英汉科技语篇衔接手段对比及其在翻译中的运用
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摘要
自从韩礼德和哈桑于1976年首次提出衔接理论，长期以来围绕这一理论展开了许多研究，研究者们发现英汉语篇衔接方式存在着差异。尽管近年来研究这方面的论文和专著逐渐增多。但多数只注重对于一般文体的研究，而忽视了科技文章。本文正是基于这种情况，对英汉科技文章进行语篇衔接手段对比研究，得出其相同和不同之处，最后用以指导翻译活动。
本论文的内容主要包括三个方面：一，通过大量的语料对比，找出英汉衔接方式的异同；二，从语言系统和文化传统两个角度，分析存在异同之处尤其是不同之处的根本原因；三，对比研究的一个重要目的是指导语言交际，对比语言学研究对翻译活动有何实际指导意义，也是本文探讨的问题之一。
本文通过分析得出结果如下：
1) 中英科技文章中照应的不同之处及其在科技翻译中的应用。指代词(pron．)在英语科技语篇中的使用频率远高于在汉语中使用；零前指为汉语科技语篇的一大显著特征；同时汉语科技语篇中频频出现零反指现象；由此，在翻译时可以运用省略，零前指和零反指等手法，使译文言简意赅。在英语语篇中用于外指照应的第一人称复数“we”出现频率比其对等词“我们”的出现频率要高，翻译时汉语语篇常用“人们”或“大家”来替代“我们”。
在英语语篇中“it”既可用于外指也用于内指，但在汉语中其对等词“它”只用于内指，翻译时可用省略用于外指照应的“it”。指示代词具有时间和空间概念，但在翻译时“that／those”不会永远和“那／那些”对等。在汉语科技语篇中“这”用来指称上文中提到的事物，而英语却必须用“that”。同时翻译时还要弄清楚时间和空间概念。在英语语篇中“this”可用于外指照应，而其对等词“这／这种”则不行，在翻译时，我们常常把用于外指的“this”翻译成“本”。
2) 中英科技文章中替代的不同之处及其在科技翻译中的应用。因为“one”和“ones”无法替代不可数名词，英语语篇中常常会出现零指代，在翻译时要辩明零指代，补上相应的成份。
汉语中没有与英语中的the same相对应的名词性替代词，翻译时往往把the same翻译成“同样(的)”或者“一样(的)”，但是在这种情况下，the same与上文构成替代关系，而“同样(的)”或者“一样(的)”与上文构成了照应关系。有时，汉语在传达英语
小 ill。S3IllC的行代意义时是迪过厂内亚复和副词“也”来表达的。
n中则’【技文章。一叩〕衔接手段的差异及其在科技翻译中的应用。在科技文章中。nd出
垠的频率非常高何时与之相应的翻译对等词不只一个。当。，。d表示加合关系时可将其译成
“和”或者“以及”。当and引导一个句子，并且在汉语译文中此句与其前文构成了时间
关系时，。；；d往往被译成表达时间关系的“同时”。有时“。；。d”还隐含着其他逻辑关系，
这就需要辩明其隐性逻辑关系，在汉语译文中加＿L相应的连词，还原成显性的逻辑关系。
和汉语语篇相比较，英语语篇用了大量的连调来构成加合，转折和时间关系，这是因为英
语为形合语占而汉语为意合语刍，因此翻译时可省略相应的连词，同时表因果的连词在汉
作语篇中出现的频率较高。在科技英语中还有很多其他的隐性逻辑关系，特别是隐性的回
汉关系，在翻译时往往要》「上相应的连调，使其还原成显性的逻辑关系。
科技语篇与一般语篇的不同之处及其在翻译中的应用。一般语篇运用了大量的第一与
第二人称代词，而在科技语篇中要尽量避免运用它什〕。零前指在一般语篇使用频率高，而在
科技语篇中运用相对较少。在一般语篇中，“同样（的）／一样（的）”使用频率比在科技语
将中高。这说明在科技语篇中我们往往通过原司重复和副词“k”来表达“ the same”的
社代意义。在科技语篇中“ and”隐含更多的隐性逻辑关系，同时隐性逻辑关系的频繁出
现k是科技语篇的一个重大特点。在科技语篇中我们一般把“no。”翻译成“此时”而非
‘”现在”c
Cohesion was first put forward by Halliday & Hasan in 1976, for quite a long time, many debates have been aroused among scholars about this theory and some researchers found there are many differences between English and Chinese in the cohesive devices. Then how can we bridge the gap? What are the suitable approaches to translation? Though it is not difficult to find papers or books concerning these questions, they are all focused on ordinary texts and neglect sci-tech texts. This thesis attempts to present a contrastive study of cohesion in scientific English and Chinese, uses English and Chinese sci-tech texts as the data, gets the similarities and differences and then guides sci-tech translation activity.
