公众参与式GIS的理论研究及其在城市规划中的应用
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摘要
随着社会的发展，公民文化素质的提高，民主参政意识的增强，越来越多的公众开始关心社会公共事务的决策，希望对社会公共事务拥有充分的参与权、知情权和决策权。城市规划是一项重大的决策行为，但是由于城市规划的专业性和缺乏有效的公众参与的技术和工具，公众参与到城市规划决策的渠道和方式一直较低。
公众参与式GIS（Public Participation GIS，以下简称PPGIS）的出现为公众参与公众事务决策的过程和结果提供了基于网络的可视化信息展示平台。它的出现是由于相关技术的发展和社会化民主化进程的推进应用而生的。论文的研究内容和主要创新点如下：
（1） 通过对PPGIS相关理论和支持技术的研究，探讨了PPGIS的概念和内涵，并且给出了PPGIS的明确定义。
（2） 提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS的公众参与模型。指出公众参与到城市规划决策中分为两个阶段，"以公众讨论和发表意见反馈为主的决策方案征集阶段"和"以专家评估方案选优为主的决策方案生成阶段"。
（3） 提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS体系结构，并且确定为四层体系结构，即数据层、中间层、展示层和用户层。数据层为规划过程需要用到的各种数据；中间层为用于规划和协同决策的各种组件和平台；展示层为人机交互界面；用户层为系统的用户和参与者。
（4） 结合我国国情，提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS应用过程。并指出在应用过程中需要注意的三个问题。一是决策问题的选择；二是国家政策的对决策过程的影响；三是决策问题的公众评价和再选择性。
（5） 将上述的理论和技术应用于具体的实践中。以龙海市石码镇为例，设计并开发出了参与式土地利用规划原型系统。实证了PPGIS的参与模型和应用过程的流程和合理性。
With the development of society, people are more educated and democracy-conscious. It is of great concern to them to have the knowledge of public policies and be able to participate in the process of decision-making. Urban planning is one of the key public policies. however, because of the absence of relevant knowledge, effective participatory technology and tools are the major contributing factors, the extent of public involvement in this process is pretty low.
Public Participation GIS, which origins from the development of relative technologies, the socialization and democratization, offers an internet-based platform which can expose visual information for the public to take participate in the process and result of deciding public affair. The main content and innovative opinions of this paper are as follows:
（1） In this paper author discuss the intension and extension of the PPGIS and present the specific define of PPGIS after the research of related theory and technologis of PPGIS.
（2） This paper puts forward to the Public Participation Model of PPGIS suiting for urban planning. Point out the two phases when public participate in the urban planning decision-making, one is "the phase of decision-making scheme collecting which mainly work is collecting the feedback of discussion and advice from public", the other one is "the phase of decision-making scheme creating which mainly work is selecting the expert evaluation scheme optimizing"。
（3） In this paper ,the author presents the architecture of PPGIS suiting for urban planning and divides it into four tiers: data tier, middle tier, presentation tier and user tier.
Present the application process of PPGIS suiting for urban planning considering the situation of our country. Point out three problems on which need to place our attentions during the process of application. One is the selection of decision-making issue, another is the effect of country policy on
（4） decision-making process, the other one is the public evaluation of decision-making issue.
（5） This paper applies the above theories and technologies into practice. In order to verify the correction of public participation model and application process of PPGIS, as instance of longhai city shima town of fujian province, the author has designed and implemented the public participation land use and uban planning system.
公众参与式GIS（Public Participation GIS，以下简称PPGIS）的出现为公众参与公众事务决策的过程和结果提供了基于网络的可视化信息展示平台。它的出现是由于相关技术的发展和社会化民主化进程的推进应用而生的。论文的研究内容和主要创新点如下：
（1） 通过对PPGIS相关理论和支持技术的研究，探讨了PPGIS的概念和内涵，并且给出了PPGIS的明确定义。
（2） 提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS的公众参与模型。指出公众参与到城市规划决策中分为两个阶段，"以公众讨论和发表意见反馈为主的决策方案征集阶段"和"以专家评估方案选优为主的决策方案生成阶段"。
（3） 提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS体系结构，并且确定为四层体系结构，即数据层、中间层、展示层和用户层。数据层为规划过程需要用到的各种数据；中间层为用于规划和协同决策的各种组件和平台；展示层为人机交互界面；用户层为系统的用户和参与者。
（4） 结合我国国情，提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS应用过程。并指出在应用过程中需要注意的三个问题。一是决策问题的选择；二是国家政策的对决策过程的影响；三是决策问题的公众评价和再选择性。
（5） 将上述的理论和技术应用于具体的实践中。以龙海市石码镇为例，设计并开发出了参与式土地利用规划原型系统。实证了PPGIS的参与模型和应用过程的流程和合理性。
With the development of society, people are more educated and democracy-conscious. It is of great concern to them to have the knowledge of public policies and be able to participate in the process of decision-making. Urban planning is one of the key public policies. however, because of the absence of relevant knowledge, effective participatory technology and tools are the major contributing factors, the extent of public involvement in this process is pretty low.
