高效能空间薄膜聚光光伏系统研究
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摘要
随着人类对能源需求的日益增大以及化石能源的枯竭，空间太阳能的开发正在成为地球空间科学所关注的热点。在该方向应用的聚光光伏技术是一种集成廉价的大口径聚光器来替代平板太阳能电池的技术，其作为空间太阳能收集与转换的核心技术一直以来向着高效能的方向发展。其中最具有应用前景的薄膜聚光器具有轻质、低成本、易于折叠展开等优点，是空间可展开太阳能收集装置的最佳选择。然而，现有的空间薄膜聚光光伏系统存在稳定性差、效-质比低和光伏电池遮挡等问题而降低了系统的性能，使其在空间的应用受到了严重的限制。因此，本论文针对以上问题研究设计了高效性能的空间薄膜聚光光伏系统，并提供了一系列解决方案，为其应用发展提供新的思路。
本文结合薄膜的反射误差模型，全面地研究了空间抛物面型薄膜聚光器各种参数对接收面上能流密度分布的影响。利用Monte Carlo光线追迹法具体分析了薄膜聚光器的表面反射误差、焦径比、接收器的遮挡作用和接收器的位置对系统接收面上辐射能流密度分布的影响，该分析可为薄膜聚光器的空间应用提供理论参考。在理论建模的基础上，进一步利用口径Ф180mm的薄膜聚光器实验平台，对薄膜聚光器进行了初步聚光实验，测量结果验证了薄膜反射误差模型的合理性。
提出了一种新型三角元薄膜聚光器的优化设计方法。该方法以系统聚光功率30kW和聚光比300倍为设计目标，在聚光系统设计阶段充分考虑了系统面形误差，设计出所需要最少拼接单元的三角元薄膜聚光器，从而降低空间聚光器结构的复杂性。该新型聚光器基于可展开桁架式结构，具有高稳定性及高展开性等优点，有望发展成为新一代的空间薄膜聚光器。
为进一步提高薄膜聚光器接收面能流密度的均匀性，提出一种对聚光光伏系统光伏电池进行布局及形状优化的模型。该优化模型以接收面辐射能流密度分布均匀度最高为目标，对光伏电池位置进行离焦以及变化形状来实现系统的优化，获得了接收面上最佳均匀的能流密度分布。结果表明该优化模型提高了薄膜聚光光伏系统效-质比，有效地降低系统发射成本，为空间聚光光伏系统工程化提供有效的方案。
针对薄膜聚光光伏系统光伏电池对太阳辐射遮挡导致光学接收效率降低的问题，提出一种光伏电池结合超薄光谱分束聚光光伏系统的混合式接收器。其中设计的超薄光谱分束聚光器首次利用导光板中的耦合面引导聚焦光束，同时作为光谱分束面，得到的超薄光谱分束聚光光伏系统结构紧凑、跟踪要求低，可方便地与光伏电池集成来提高系统整体光学接收效率。
With the increasing human demands for energy sources and exhaust of fossilfuels, the exploitation of solar energy in space is becoming the priority research areasin the earth and space science. Concentration photovoltaic (CPV) technique isintegrated with a large aperture concentrator in place of plane solar cells, whichdevelops toward high efficiency as the key technique of solar energy in spacecollection and transformation. As lightweight, inexpensive, high-performancestructures, membrane concentrators are excellent candidates for space-deployablecollection device. However, current membrane CPV system results in low stabilityand efficiency-mass ratio and shadow of solar cells and thus degrades the system’sperformance, which makes space-based applications of the membrane CPV systemlimited. Thus, according the above problems this thesis researches high efficiencyspace-based membrane CPV system, which offers a series of solutions and a novelview for application of membrane CPV system.
Firstly, coupling with a membrane reflective error probability model, wecomprehensively consider the influences of parameter of space-based membrane CPVsystem on the flux radiation distributions at the received plane. The influences ofreflective error of membrane concentrator、focal-diameter ratio、the shadow ofreceivers and the receiver location on radiation flux density distributions is analyzed by using monte-carlo ray-tracing method. The simulation results present a referencefor space-based application of membrane CPV system. Then based on theoreticalmodel, to validate the rationality of the membrane reflective error probability model,we built an experiment platform with membrane concentrator with aperture of180mmand conduct a concentrating experiment, and the measurement results demonstrate therationality of the membrane reflective error probability model.
Secondly, to improve the stability of the membrane CPV system, the design of asolar dish concentrator is proposed based on triangular membrane facets for spacepower applications. With the goals of30kW of received power and300ofconcentration ratio, considering the system root-mean-square (RMS) deviation in thisdesign procedure, we achieve the minimal number of facets rows of membraneconcentrator, which degrades the complexity of membrane concentrator structure. Theproposed novel concentrator is supported by a deployable perimeter truss structureand offers the advantages of high stability and extensibility, which become thepotential alternate for the new general of space-based membrane concentrator.
And then to enhance the uniformity of radiation flux distribution at the receivedplane of membrane CPV system, we proposed the arrangement and shapeoptimization model of solar concentrating cell. This optimization model aims at thehighest uniformity of radiation flux distribution, and makes the solar cell location andshape varied to realize the optimization process. The result indicates this optimizationmodel enhances the efficiency-mass ratio of membrane CPV system, and effectivelydecreases system launch cost, which provided an effective solution for practicalapplication of space-based membrane CPV system.
