半导体激光泵浦源用传能光纤的关键技术研究
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摘要
传能光缆中的光纤一般是由纤芯和包层构成的，而且为了便于使用，包层外还有保护层。激光在纤芯中传输，纤芯的折射率大于包层的折射率，而包层中不应该有激光传输。光纤的数值孔径则由纤芯和包层的折射率共同来决定。光纤在传输高功率的激光时，在包层中传输的激光会损坏传能光缆。因为保护层会吸收包层中的激光，并产生热量进而烧坏光纤。这种在包层中传输的激光是由于激光在光纤入射端面发生散射而进入到包层中的，如光纤入射端面的划伤和灰尘就容易使激光发生散射。激光的入射角不符合光纤的数值孔径也会使激光进入到包层中。另外，灰尘吸收激光所产生的热量使得这种损伤的现象在光纤的输入输出端尤其严重。在输出端，加工工件的反射光会进入到包层中或照射到光纤的保护层上，这都会导致激光被包层吸收从而产生热量将光纤烧毁。
本文研究了一种可用于传输高功率激光的传能光纤。该传能光纤采用有效的冷却系统，因而不会使激光损坏光纤。主要研究内容如下：
1.光纤前端增加了石英端帽，这既可保护光纤端面又可方便光纤的固定。本文首先分析了石英端帽可承受高功率激光的工作原理，其优点如下：
1)保护了入射端面
2)便于光纤的固定
3)输入输出端的防反射膜减少了反射损失
其次本文设计了石英端帽的结构，并采用二氧化碳激光实现了石英端帽和光纤的低损耗高强度连接。
2.采用模式剥离器清除包层中的激光，从而防止激光被涂覆层和保护层吸收。模式剥离器材料的折射率等于或大于包层折射率，这可使包层中的激光进入到模式剥离器中，最终转变为热量被冷却水吸收掉。本文计算了模式剥离器的尺寸大小，并设计了制作工艺流程。
3.分析了传能光纤的损伤反馈机制，损伤反馈系统是由两层沿着光纤平行分布的铜金属层和外部电路构成。如果由于光纤损坏而导致高功率激光泄露出来烧毁铜金属层，外部电路就会切断入射光从而保护传能光缆。本文最后设计了光缆的接头和光缆的结构。
An optical fiber cable includes a fiber which consists of a core and a surroundingcladding. To facilitate handling, the cladding should be surrounded by a protectivecovering. The radiation is conducted in the core whose refractive index is higher thanthat of the cladding. The cladding should be substantially free from radiation. Thenumerical aperture of the fiber is determined by this difference in refractive index. Inthe transmission of high power laser light, radiation in the cladding may cause seriousproblems, since it is eventually absorbed in the covering, resulting in considerableheat generation and damage to the fiber cable. Radiation in the cladding may arise asa result of light scattering in the end surface of the fiber, for example caused byscratches or dust particles, or as a result of some of the incident radiation quite simplyfalling outside the numerical aperture of the fiber. These problems are most severe atthe inlet and outlet ends of the fiber cable, where the absorption of dust particles,gives rise to the harmful heat generation. At the outlet end, radiation can be reflectedfrom the workpiece directly into the cladding or fall completely outside the fiber. Inboth cases, the radiation is finally absorbed in the covering and the heat is generated.
The object of this dissertation is to provide an optical fiber cable for transmittinghigh power laser light without causing any damage to the fiber or its covering andhaving a more efficient cooling capacity compared to the previous designs. The mainidea is summarized as follows:
First, the surface protection and mechanical fiber fixation of the quartz blockwhich can endure high power laser are analysed in this paper. In this way, we couldgain three main advantages:
1) Procecton of the entrance surface
2) Mechanical mounting of the fiber is made via the transparent quartz block
3) Anti-reflex coating at the inlet and outlet ends of the quartz block, reducingthe reflection losses through the fiber
According to this technology, the structure of the quartz block is designed. Incontrast to conventional heat sourecs for splicing, a new splicing prosess that a carbondioxide laser heats optical fiber and quartz block by radiation is adopted.