Public Participation GIS, which origins from the development of relative technologies, the socialization and democratization, offers an internet-based platform which can expose visual information for the public to take participate in the process and result of deciding public affair. The main content and innovative opinions of this paper are as follows:
（1） In this paper author discuss the intension and extension of the PPGIS and present the specific define of PPGIS after the research of related theory and technologis of PPGIS.
（2） This paper puts forward to the Public Participation Model of PPGIS suiting for urban planning. Point out the two phases when public participate in the urban planning decision-making, one is "the phase of decision-making scheme collecting which mainly work is collecting the feedback of discussion and advice from public", the other one is "the phase of decision-making scheme creating which mainly work is selecting the expert evaluation scheme optimizing"。
（3） In this paper ,the author presents the architecture of PPGIS suiting for urban planning and divides it into four tiers: data tier, middle tier, presentation tier and user tier.
Present the application process of PPGIS suiting for urban planning considering the situation of our country. Point out three problems on which need to place our attentions during the process of application. One is the selection of decision-making issue, another is the effect of country policy on
（4） decision-making process, the other one is the public evaluation of decision-making issue.
（5） This paper applies the above theories and technologies into practice. In order to verify the correction of public participation model and application process of PPGIS, as instance of longhai city shima town of fujian province, the author has designed and implemented the public participation land use and uban planning system.
引文
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[2]陈波,王浣尘.各国电子政务的实践与意义科技情报开发与经济.2002,14(4):91-94.
[3] Nancy J.PPGIS:The Evolution of Public Particapation GIS
http://www.ucgis.org/oregon/ppgis.pdf
[4] 万庆.地理协同工作与群体空间决策支持系统研究.中科院博士论文.2001
[5] Steve Carver, Participation and Geographical Information:a position paper. Positon paper for the ESF-NSF Workshop on Access to Geographic Information and Participation Approaches Using Geographic Infromation,Spoleto,6-8 December 2001
[6] Robert Laurini. Computer Systems for Public Participation www.gisig.it/vpc_sommet/CD_Sommet/ws3/laurini.pdf
[7]Daniel Weiner,Trevor M. Harris and William J. Craig. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems
[8] Gayathri Devi Sadagopan. Web-Based Geographic Information Systems：Public Participation in Virtual Decision Making Environments 2000 April 24
[9] Dr.Robin S.Smith. Participatory Approaches Using Geographic Information (PAUGI):Towards a Trans-Atlantic Research Agenda. 5th Agile Conference Geographic Information Scence,Palma(Balearic Islands,Spain) April 25th-26th 2002
[10] Robert Laurini. Computer Systems for Public Participation. Laboratoire d' ingenierie des Systemes d'information University of Lyon.
[11] Kyem, P. A. K. 1998. Promoting local community participation in forest management through he application of a geographical information system: a PPGIS experience from Southern Ghana. Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS. Specialist meeting at the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA), Santa Barbara, October 15-17,1998
[12] Yibin Zhao ,Hui Lin. Participatory Decision-making for Ecological Planning. Computer Society. 2002.
[13] 蔡博文,张长义,张康聪. 运用参与式GIS于原住民传统领域知识建构. 中国地理信息协会第二次团体会员代表大会暨海峡两岸地理信息系统发展研讨会
论文集. 2002.
[14] Kingston,R.,Carver, S., et al.,1999, A GIS for the Public: Enhance participation in local decision. GISRUK'99, http:// www . ccg. leeds. ac. uk/ vdmisp/
[15] Daniel Weiner, Trevor M. Harris and William J. Craig. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems.
[16] 王晓军. 参与式地理信息系统在土地利用规划中的应用.林业与社会. 2003 (2):21-25
[17] Andrew Evans,Richard KingSton, Steve Caver,LanTurton. Web-based GIS used to enhance public democratic involvement. GeoComputation 99.
[18]http://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/slaithwaite/
[19]http://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/atomic/
[20]http://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/dales/.
[21]张峰,徐建刚.GIS在城市规划公众参与中的应用初探.城市规划. 2002, 26(8): 65-69
[22]王国栋.公共政策中的公众参与问题研究.西北大学硕士论文.2002
[23]程大鸣,宋小冬.版本管理技术在城市规划中的应用.第五届ArcGIS暨ERDAS中国用户大会论文集.地震出版社,2002:368－374
[24]丁国祥.基于概念地图与GIS可视化地学建模环境研究.中科院硕士论文,2002
[25]李开复,Internet技术的未来.微软中国研究院讲演.2000.01
[26]李晓.支持协同的个性化网络用户界面研究.西南师范大学硕士论文,2001
[27]乔彦友,赵健.分布式空间数据管理技术研究.地理信息系统理论与方法（研讨会论文集）中科院资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室.2001
[28]郭殿升.基于万维网的时空分布式协同空间决策系统研究.中科院硕士论文,1999
[29]刘记平.协同空间决策的现状与趋势.测绘科学,2002,27(4):18－24两个24
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