The contents of this paper include three aspects :
I . Through a large amount of comparison of language resources, to find out the similarities and differences between English and Chinese in the cohesive devices in sci-tech texts;
II . From the angle of language system, to analyze the reasons of differences which exist in the two language systems;
III . One of the important purpose of comparative study is to guide language communication. Based on the conclusions of my studies, the paper at last discusses the application of cohesive devices in sci-tech translation.
The theoretical foundation of the thesis is the cohesion theory of Systemic Fuctional Grammar of Halliday.
This paper gets the following conclusions through analysis:
1 )The differences of reference in sci-tech English and Chinese and its application in sci-tech translation are:
I . The use frequency of pronouns in sci-tech English for sci-tech is much higher than in Chinese;
II. Compared with sci-tech English, Chinese uses more zero-anaphor and zero-cataphor. So when translating we can use omission, zero-anaphors and zero-cataphors and achieve smooth translation;
III. In English texts we use more "we" for exophora than "womeng (我们)" in Chinese ;
IV.In sci-tech Chinese texts the third person pronoun "ta(他)"can only be used for
anaphora .but its corresponding English equivalent "it" can be used for both anaphora and cataphora;
V. Demonstrative pronouns possess the meaning of time and space, we should make the time and space relation very clear in sci-tech translation. In English sci-tech texts "this" is less frequent than '"that", meanwhile in Chinese texts "zhe(这)" is more frequent than "na(那)" . When mentioning statements in the preceding part, Chinese uses "zhe (这)" while English uses "that" ;
VI. In sci-tech Chinese texts "zhe(这)/zhezhong (这种)" can only be used for anaphora, but in sci-tech English texts their corresponding equivalent "this" can be used for exohpora endopora, anaphora and cataphora. Meanwhile, the translation equivalents of "that/those" are not always "na (那) /naxie (那些)".
2) The differences of substitution in sci-tech English and Chinese and its application in translation are:
In sci-tech texts "de(的) "and "zhe(者)"are more frequent than "one" and "ones". "The same" used as a nominal substitute has no Chinese equivalent, we can translate "the same" used as a nominal substitute into "tongyangde(同样的)" or "yiyangde(一样的)", in this case, "the same" and its preceding text form substitute relation while the relation 'between "tongyangde(同样的)" or "yiyangde(一样的)" and its preceding text is reference. Sometimes we can translate "the same" by adding the adverb "ye(也)'"and repeating the word which is substituted by "the same".
3) The differences of conjunction and its application in sci-tech translation are:
When "and" shows additive relation we often translate it into "he(和)" or "yiji(以及)", but when "and" is used to introduce a sentence and meanwhile the relation between this sentence and its preceding text turns into temporal in the Chinese translation, we tend to translate "and" showing additive into "tongshi(同时)" showing temporal. Sometimes "and" implies other logical relation, in this case, we should recognize the implicit relati
本论文的内容主要包括三个方面：一，通过大量的语料对比，找出英汉衔接方式的异同；二，从语言系统和文化传统两个角度，分析存在异同之处尤其是不同之处的根本原因；三，对比研究的一个重要目的是指导语言交际，对比语言学研究对翻译活动有何实际指导意义，也是本文探讨的问题之一。
本文通过分析得出结果如下：
1) 中英科技文章中照应的不同之处及其在科技翻译中的应用。指代词(pron．)在英语科技语篇中的使用频率远高于在汉语中使用；零前指为汉语科技语篇的一大显著特征；同时汉语科技语篇中频频出现零反指现象；由此，在翻译时可以运用省略，零前指和零反指等手法，使译文言简意赅。在英语语篇中用于外指照应的第一人称复数“we”出现频率比其对等词“我们”的出现频率要高，翻译时汉语语篇常用“人们”或“大家”来替代“我们”。
在英语语篇中“it”既可用于外指也用于内指，但在汉语中其对等词“它”只用于内指，翻译时可用省略用于外指照应的“it”。指示代词具有时间和空间概念，但在翻译时“that／those”不会永远和“那／那些”对等。在汉语科技语篇中“这”用来指称上文中提到的事物，而英语却必须用“that”。同时翻译时还要弄清楚时间和空间概念。在英语语篇中“this”可用于外指照应，而其对等词“这／这种”则不行，在翻译时，我们常常把用于外指的“this”翻译成“本”。
2) 中英科技文章中替代的不同之处及其在科技翻译中的应用。因为“one”和“ones”无法替代不可数名词，英语语篇中常常会出现零指代，在翻译时要辩明零指代，补上相应的成份。
汉语中没有与英语中的the same相对应的名词性替代词，翻译时往往把the same翻译成“同样(的)”或者“一样(的)”，但是在这种情况下，the same与上文构成替代关系，而“同样(的)”或者“一样(的)”与上文构成了照应关系。有时，汉语在传达英语
小 ill。S3IllC的行代意义时是迪过厂内亚复和副词“也”来表达的。
n中则’【技文章。一叩〕衔接手段的差异及其在科技翻译中的应用。在科技文章中。nd出
垠的频率非常高何时与之相应的翻译对等词不只一个。当。，。d表示加合关系时可将其译成
“和”或者“以及”。当and引导一个句子，并且在汉语译文中此句与其前文构成了时间
关系时，。；；d往往被译成表达时间关系的“同时”。有时“。；。d”还隐含着其他逻辑关系，
这就需要辩明其隐性逻辑关系，在汉语译文中加＿L相应的连词，还原成显性的逻辑关系。
和汉语语篇相比较，英语语篇用了大量的连调来构成加合，转折和时间关系，这是因为英
语为形合语占而汉语为意合语刍，因此翻译时可省略相应的连词，同时表因果的连词在汉
