中红外空心布拉格光纤及其痕量气体传感应用
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摘要
中红外空心布拉格光纤在光纤结构、导光机制、材料体系和传输特性上与传统光纤的巨大差异，为其突破传统光纤的性能局限，拓展光纤光学的应用领域提供了可能。它的中红外空心导光特性使其适合作为高效率气体样品室提升光与气体的相互作用距离，在痕量气体传感领域有重要的应用价值。
本论文面向中红外空心布拉格光纤在痕量气体传感中的应用，结合国家973项目“新型光电子器件中的异质兼容集成与功能微结构体系基础研究”和北京市自然科学基金项目“用于高灵敏度气体检测的中红外空心布拉格光纤”，系统地研究了中红外空心布拉格光纤的传输特性、制备工艺、气体传感应用以及光纤功能拓展。
建立了空心布拉格光纤的理论分析方法并研究了其一维光子晶体包层的带隙特性和光纤模式特性；建立了中红外空心布拉格光纤直径波动影响光纤传输特性的理论模型，定量研究了光纤导波模式最大有效光纤长度与直径波动大小的关系，得出了中红外空心布拉格光纤的波动容限为6.5%的仿真结果，为光纤的工艺制备提供了理论指导
在国内率先开展了中红外空心布拉格光纤的制备工艺研究。自主设计和建立了完整的中红外空心布拉格光纤的制备工艺平台和相关工艺规范。提出了预制棒参量与光纤拉丝比配合的中红外空心布拉格光纤传输波段控制方案。在国内首次制备出中红外空心布拉格光纤样品，其中10.6μm波段光纤样品传输损耗为2.35dB/m，3.3μm波段光纤样品传输损耗为4.55dB/m。
理论研究并提出了使用中红外空心布拉格光纤作为样品室的痕量气体传感系统探测极限的计算公式。以甲烷为待测气体，利用传输波段在3.3μm附近的中红外空心布拉格光纤样品实验实现了痕量气体传感，并用指数稀释法测量了不同光纤长度下气体浓度探测极限，实验结果与计算公式相符。在空心布拉格光纤样品长度为0.86m时系统的探测极限最小，达到7.41ppm。
提出并实验实现了采用一个周期内含两个高低折射率双层的一维光子晶体作为包层的空心布拉格光纤新结构，理论和实验论证了它的中红外波段多波长传输特性。利用2阶和3阶传输峰在3-7μm波长范围的光纤样品实验实现了对甲烷和一氧化碳气体的同时检测，论证了它在多组分气体传感中应用的可行性。
Mid-infrared hollow-core Bragg fiber (HC-BF) is completely different from thetraditional optical fiber on fiber structure, guiding mechanism, material selection andtransmission characteristics. Hence it is possible to break the performance limitation ofthe traditional optical fiber and explore new application areas of optical fibers. Thanksto its ability of mid-infrared light transmission in a hollow-core, mid-infrared HC-BFhas great potential on the application of trace gas sensing, which is very important inenvironment protections and medical applications.
Aiming at the application in the trace gas sensing, this dissertation, which issupported by the National Basic Research Program (973Program) project of China andthe Science Foundation of Beijing, has comprehensively investigated the mid-infraredHC-BF’s transmission characteristics, fabrication techniques, gas sensing applicationsand new fiber designs for specific requirement of the gas sensing applicaiton.
Theoretical methods of the HC-BF and its one dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC)cladding were established to investigate the bandgap characteristics of its1DPCcladding and the fiber modal characteristics. The impact of the fiber outer diametervariations on the transmission characteristics of the mid-infrared HC-BF was alsoinvestigated theoretically. Based on the analysis of the relation between the maximumeffective fiber length and the fiber outer diameter variation, the tolerance of the fiberouter diameter variation for the mid-infrared HC-BF was found to be6.5%, whichprovides a useful theoretical guidance for the fiber fabrication.
The fabrication process of the mid-infrared HC-BF was studied firstly in China.The fabrication platform and related techniques were established. Combining thedesigns of the fiber preform and fiber drawing parameters, mid-infrared HC-BFs withtransmission wavelengths in the whole mid-infrared band could be fabricatedsuccessfully. The mid-infrared HC-BF samples were fabricated at the first time in China.The transmission losses are2.35dB/m for the fiber sample with a transmission bandaround10.6μm and4.55dB/m for the fiber sample with a transmission band around3.3μm.
The relation between the performance of the mid-infrared HC-BF and the limit of gas concentration detection has been deduced theoretically. The trace gas sensing ofmethane using the mid-infrared HC-BF was demonstrated experimentally with a fibersample with a transmission band around3.3μm. The limits of gas concentrationdetections under different fiber lengths were measured by the exponential dilutionmethod, which were consistent with the theoretical analysis. The optimized fiber lengthwas found to be0.86m for our experiment setup, with an optimized limit of gasconcentration detection of7.41ppm.
The multi-wavelength transmission mid-infrared HC-BF was proposed bymodifying the1DPC structure and extending the characteristics of the higher-orderphtonic band gaps. Its multi-wavelength transmission within one-octave was confirmedtheoretically and experimentally. The trace level multi-gas sensing of methane andcarbon monoxide was performed experimentally with a multi-wavelengthtransmissionHC-BF sample, of which the2ndand3rdtransmission bands are within thewavelength range of3μm~7μm, demonstrating its great potential on the applicationof multi-gas sensing.
