OFDM空时协同通信系统物理层关键技术研究
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摘要
OFDM空时协同通信技术是协同分集和OFDM技术的联合,同时综合应用分布式空时编码技术。与常规的OFDM系统相比,OFDM空时协同通信系统的主要优势在于具有更强的抗多径干扰能力,更高的频谱和功率利用率,以及更大的传输覆盖范围。但是,与OFDM技术一样,OFDM空时协同技术存在信号峰均比(peak-to-average power ratio, PAPR)较高和对载波频率偏差非常敏感两大缺陷,成为目前研究的热点和难点。
本文围绕OFDM空时协同技术在实际无线通信系统中的应用而展开,结合课题需要,深入研究了OFDM空时协同通信系统的物理层若干关键技术,主要包括OFDM空时协同通信协议、峰均比抑制、数据幅度重构,以及数据检测技术等,并提出了实用的、有效的改进方案,取得的主要研究成果如下:
首先,针对如何进一步提高协同通信系统的中断率性能和频谱利用率,结合增强中继协议和Alamouti正交空时码,提出了基于判决反馈的OFDM空时协同通信的系统模型和协议,在该协议的协同传输阶段,加入了空时协同分集,分析了系统的中断率、成对错误率和比特误码率性能,并以进一步提高中断率性能为目标,提出了中继点的放置方案。理论分析和仿真结果表明,所提OFDM空时协同通信协议达到了满分集,并且在相同带宽的情况下,较现有协议大大提高了系统的中断率和误码率性能,更有效的利用了系统带宽;同时,由于利用了发射分集,因此所提协议非常适合于发射功率严格受限的系统。
其次,针对OFDM空时协同系统的较高峰均比问题,根据带内和带外分开处理的思想,将改进的SRCF法和SC法进行联合,提出了低复杂度的PAPR抑制算法SRCF-SM,并将其应用在源点发射信号的PAPR抑制,中继点只负责接收源点的信号,并利用空时编码进行转发,这样既解决了OFDM空时协同系统较高峰均比问题,又简化了中继点运算复杂度。复杂度分析表明,SRCF-SM法复杂度极低,其中FFT/IFFT单元只需要三个,尤其适合于在DSP或FPGA中实现。仿真结果表明,无论限幅门限较大或较小,所提算法始终保持良好的PAPR抑制性能,并且远优于现有的SRCF法和RCF法。
接下来,针对源点对信号的PAPR非线性抑制会引起信号失真,从而降低整个协同通信系统误码率性能的问题,提出了适用于OFDM空时协同系统的迭代数据幅度重构算法IIAR。该算法基于传统的DAR算法,在几乎相同复杂度的情况下,以进一步提高DAR法的误码率性能为目标。仿真结果表明,所提IIAR算法较DAR法大大改善了系统的误码率性能,更有效的恢复了PAPR抑制前后的信号;同时,在调制阶数较低时,所提算法的性能与较高复杂度的IAR算法相当。
最后,针对OFDM空时协同系统自身能有效对抗多路时间偏差,而多路频率偏差则会引起系统性能严重恶化的问题,本文对OFDM空时协同系统的均衡技术进行了深入的研究,重点研究了最大似然法和迭代最大似然法的数据检测技术。针对迭代最大似然算法及其改进算法的错误传播问题所导致的系统误码率性能的下降,提出了两种排序准则,即信号的信噪比排序和信干噪比排序,并进一步提出了基于此两种排序准则的迭代最大似然数据检测算法,以避免迭代过程中可能产生的错误传播问题。仿真结果表明,在几乎不增加复杂度的情况下,所提算法的误码率性能远远优于现有的迭代最大似然法及其改进算法,在调制阶数较高或子载波数较多的情况下,所提算法的性能优势更为明显。因此,该算法更有效的克服了系统中的多路频偏问题。
The space-time (ST) cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), denoted as ST Co-OFDM, is the integration of the cooperative communication, OFDM and distributed ST coding, which has many advantages to the traditional OFDM system, such as high frequency and power efficiency, improved reliability and large covering range. The ST Co-OFDM system, however, has two drawbacks, that is, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and sensitivity to carrier frequency offset (CFO), which become the focuses in the research field of cooperative communication.
According to the characteristics of the ST Co-OFDM system, the main idea of the dissertation is to study some key technologies in the physical layer for ST Co-OFDM systems, and provide improved schemes. The contributions of the dissertation are as follows:
Firstly, based on the existing protocols in Co-OFDM systems, the decision-feedback decode-and-forward protocol, named as the two-relay space-time coding (TR-STC), is proposed, where the single-relay (SR) protocol and Alamouti orthogonal ST coding are integrated. The performances of the average outage probability, pairwise error probability (PEP) and bit error rate (BER) are analyzed, and simulation studies are concluded in Rayleigh channels. It is shown that the proposed protocol achieves full diversity order, and significantly outperforms the SR protocol in outage probability, with the same bandwidth. Furthermore, the proposed TR-STC is more practical than the SR in energy-efficient networks, due to its transmission diversity.
