摘要
随着社会的发展,公民文化素质的提高,民主参政意识的增强,越来越多的公众开始关心社会公共事务的决策,希望对社会公共事务拥有充分的参与权、知情权和决策权。城市规划是一项重大的决策行为,但是由于城市规划的专业性和缺乏有效的公众参与的技术和工具,公众参与到城市规划决策的渠道和方式一直较低。
公众参与式GIS(Public Participation GIS,以下简称PPGIS)的出现为公众参与公众事务决策的过程和结果提供了基于网络的可视化信息展示平台。它的出现是由于相关技术的发展和社会化民主化进程的推进应用而生的。论文的研究内容和主要创新点如下:
(1) 通过对PPGIS相关理论和支持技术的研究,探讨了PPGIS的概念和内涵,并且给出了PPGIS的明确定义。
(2) 提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS的公众参与模型。指出公众参与到城市规划决策中分为两个阶段,"以公众讨论和发表意见反馈为主的决策方案征集阶段"和"以专家评估方案选优为主的决策方案生成阶段"。
(3) 提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS体系结构,并且确定为四层体系结构,即数据层、中间层、展示层和用户层。数据层为规划过程需要用到的各种数据;中间层为用于规划和协同决策的各种组件和平台;展示层为人机交互界面;用户层为系统的用户和参与者。
(4) 结合我国国情,提出了适合于城市规划的PPGIS应用过程。并指出在应用过程中需要注意的三个问题。一是决策问题的选择;二是国家政策的对决策过程的影响;三是决策问题的公众评价和再选择性。
(5) 将上述的理论和技术应用于具体的实践中。以龙海市石码镇为例,设计并开发出了参与式土地利用规划原型系统。实证了PPGIS的参与模型和应用过程的流程和合理性。
With the development of society, people are more educated and democracy-conscious. It is of great concern to them to have the knowledge of public policies and be able to participate in the process of decision-making. Urban planning is one of the key public policies. however, because of the absence of relevant knowledge, effective participatory technology and tools are the major contributing factors, the extent of public involvement in this process is pretty low.
Public Participation GIS, which origins from the development of relative technologies, the socialization and democratization, offers an internet-based platform which can expose visual information for the public to take participate in the process and result of deciding public affair. The main content and innovative opinions of this paper are as follows:
(1) In this paper author discuss the intension and extension of the PPGIS and present the specific define of PPGIS after the research of related theory and technologis of PPGIS.
(2) This paper puts forward to the Public Participation Model of PPGIS suiting for urban planning. Point out the two phases when public participate in the urban planning decision-making, one is "the phase of decision-making scheme collecting which mainly work is collecting the feedback of discussion and advice from public", the other one is "the phase of decision-making scheme creating which mainly work is selecting the expert evaluation scheme optimizing"。
(3) In this paper ,the author presents the architecture of PPGIS suiting for urban planning and divides it into four tiers: data tier, middle tier, presentation tier and user tier.
Present the application process of PPGIS suiting for urban planning considering the situation of our country. Point out three problems on which need to place our attentions during the process of application. One is the selection of decision-making issue, another is the effect of country policy on
(4) decision-making process, the other one is the public evaluation of decision-making issue.
(5) This paper applies the above theories and technologies into practice. In order to verify the correction of public participation model and application process of PPGIS, as instance of longhai city shima town of fujian province, the author has designed and implemented the public participation land use and uban planning system.
引文
[1] 李伟华.多媒体群体决策支持系统理论、方法、应用.西北工业大学出版社.2001
[2]陈波,王浣尘.各国电子政务的实践与意义科技情报开发与经济.2002,14(4):91-94.
[3] Nancy J.PPGIS:The Evolution of Public Particapation GIS
http://www.ucgis.org/oregon/ppgis.pdf
[4] 万庆.地理协同工作与群体空间决策支持系统研究.中科院博士论文.2001
[5] Steve Carver, Participation and Geographical Information:a position paper. Positon paper for the ESF-NSF Workshop on Access to Geographic Information and Participation Approaches Using Geographic Infromation,Spoleto,6-8 December 2001
[6] Robert Laurini. Computer Systems for Public Participation www.gisig.it/vpc_sommet/CD_Sommet/ws3/laurini.pdf
[7]Daniel Weiner,Trevor M. Harris and William J. Craig. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems
[8] Gayathri Devi Sadagopan. Web-Based Geographic Information Systems:Public Participation in Virtual Decision Making Environments 2000 April 24
[9] Dr.Robin S.Smith. Participatory Approaches Using Geographic Information (PAUGI):Towards a Trans-Atlantic Research Agenda. 5th Agile Conference Geographic Information Scence,Palma(Balearic Islands,Spain) April 25th-26th 2002
[10] Robert Laurini. Computer Systems for Public Participation. Laboratoire d' ingenierie des Systemes d'information University of Lyon.
