏萍,江家伍.机械化秸秆还田技术及配套机具[J].安徽农业大学学报,2001,28(1):106-108.
[16]韩鲁佳,闰巧娟,刘向阳,等.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(3):87-91.
[17]高梦祥,许育彬,熊雷锋,等.玉米秸秆的综合利用途径[J].陕西农业科学,2000(7):29-31.
[18] Sun R C, Fang J M, Tomkinson J. Delignification of rye straw using hydrogen peroxide[M]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2000, 12(2): 71-83.
[19]马增奇,王静学.农作物秸秆的综合利用[J].现代化农业,2005,(3):32.
[20] Liu J X, Orskov E R, Chen X B. Optimization of steam treatment as a method for upgrading rice straw as feeds[J]. Animal Feed Scicncc and Technology, 1999, 76(3-4): 345-357.
[21]夏清阳.玉米秸秆的利用[J].中国饲料,2001,(18):33.
[22] Erik F K, Jens K K. Development and test of small-scale batch fired straw boilers in Denmark[J]. Biomass and Bioenegy, 2004, 26(6): 561-569.
[23]胡夏明,朱学明.秸秆气化系统经济效益评价[J].中国农机化,2001,(5):37-38.
[24]张强,陆军,侯霖,等.玉米秸秆制酒精[J].酿酒科技,2004,(4):57-58.
[25]陈洪章,徐建,姚建中,等.秸秆分层多级转化液体燃料新工艺的研究进展[J].生物加工过程,2005,3(1):9-13.
[26] Zhang R H, Li X, Fadel J G. Oyster mushroom cultivation with rice and wheat straw[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 82(3): 277-284.
[27]丁占来,任德亮,郑凤山.玉米秸秆制作建筑装饰复合板的研究[J].石家庄铁道学院报,2004,17(3):47-49.
[28]李莉,刘瑛.用玉米秸秆制备羧甲基纤维素[J].精细化工,2001,18(6):339-340.
[29]王万森.农作物秸秆制备羧甲基纤维素工艺的研究[J].天津化工,2004,18(1):10-11.
[30] Nigam I N. Ethanol production from wheat straw hemicellulose hydrolysate by Pichia stipitis[J].Journal of Biotechnology, 2001, 87(1): 17-27.
[31]刘俊峰,易平贵,金一粟.稻草、麦秆等农作物秸秆资源再利用研究[J].资源科学,2001,23(2):46-48.
[32]田连生,李书生,史延茂,等.利用玉米秸秆制备生物杀菌剂的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(2):59-61.
[33] Liang Wenju, Wen Dazhong. Soil biota and its role in soil ecology[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2001, 12(1): 137-140.
[34] Lavelle P, Barros E, Blanchart E, et al. SOM management in the tropics: Why feeding the soil macrofauna[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2001, 61(1): 53-61.
[35] Cortez J, Hameed R, Bouche M B. C and N transfer in soil with or without earthworms fed with 14C- and 15N-labelled wheat straw[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1989, 21(4): 491-497.
[36]常志州,黄红英.动物排泄物对生态环境的负面影响[J].江苏农业科学,2003,(1):4-6.
[37]柯建明,王凯军,田宁宁.北京市城市污水污泥的处理和处置问题研究[J].中国沼气,2000,18(3):35-38.
[38]刘悦秋,刘克峰,石爱平,等.生活垃圾堆肥优良菌剂的筛选[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(5):597-600.
[39] Edwards C A, Burrows I. The potential of earthworm composts as plant growth media [M]// Edwards C A, Neuhauser E, eds. Earthworms in waste and environment management. The Hague: SPB Academic Press, The Netherlands, 1988: 21-32.
[40] Elvira C, Goicoechea M, Sampedrol, et al. Bioconversion of solid paper-pulp mill sludge earthworms [J]. Bioresource Technology, 1996, 57(2): 173-177.
[41] Ndegwa P M, Thompson S A, Das K C. Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolid [M]. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 71(1): 5-12.
[42] Handreck K A. Vermicomposts as components of potting media[J]. Bio Cycle, 1986, 27(9):58-62.
[43]张宝贵.蚯蚓与微生物的相互作用[J].生态学报,1997,(5):556-560.
[44]Tomati U, Grappelli A, Galli E. Fertility factors in earthworm[M]. Ministrodella Ricerca Scientifica Technology, 1983: 49-56.
[45]Atiyeh R M, Edwards C A, Subler D. Pig manure vermicompostas a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium:effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth [J]. Bioresource Tecnology, 2001, 78(1): 11-20.
[46] Atiyeh R M, Arancon N Q, Edeards C A, et al. The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds[J]. Bioresource Teenology, 2002,81(2) : 103-108.
[47]尚庆茂,张志刚.蚯蚓粪基质辣椒穴盘苗播后喷施肥料效果的研究[J].西南园艺,2005,33(5):1-3.
[48]尚庆茂,张志刚.蚯蚓粪基质在西瓜穴盘育苗中的应用研究[J].中国瓜菜,2006,1:14-16.
[49]张志刚,尚庆茂.蚯蚓粪基质对茄果类蔬菜穴盘苗耐热性的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报, 2006,37(3):404-408.
[50] Arancon N Q, Edwards C A, Bierman P, et al. Influences of vermicomposts on filed strawberries: 1. Effects on growth and yields[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2004, 93(2): 145-153.
[51] Atiyeh R M, Arancon N Q, Edwards C A, et al. Influence of earthworm processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 75(3): 175-180.
[52] Arancon N Q, Edwards C A, Bierman P. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: Part 2. Effects on soil microbiological and chemical properties[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2006, 97(6): 831-840.
[53]吕振宇,马永良.蚯蚓粪有机肥对土壤肥力与甘蓝生长、品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,(12):236-240.
[54] Atiyeh R M, Lees, Edwards C A, et al. The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm - processed organic wastes on plant growth[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 84(1): 7-14.
[55]崔玉珍,牛明芬.蚯蚓粪对土壤的培肥作用及草莓产量和品质的影响[J].土壤通报,1998,29(4):156-157.
[56] Edwards C A, Norman Q A. Vermicomposts can suppress plant pest and disease attacks[J]. Pro Quest Agriculture Journals, 2004, 45(3): 51-53.
[57] Arancon N Q, Edwards C A, Yardim F, et al. Management of plant parasitic nematodes by use of vermicomposts[J]. Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference Pests and Diseases, 2002, 2: 705-701.
[58]胡艳霞,孙振钧,周法永,等.蚯蚓粪对黄瓜苗期土传病害的抑制作用[J].生态学报,2002, 22(7): 1106-1115.
[59]胡艳霞,孙振钧,孙永明,等.蚯蚓粪对黄瓜炭疽病的系统诱导抗性作用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1358-1362.
[60] Scheu S. Microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in earthworm casts[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1987, 5(3): 230-234.
[61]曾正清,孙振钧,The O Wan Kempe.牛粪和蚯蚓粪对猪排泄物中臭气化合物产量的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2003,8(3):37-42.
[62]王颂萍.蚯蚓粪除鸡舍臭气效果的试验报告[J].畜牧环保,2006(8):22-23.
[63]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社,2000,309-312.
[64]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社,2000,312-314.
[65]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社,2000,315-316.
[66]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业出版社,2000,107-108.
[67]周琦.植物生理生化实验指导.中国农业出版社,1995,13-17.
[68]周琦.植物生理生化实验指导.中国农业出版社,1995,110-111.
[69]周琦.植物生理生化实验指导.中国农业出版社,1995,54-55.