本论文面向中红外空心布拉格光纤在痕量气体传感中的应用，结合国家973项目“新型光电子器件中的异质兼容集成与功能微结构体系基础研究”和北京市自然科学基金项目“用于高灵敏度气体检测的中红外空心布拉格光纤”，系统地研究了中红外空心布拉格光纤的传输特性、制备工艺、气体传感应用以及光纤功能拓展。
建立了空心布拉格光纤的理论分析方法并研究了其一维光子晶体包层的带隙特性和光纤模式特性；建立了中红外空心布拉格光纤直径波动影响光纤传输特性的理论模型，定量研究了光纤导波模式最大有效光纤长度与直径波动大小的关系，得出了中红外空心布拉格光纤的波动容限为6.5%的仿真结果，为光纤的工艺制备提供了理论指导
在国内率先开展了中红外空心布拉格光纤的制备工艺研究。自主设计和建立了完整的中红外空心布拉格光纤的制备工艺平台和相关工艺规范。提出了预制棒参量与光纤拉丝比配合的中红外空心布拉格光纤传输波段控制方案。在国内首次制备出中红外空心布拉格光纤样品，其中10.6μm波段光纤样品传输损耗为2.35dB/m，3.3μm波段光纤样品传输损耗为4.55dB/m。
理论研究并提出了使用中红外空心布拉格光纤作为样品室的痕量气体传感系统探测极限的计算公式。以甲烷为待测气体，利用传输波段在3.3μm附近的中红外空心布拉格光纤样品实验实现了痕量气体传感，并用指数稀释法测量了不同光纤长度下气体浓度探测极限，实验结果与计算公式相符。在空心布拉格光纤样品长度为0.86m时系统的探测极限最小，达到7.41ppm。
提出并实验实现了采用一个周期内含两个高低折射率双层的一维光子晶体作为包层的空心布拉格光纤新结构，理论和实验论证了它的中红外波段多波长传输特性。利用2阶和3阶传输峰在3-7μm波长范围的光纤样品实验实现了对甲烷和一氧化碳气体的同时检测，论证了它在多组分气体传感中应用的可行性。
Mid-infrared hollow-core Bragg fiber (HC-BF) is completely different from thetraditional optical fiber on fiber structure, guiding mechanism, material selection andtransmission characteristics. Hence it is possible to break the performance limitation ofthe traditional optical fiber and explore new application areas of optical fibers. Thanksto its ability of mid-infrared light transmission in a hollow-core, mid-infrared HC-BFhas great potential on the application of trace gas sensing, which is very important inenvironment protections and medical applications.
Aiming at the application in the trace gas sensing, this dissertation, which issupported by the National Basic Research Program (973Program) project of China andthe Science Foundation of Beijing, has comprehensively investigated the mid-infraredHC-BF’s transmission characteristics, fabrication techniques, gas sensing applicationsand new fiber designs for specific requirement of the gas sensing applicaiton.
Theoretical methods of the HC-BF and its one dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC)cladding were established to investigate the bandgap characteristics of its1DPCcladding and the fiber modal characteristics. The impact of the fiber outer diametervariations on the transmission characteristics of the mid-infrared HC-BF was alsoinvestigated theoretically. Based on the analysis of the relation between the maximumeffective fiber length and the fiber outer diameter variation, the tolerance of the fiberouter diameter variation for the mid-infrared HC-BF was found to be6.5%, whichprovides a useful theoretical guidance for the fiber fabrication.
The fabrication process of the mid-infrared HC-BF was studied firstly in China.The fabrication platform and related techniques were established. Combining thedesigns of the fiber preform and fiber drawing parameters, mid-infrared HC-BFs withtransmission wavelengths in the whole mid-infrared band could be fabricatedsuccessfully. The mid-infrared HC-BF samples were fabricated at the first time in China.The transmission losses are2.35dB/m for the fiber sample with a transmission bandaround10.6μm and4.55dB/m for the fiber sample with a transmission band around3.3μm.
The relation between the performance of the mid-infrared HC-BF and the limit of gas concentration detection has been deduced theoretically. The trace gas sensing ofmethane using the mid-infrared HC-BF was demonstrated experimentally with a fibersample with a transmission band around3.3μm. The limits of gas concentrationdetections under different fiber lengths were measured by the exponential dilutionmethod, which were consistent with the theoretical analysis. The optimized fiber lengthwas found to be0.86m for our experiment setup, with an optimized limit of gasconcentration detection of7.41ppm.
The multi-wavelength transmission mid-infrared HC-BF was proposed bymodifying the1DPC structure and extending the characteristics of the higher-orderphtonic band gaps. Its multi-wavelength transmission within one-octave was confirmedtheoretically and experimentally. The trace level multi-gas sensing of methane andcarbon monoxide was performed experimentally with a multi-wavelengthtransmissionHC-BF sample, of which the2ndand3rdtransmission bands are within thewavelength range of3μm~7μm, demonstrating its great potential on the applicationof multi-gas sensing.
引文
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