作语篇中出现的频率较高。在科技英语中还有很多其他的隐性逻辑关系，特别是隐性的回
汉关系，在翻译时往往要》「上相应的连调，使其还原成显性的逻辑关系。
科技语篇与一般语篇的不同之处及其在翻译中的应用。一般语篇运用了大量的第一与
第二人称代词，而在科技语篇中要尽量避免运用它什〕。零前指在一般语篇使用频率高，而在
科技语篇中运用相对较少。在一般语篇中，“同样（的）／一样（的）”使用频率比在科技语
将中高。这说明在科技语篇中我们往往通过原司重复和副词“k”来表达“ the same”的
社代意义。在科技语篇中“ and”隐含更多的隐性逻辑关系，同时隐性逻辑关系的频繁出
现k是科技语篇的一个重大特点。在科技语篇中我们一般把“no。”翻译成“此时”而非
‘”现在”c
Cohesion was first put forward by Halliday & Hasan in 1976, for quite a long time, many debates have been aroused among scholars about this theory and some researchers found there are many differences between English and Chinese in the cohesive devices. Then how can we bridge the gap? What are the suitable approaches to translation? Though it is not difficult to find papers or books concerning these questions, they are all focused on ordinary texts and neglect sci-tech texts. This thesis attempts to present a contrastive study of cohesion in scientific English and Chinese, uses English and Chinese sci-tech texts as the data, gets the similarities and differences and then guides sci-tech translation activity.
The contents of this paper include three aspects :
I . Through a large amount of comparison of language resources, to find out the similarities and differences between English and Chinese in the cohesive devices in sci-tech texts;
II . From the angle of language system, to analyze the reasons of differences which exist in the two language systems;
III . One of the important purpose of comparative study is to guide language communication. Based on the conclusions of my studies, the paper at last discusses the application of cohesive devices in sci-tech translation.
The theoretical foundation of the thesis is the cohesion theory of Systemic Fuctional Grammar of Halliday.
This paper gets the following conclusions through analysis:
1 )The differences of reference in sci-tech English and Chinese and its application in sci-tech translation are:
I . The use frequency of pronouns in sci-tech English for sci-tech is much higher than in Chinese;
II. Compared with sci-tech English, Chinese uses more zero-anaphor and zero-cataphor. So when translating we can use omission, zero-anaphors and zero-cataphors and achieve smooth translation;
III. In English texts we use more "we" for exophora than "womeng (我们)" in Chinese ;
IV.In sci-tech Chinese texts the third person pronoun "ta(他)"can only be used for
anaphora .but its corresponding English equivalent "it" can be used for both anaphora and cataphora;
V. Demonstrative pronouns possess the meaning of time and space, we should make the time and space relation very clear in sci-tech translation. In English sci-tech texts "this" is less frequent than '"that", meanwhile in Chinese texts "zhe(这)" is more frequent than "na(那)" . When mentioning statements in the preceding part, Chinese uses "zhe (这)" while English uses "that" ;
VI. In sci-tech Chinese texts "zhe(这)/zhezhong (这种)" can only be used for anaphora, but in sci-tech English texts their corresponding equivalent "this" can be used for exohpora endopora, anaphora and cataphora. Meanwhile, the translation equivalents of "that/those" are not always "na (那) /naxie (那些)".
2) The differences of substitution in sci-tech English and Chinese and its application in translation are:
In sci-tech texts "de(的) "and "zhe(者)"are more frequent than "one" and "ones". "The same" used as a nominal substitute has no Chinese equivalent, we can translate "the same" used as a nominal substitute into "tongyangde(同样的)" or "yiyangde(一样的)", in this case, "the same" and its preceding text form substitute relation while the relation 'between "tongyangde(同样的)" or "yiyangde(一样的)" and its preceding text is reference. Sometimes we can translate "the same" by adding the adverb "ye(也)'"and repeating the word which is substituted by "the same".
3) The differences of conjunction and its application in sci-tech translation are:
When "and" shows additive relation we often translate it into "he(和)" or "yiji(以及)", but when "and" is used to introduce a sentence and meanwhile the relation between this sentence and its preceding text turns into temporal in the Chinese translation, we tend to translate "and" showing additive into "tongshi(同时)" showing temporal. Sometimes "and" implies other logical relation, in this case, we should recognize the implicit relati
引文
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