[11] Kyem, P. A. K. 1998. Promoting local community participation in forest management through he application of a geographical information system: a PPGIS experience from Southern Ghana. Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS. Specialist meeting at the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA), Santa Barbara, October 15-17,1998
[12] Yibin Zhao ,Hui Lin. Participatory Decision-making for Ecological Planning. Computer Society. 2002.
[13] 蔡博文,张长义,张康聪. 运用参与式GIS于原住民传统领域知识建构. 中国地理信息协会第二次团体会员代表大会暨海峡两岸地理信息系统发展研讨会
论文集. 2002.
[14] Kingston,R.,Carver, S., et al.,1999, A GIS for the Public: Enhance participation in local decision. GISRUK'99, http:// www . ccg. leeds. ac. uk/ vdmisp/
[15] Daniel Weiner, Trevor M. Harris and William J. Craig. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems.
[16] 王晓军. 参与式地理信息系统在土地利用规划中的应用.林业与社会. 2003 (2):21-25
[17] Andrew Evans,Richard KingSton, Steve Caver,LanTurton. Web-based GIS used to enhance public democratic involvement. GeoComputation 99.
[18]http://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/slaithwaite/
[19]http://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/atomic/
[20]http://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/dales/.
[21]张峰,徐建刚.GIS在城市规划公众参与中的应用初探.城市规划. 2002, 26(8): 65-69
[22]王国栋.公共政策中的公众参与问题研究.西北大学硕士论文.2002
[23]程大鸣,宋小冬.版本管理技术在城市规划中的应用.第五届ArcGIS暨ERDAS中国用户大会论文集.地震出版社,2002:368-374
[24]丁国祥.基于概念地图与GIS可视化地学建模环境研究.中科院硕士论文,2002
[25]李开复,Internet技术的未来.微软中国研究院讲演.2000.01
[26]李晓.支持协同的个性化网络用户界面研究.西南师范大学硕士论文,2001
[27]乔彦友,赵健.分布式空间数据管理技术研究.地理信息系统理论与方法(研讨会论文集)中科院资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室.2001
[28]郭殿升.基于万维网的时空分布式协同空间决策系统研究.中科院硕士论文,1999
[29]刘记平.协同空间决策的现状与趋势.测绘科学,2002,27(4):18-24两个24
[30]刘记平.协同空间决策的概念、过程与特点研究. 测绘学院学报,2003,20(1):54-58
[31]Fundamental Reasearch in Geographic Information and Anallysis[A]NCGIA Technical Reports[C].California: University of California ,National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis.1989-1997.
[32]Faber, BrendaG. Extending Electron Meeting Systems for CollaborativeSpatialDecision Making:Obstacles and Opportunies[A].NCGIATechnical reports[C]. California: University of California,NationalCenter for Geographic Information and Analysis,1989-1997.
[33]Faber,Brenda G,Wallace W,etal. Use of Groupware Enabled GIS for LandResource Allocation Issues[A].Proceeding soft the Sixth International Symposium on System Analysis and Management Decision Forestry[C].Pacific Grove:CA,1994
[34]Jankowski P,Nyerges T L,Smith A,Moore T J,HorvathE. Saptial group choice:a SDSStool for collaborative spa-tial decision- making[J]. International Journal of Geo-graphical Information Science,1 997,1 1 (6 )
[35]龚建华,林珲,肖乐斌等.地学可视化探讨.遥感学报.1999,4(3):236-244
[36]Tayor,D. R .F. Perspectives on Visualization and Modern Cartography. Visualization in Modern Cartography.London:Pergamon Press,1995,1-12
[37]杨崇俊,王宇翔,董鹏,刘冬林等.万维网地理信息系统发展综述及前景.地理信息系统理论与方法(研讨会论文集).科技部高新技术发展及产业化司中国科学院资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,2001,7:95-105
[38]王鹏.基于WebGIS的地理信息服务体系的设计与实现.中国人们解放军信息工程大学硕士论文.2002
[39]王兴玲.基于XML的地理信息Web服务研究.中国科学院博士论文.2002.
[40]刘信陶,Web服务在电子政务系统中的应用研究-以江苏省建设用地审批电子政务系统为例.南京师范大学硕士论文,2003
[41]龚建华,林珲,肖乐斌.,传节.地学可视化探讨.遥感学报.1999,3(3): 236-244
[42]Gahegan,M.,Visualization as a Tool for GeoComutation. In Openshaw, S. Abrahart,R.J.(eds),GeoComputation.pp253-274,Taylor & Francis,New York,2000.