Secondly, like the OFDM system, the ST Co-OFDM system also suffers from the high PAPR, since the OFDM symbols are employed in data transmission. The common PAPR reduction schemes are investigated, where the clipping and filtering (CF) scheme and its improved algorithm are considered to be suited for the Co-OFDM system. An improved repeated clipping and filtering (RCF) scheme for PAPR reduction, named simplified repeated clipping and filtering with spectrum mask (SRCF-SM), is proposed for Co-OFDM systems, based on the idea of the in-band and out-of-band independent processing. The comparison of the computational complexity analyses is completed among different schemes, and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the traditional RCF and SRCF ones in PAPR reduction, with very little increase of the computational complexity. It can also be concluded that the proposed scheme is especially useful in the circumstance that requires more PAPR reduction, and practical in implementation on digital signal processor (DSP) or field programmable gate array (FPGA), due to only three FFT/IFFT units required.
Thirdly, since the signal distortion, caused by the clipping at the transmitter in the proposed SRCF-SM scheme, greatly degrades the system performance, the amplitude reconstruction scheme for the clipping signal at the receiver should be adopted. After investigating the traditional amplitude reconstruction schemes, the low-complexity improved iterative amplitude reconstruction (IIAR) scheme is proposed, based on the classical decision-aided reconstruction (DAR) scheme. The aim of the proposed IIAR is improving the BER performance of the DAR, with almost the same computational complexity. Simulation results show that the BER performance of the proposed scheme is much better than that of the DAR, and closed to that of the IAR in low modulation order.
Finally, different from the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system, the nodes in the ST Co-OFDM system are not only distributed in space, but also have their own oscillators, leading to the multiple timing and frequency offsets in the cooperative system. The ST Co-OFDM system can combat the timing offsets, since the OFDM with the long enough cyclic prefix (CP) insertion is robust to the time offsets; however, it is very sensitive to the multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs), resulting in serious inter-carrier interference (ICI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI), which is impossible for the destination to compensate simultaneously. To solve this problem, the data detection algorithms for ST Co-OFDM systems are discussed. According to the error propogation in maximum likelihood (ML) and iterative ML (IML) schemes, two simplified IML schemes are proposed, based on the sorting idea of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), respectively, whose main idea is that the signal is ordered in the decreasing way of SNR or SINR before iterative process begins. It is shown that the proposed schemes greatly outperform the existent ML and IML schemes, especially for the higher modulation order and larger number of subcarriers, which is practical in complex communication systems.
本文围绕OFDM空时协同技术在实际无线通信系统中的应用而展开,结合课题需要,深入研究了OFDM空时协同通信系统的物理层若干关键技术,主要包括OFDM空时协同通信协议、峰均比抑制、数据幅度重构,以及数据检测技术等,并提出了实用的、有效的改进方案,取得的主要研究成果如下:
首先,针对如何进一步提高协同通信系统的中断率性能和频谱利用率,结合增强中继协议和Alamouti正交空时码,提出了基于判决反馈的OFDM空时协同通信的系统模型和协议,在该协议的协同传输阶段,加入了空时协同分集,分析了系统的中断率、成对错误率和比特误码率性能,并以进一步提高中断率性能为目标,提出了中继点的放置方案。理论分析和仿真结果表明,所提OFDM空时协同通信协议达到了满分集,并且在相同带宽的情况下,较现有协议大大提高了系统的中断率和误码率性能,更有效的利用了系统带宽;同时,由于利用了发射分集,因此所提协议非常适合于发射功率严格受限的系统。
其次,针对OFDM空时协同系统的较高峰均比问题,根据带内和带外分开处理的思想,将改进的SRCF法和SC法进行联合,提出了低复杂度的PAPR抑制算法SRCF-SM,并将其应用在源点发射信号的PAPR抑制,中继点只负责接收源点的信号,并利用空时编码进行转发,这样既解决了OFDM空时协同系统较高峰均比问题,又简化了中继点运算复杂度。复杂度分析表明,SRCF-SM法复杂度极低,其中FFT/IFFT单元只需要三个,尤其适合于在DSP或FPGA中实现。仿真结果表明,无论限幅门限较大或较小,所提算法始终保持良好的PAPR抑制性能,并且远优于现有的SRCF法和RCF法。
接下来,针对源点对信号的PAPR非线性抑制会引起信号失真,从而降低整个协同通信系统误码率性能的问题,提出了适用于OFDM空时协同系统的迭代数据幅度重构算法IIAR。该算法基于传统的DAR算法,在几乎相同复杂度的情况下,以进一步提高DAR法的误码率性能为目标。仿真结果表明,所提IIAR算法较DAR法大大改善了系统的误码率性能,更有效的恢复了PAPR抑制前后的信号;同时,在调制阶数较低时,所提算法的性能与较高复杂度的IAR算法相当。
最后,针对OFDM空时协同系统自身能有效对抗多路时间偏差,而多路频率偏差则会引起系统性能严重恶化的问题,本文对OFDM空时协同系统的均衡技术进行了深入的研究,重点研究了最大似然法和迭代最大似然法的数据检测技术。针对迭代最大似然算法及其改进算法的错误传播问题所导致的系统误码率性能的下降,提出了两种排序准则,即信号的信噪比排序和信干噪比排序,并进一步提出了基于此两种排序准则的迭代最大似然数据检测算法,以避免迭代过程中可能产生的错误传播问题。仿真结果表明,在几乎不增加复杂度的情况下,所提算法的误码率性能远远优于现有的迭代最大似然法及其改进算法,在调制阶数较高或子载波数较多的情况下,所提算法的性能优势更为明显。因此,该算法更有效的克服了系统中的多路频偏问题。