Second, a modestripper solution is made to clean the cladding from the radiationbefore the buffer and jacket enter the fiber. By applying a moderstripper whosematerial has the same or slightly larger refractive index compared to the claddingmaterial, radiation can leak out of the cladding, and can be dissipated somewhere else,where it is easier to cool the radiation away. The diameter and the length of themodestripper are calculated, and the producing process is introduced according to theexperiment.
Third, the breakage feedback system of the optical fiber cable is presented. Thereare two copper wires travelling parallel and close to the optical fiber. This means thatif a fiber breakage should appear and power which is high enough to cut the wires willleak out, the interlock circuit will be broken to protect the optical fiber cable. At last,the connector and the structure of the optical fiber cable are designed.
本文研究了一种可用于传输高功率激光的传能光纤。该传能光纤采用有效的冷却系统，因而不会使激光损坏光纤。主要研究内容如下：
1.光纤前端增加了石英端帽，这既可保护光纤端面又可方便光纤的固定。本文首先分析了石英端帽可承受高功率激光的工作原理，其优点如下：
1)保护了入射端面
2)便于光纤的固定
3)输入输出端的防反射膜减少了反射损失
其次本文设计了石英端帽的结构，并采用二氧化碳激光实现了石英端帽和光纤的低损耗高强度连接。
2.采用模式剥离器清除包层中的激光，从而防止激光被涂覆层和保护层吸收。模式剥离器材料的折射率等于或大于包层折射率，这可使包层中的激光进入到模式剥离器中，最终转变为热量被冷却水吸收掉。本文计算了模式剥离器的尺寸大小，并设计了制作工艺流程。
3.分析了传能光纤的损伤反馈机制，损伤反馈系统是由两层沿着光纤平行分布的铜金属层和外部电路构成。如果由于光纤损坏而导致高功率激光泄露出来烧毁铜金属层，外部电路就会切断入射光从而保护传能光缆。本文最后设计了光缆的接头和光缆的结构。
An optical fiber cable includes a fiber which consists of a core and a surroundingcladding. To facilitate handling, the cladding should be surrounded by a protectivecovering. The radiation is conducted in the core whose refractive index is higher thanthat of the cladding. The cladding should be substantially free from radiation. Thenumerical aperture of the fiber is determined by this difference in refractive index. Inthe transmission of high power laser light, radiation in the cladding may cause seriousproblems, since it is eventually absorbed in the covering, resulting in considerableheat generation and damage to the fiber cable. Radiation in the cladding may arise asa result of light scattering in the end surface of the fiber, for example caused byscratches or dust particles, or as a result of some of the incident radiation quite simplyfalling outside the numerical aperture of the fiber. These problems are most severe atthe inlet and outlet ends of the fiber cable, where the absorption of dust particles,gives rise to the harmful heat generation. At the outlet end, radiation can be reflectedfrom the workpiece directly into the cladding or fall completely outside the fiber. Inboth cases, the radiation is finally absorbed in the covering and the heat is generated.
The object of this dissertation is to provide an optical fiber cable for transmittinghigh power laser light without causing any damage to the fiber or its covering andhaving a more efficient cooling capacity compared to the previous designs. The mainidea is summarized as follows:
First, the surface protection and mechanical fiber fixation of the quartz blockwhich can endure high power laser are analysed in this paper. In this way, we couldgain three main advantages:
1) Procecton of the entrance surface
2) Mechanical mounting of the fiber is made via the transparent quartz block
3) Anti-reflex coating at the inlet and outlet ends of the quartz block, reducingthe reflection losses through the fiber
According to this technology, the structure of the quartz block is designed. Incontrast to conventional heat sourecs for splicing, a new splicing prosess that a carbondioxide laser heats optical fiber and quartz block by radiation is adopted.