[43]梁怡.人工智能、空间分析与空间决策. 地理学报.1997
[44]杜培军.现代计算机技术的应用与GIS的发展.现代计算机,1999
[45]Obermeyer,N.J.,1998,The evolution of public participation GIS.Cartography and Geographical Information Systems,25 (2)
[46]孟波.计算机决策支持系统.武汉大学出版社.2001 146-147
[47]黎军.基于GIS的区域生态环境建设规划决策支持系统的研究.广西大学硕士论文. 2002
[48李德华.城市规划原理.中国建筑出版社.2001
[49]陈述彭.城市化与城市地理信息系统.1999
[50]http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/library/produce/mapobjects2.2.pdf
[51]福建省龙海市土地利用总体规划.龙海市人民政府龙海市土地利用总体规划编制组.厦门大学出版社.2001
[52]钮心毅,地理信息系统在城市设计中的应用.城市规划汇刊.2002, (4):41-45
[53]Schroeder,p.GIS in Public Participation Settings. In:Proceeding University Consortirm for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) 1997 Annual Assembly and Summer Retreat,Bar Harbor,Maine,1997
[54]David S.Understanding the Breadth and Depth of PPGIS Supply.In Preceeding: PPGIS Specialist Meeting Santa Barbara,California,1998
[55]Weiner D,Trevor M.Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. Http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~onsrud/Spoleto/WeinerEtAi.pdf
[56]Batara A,Dave B,Bishop I.Design Decision Support through Translation between Multiple Representations of Spatial Data. In:Proceedings of DDSS@))@-6th International Conference on Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning,Ellecon,The Netherlands,2002
[57]Haklay M.Public Environmental Information-Understanding requirements and patterns of likely public use.Forthcoming in Area,2002
[58]Public Participation and Sustainable Development On-Line Module http://www.farn.org.ar/docs/pp/ppmodule.pdf
[59]Campagna M,Deplano G.Public Participation GIS for re-development support in Eurpean Historic City Centres.MULTIMEDIAPLAN.AT&IEMAR,TU Wien, 2002: 379-384. http://80.110.251.60/corp/archiv/papers/2002/CORP2002 Campagna.pdf
[60]Kingston R.Web Based GIS Public Participation Decision Making in the UK.In proceeding Specialist Meeting on "Empowerment,Marginalisation,and Public Participation GIS" California,October 14-17th,1998. http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/barenius/ppgis/papers/kingston/kingston.html
[61]Barndt M.A Model for Ebaluating Public Participation GIS Programe.In:Preeding Varenius Specialist Meeting-"Empowerment,Marginalization and Public Participation GIS",1998 October 15-17,Santa Barbara,CA http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/barenius/ppgis/papers/barndt.html
[62]Mordechai Elazar Haklay.Public Environmental Information Systems:Challenges and Perspectives.A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.2001
[63]王晓军.参与式地理信息系统在土地利用规划中的应用.林业与社会.2003(2): 21-25
[64]甘景林.城市规划的公众参与问题.城市发展研究. 2000,4:59-60
[65]唐文跃.城市规划的社会化与公众参与.城市规划.2002,26(9):25-28
[66]曲箴波,杨春林.城市规划管理中的公众参与简析.规划师.1999,15(4):81-82
[67]陈兆玉.城市规划与管理中公众参与问题的探讨.测绘信息与工程. 1998, (3): 28-31
[68]王预震,周义程. 公共决策中的公众参与. 广西社会科学.2002(5):52-53
[69]侯玉兰.城市规划与社会参与. 城市问题.1998, (3):8-12
[70]钮心毅.地理信息系统在城市设计中的应用.城市规划汇刊.2002, (4):41-47
[71]任国岩.论公众参与城市规划.规划师,2000,16(5):73-76
[72]陈锦富.论公众参与的城市规划制度.城市规划.2000, 24(3):54-58
[73]宋小冬.地理信息系统与城市规划.规划师.1999, 15(4):117-121
[74]张新长,赵玲玲,袁绍晚. 地理信息系统支持下的城市土地利用变化研究.资源科学.2002,24 (5):70-75
[75]袁国斌,周顺平,李四维. GIS在城市规划行业中的应用研究.地球科学.1998, 23(4):408-412
[76]韩笋生,彭震. GIS在国外城市规划中的应用.规划研究.2001, (1):42-45
[77]孙汉青,卢明山. 城市规划信息系统初探.测绘软科学研究.2002, 8(4):33-36