The space-time (ST) cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), denoted as ST Co-OFDM, is the integration of the cooperative communication, OFDM and distributed ST coding, which has many advantages to the traditional OFDM system, such as high frequency and power efficiency, improved reliability and large covering range. The ST Co-OFDM system, however, has two drawbacks, that is, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and sensitivity to carrier frequency offset (CFO), which become the focuses in the research field of cooperative communication.
According to the characteristics of the ST Co-OFDM system, the main idea of the dissertation is to study some key technologies in the physical layer for ST Co-OFDM systems, and provide improved schemes. The contributions of the dissertation are as follows:
Firstly, based on the existing protocols in Co-OFDM systems, the decision-feedback decode-and-forward protocol, named as the two-relay space-time coding (TR-STC), is proposed, where the single-relay (SR) protocol and Alamouti orthogonal ST coding are integrated. The performances of the average outage probability, pairwise error probability (PEP) and bit error rate (BER) are analyzed, and simulation studies are concluded in Rayleigh channels. It is shown that the proposed protocol achieves full diversity order, and significantly outperforms the SR protocol in outage probability, with the same bandwidth. Furthermore, the proposed TR-STC is more practical than the SR in energy-efficient networks, due to its transmission diversity.
Secondly, like the OFDM system, the ST Co-OFDM system also suffers from the high PAPR, since the OFDM symbols are employed in data transmission. The common PAPR reduction schemes are investigated, where the clipping and filtering (CF) scheme and its improved algorithm are considered to be suited for the Co-OFDM system. An improved repeated clipping and filtering (RCF) scheme for PAPR reduction, named simplified repeated clipping and filtering with spectrum mask (SRCF-SM), is proposed for Co-OFDM systems, based on the idea of the in-band and out-of-band independent processing. The comparison of the computational complexity analyses is completed among different schemes, and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the traditional RCF and SRCF ones in PAPR reduction, with very little increase of the computational complexity. It can also be concluded that the proposed scheme is especially useful in the circumstance that requires more PAPR reduction, and practical in implementation on digital signal processor (DSP) or field programmable gate array (FPGA), due to only three FFT/IFFT units required.
Thirdly, since the signal distortion, caused by the clipping at the transmitter in the proposed SRCF-SM scheme, greatly degrades the system performance, the amplitude reconstruction scheme for the clipping signal at the receiver should be adopted. After investigating the traditional amplitude reconstruction schemes, the low-complexity improved iterative amplitude reconstruction (IIAR) scheme is proposed, based on the classical decision-aided reconstruction (DAR) scheme. The aim of the proposed IIAR is improving the BER performance of the DAR, with almost the same computational complexity. Simulation results show that the BER performance of the proposed scheme is much better than that of the DAR, and closed to that of the IAR in low modulation order.
Finally, different from the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system, the nodes in the ST Co-OFDM system are not only distributed in space, but also have their own oscillators, leading to the multiple timing and frequency offsets in the cooperative system. The ST Co-OFDM system can combat the timing offsets, since the OFDM with the long enough cyclic prefix (CP) insertion is robust to the time offsets; however, it is very sensitive to the multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs), resulting in serious inter-carrier interference (ICI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI), which is impossible for the destination to compensate simultaneously. To solve this problem, the data detection algorithms for ST Co-OFDM systems are discussed. According to the error propogation in maximum likelihood (ML) and iterative ML (IML) schemes, two simplified IML schemes are proposed, based on the sorting idea of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), respectively, whose main idea is that the signal is ordered in the decreasing way of SNR or SINR before iterative process begins. It is shown that the proposed schemes greatly outperform the existent ML and IML schemes, especially for the higher modulation order and larger number of subcarriers, which is practical in complex communication systems.
引文
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