Second, a modestripper solution is made to clean the cladding from the radiationbefore the buffer and jacket enter the fiber. By applying a moderstripper whosematerial has the same or slightly larger refractive index compared to the claddingmaterial, radiation can leak out of the cladding, and can be dissipated somewhere else,where it is easier to cool the radiation away. The diameter and the length of themodestripper are calculated, and the producing process is introduced according to theexperiment.
Third, the breakage feedback system of the optical fiber cable is presented. Thereare two copper wires travelling parallel and close to the optical fiber. This means thatif a fiber breakage should appear and power which is high enough to cut the wires willleak out, the interlock circuit will be broken to protect the optical fiber cable. At last,the connector and the structure of the optical fiber cable are designed.
引文
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[2] I. Zaitsev, N. S. Platonov, O. Shkurihin, V. P. Gapontsev.400W low-noise single-mode cwytterbium fiber laser with an integrated fiber delivery[P]. CLeo2003Baltimore, USA,postdeadline paper CThPDB9
[3] A. Galvanauskas, High power fiber lasers[J]. Opt. Photonics News2004, vol.15:42-47
[4]楼祺洪，周军，朱健强等.10W级双包层光纤激光器.光子学报，2003，23（9）：1080-1081
[5]金杰，焦强，刘剑飞等.双包层光纤激光器的发展与应用前景.河北工业大学学报，2001，30（1）：13-17
[6]张军，潘玉寨，胡贵军等.高功率光纤激光器的应用与展望.半导体光电，2003，24（4）：222-226
[7] Baek S, Jeong Y, Lee B, Nilsson J. Simple and compact all-fiber retro-reflector forcladding-pumped fibre lasers. Electronics Letters,2006,42(1):15-16
[8] Kamatani K, Liu A, Song J, Udea K. Rectangular double clad fiber with two end bundledpump. Electronics Letters,1996,32(18)
[9] Liu A, Ueda K. The absorption characteristics of circular, of set and rectangular double-cladfibers. Opt. Commun,1996,132:511-518
[10]楼祺洪，周军，朱健强等.百瓦级掺镱双包层光纤激光器.中国激光，2003，30（12）：1064
[11]杨云龙，施惠昌.千瓦级纤维激光器技术.红外与激光工程，2000，29（6）：72-74
[12] Mathieu Faucher, Benoit Sevigny, Roger Perreault et.al. All-Fiber32x1Pump Combiner withHigh Isolation for High Power Fiber Laser[P]. OSA/CLEO/QELS,2008
[13]王彦，崔一平.光纤激光器技术.电子器件，2004，27（2）：342-347
[14]闫平，攻马理，袁艳阳等.双端包层抽运光纤激光器实现137W激光输出.中国激光，2003，31：80
[15]楼祺洪，周军，朱健强等.单端抽运国产D形双包层光纤激光器实现输出功率200W.中国激光，2004，32（9）：1029
[16] Chartier T, Hideur A, Qzkul C. All-fiber tunable ytterium doped double clad fiber ring laser.Optics Letters,2001,26(14)
[17] Jackson S D, Lauto A. Diode-pumped fiber lasers: a new clinical tool. Laser in Surgery andMedicine,2002,30:184-190
[18]赵兴海，高杨，徐美健等．高峰值功率脉冲激光的光纤传能特性．红外与激光工程，2008，37(3)：444-448
[19]赵兴海，高杨，徐美健等．纳秒激光诱导石英光纤端面损伤特性研究，物理学报，2008，57(8)：5027-5034
[20]张琦，李葵英，周桂耀，候蓝田．空芯传能光纤的发展与展望，保定师专学报，2001，14(2)：20-23
[21]韩树民，周桂耀，候蓝田，郑炀曾等．红外空芯传能光纤的研究进展，材料导报，2002，16(6)：35-38
[22]杨义，周桂耀，侯峙云，堵久辉，候蓝田．GeO2介质膜空芯传能光纤的传输特性分析，中国激光，2004，31（3）：301-304
[23] Kikuchi K, Saito M. Opt Rev,1997,4:527
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