At last, the shadow of the solar cell of membrane CPV system to the incidentsunlight results in the decrease of optical received efficiency, a novel hybrid receivercombined solar cell with a super-thin spectral-splitting CPV is proposed. Thesuper-thin spectral-splitting concentrator utilizes injected facets in light guide layersconcurrently redirect the focused beam, while acting as spectral splitting facets. Thespectral-splitting concentrator has the advantages of compact structure and low tracking requirement, and is conveniently integrated with membrane CPV system toenhance optical received efficiency.
本文结合薄膜的反射误差模型，全面地研究了空间抛物面型薄膜聚光器各种参数对接收面上能流密度分布的影响。利用Monte Carlo光线追迹法具体分析了薄膜聚光器的表面反射误差、焦径比、接收器的遮挡作用和接收器的位置对系统接收面上辐射能流密度分布的影响，该分析可为薄膜聚光器的空间应用提供理论参考。在理论建模的基础上，进一步利用口径Ф180mm的薄膜聚光器实验平台，对薄膜聚光器进行了初步聚光实验，测量结果验证了薄膜反射误差模型的合理性。
提出了一种新型三角元薄膜聚光器的优化设计方法。该方法以系统聚光功率30kW和聚光比300倍为设计目标，在聚光系统设计阶段充分考虑了系统面形误差，设计出所需要最少拼接单元的三角元薄膜聚光器，从而降低空间聚光器结构的复杂性。该新型聚光器基于可展开桁架式结构，具有高稳定性及高展开性等优点，有望发展成为新一代的空间薄膜聚光器。
为进一步提高薄膜聚光器接收面能流密度的均匀性，提出一种对聚光光伏系统光伏电池进行布局及形状优化的模型。该优化模型以接收面辐射能流密度分布均匀度最高为目标，对光伏电池位置进行离焦以及变化形状来实现系统的优化，获得了接收面上最佳均匀的能流密度分布。结果表明该优化模型提高了薄膜聚光光伏系统效-质比，有效地降低系统发射成本，为空间聚光光伏系统工程化提供有效的方案。
针对薄膜聚光光伏系统光伏电池对太阳辐射遮挡导致光学接收效率降低的问题，提出一种光伏电池结合超薄光谱分束聚光光伏系统的混合式接收器。其中设计的超薄光谱分束聚光器首次利用导光板中的耦合面引导聚焦光束，同时作为光谱分束面，得到的超薄光谱分束聚光光伏系统结构紧凑、跟踪要求低，可方便地与光伏电池集成来提高系统整体光学接收效率。
With the increasing human demands for energy sources and exhaust of fossilfuels, the exploitation of solar energy in space is becoming the priority research areasin the earth and space science. Concentration photovoltaic (CPV) technique isintegrated with a large aperture concentrator in place of plane solar cells, whichdevelops toward high efficiency as the key technique of solar energy in spacecollection and transformation. As lightweight, inexpensive, high-performancestructures, membrane concentrators are excellent candidates for space-deployablecollection device. However, current membrane CPV system results in low stabilityand efficiency-mass ratio and shadow of solar cells and thus degrades the system’sperformance, which makes space-based applications of the membrane CPV systemlimited. Thus, according the above problems this thesis researches high efficiencyspace-based membrane CPV system, which offers a series of solutions and a novelview for application of membrane CPV system.
Firstly, coupling with a membrane reflective error probability model, wecomprehensively consider the influences of parameter of space-based membrane CPVsystem on the flux radiation distributions at the received plane. The influences ofreflective error of membrane concentrator、focal-diameter ratio、the shadow ofreceivers and the receiver location on radiation flux density distributions is analyzed by using monte-carlo ray-tracing method. The simulation results present a referencefor space-based application of membrane CPV system. Then based on theoreticalmodel, to validate the rationality of the membrane reflective error probability model,we built an experiment platform with membrane concentrator with aperture of180mmand conduct a concentrating experiment, and the measurement results demonstrate therationality of the membrane reflective error probability model.
Secondly, to improve the stability of the membrane CPV system, the design of asolar dish concentrator is proposed based on triangular membrane facets for spacepower applications. With the goals of30kW of received power and300ofconcentration ratio, considering the system root-mean-square (RMS) deviation in thisdesign procedure, we achieve the minimal number of facets rows of membraneconcentrator, which degrades the complexity of membrane concentrator structure. Theproposed novel concentrator is supported by a deployable perimeter truss structureand offers the advantages of high stability and extensibility, which become thepotential alternate for the new general of space-based membrane concentrator.
And then to enhance the uniformity of radiation flux distribution at the receivedplane of membrane CPV system, we proposed the arrangement and shapeoptimization model of solar concentrating cell. This optimization model aims at thehighest uniformity of radiation flux distribution, and makes the solar cell location andshape varied to realize the optimization process. The result indicates this optimizationmodel enhances the efficiency-mass ratio of membrane CPV system, and effectivelydecreases system launch cost, which provided an effective solution for practicalapplication of space-based membrane CPV system.
At last, the shadow of the solar cell of membrane CPV system to the incidentsunlight results in the decrease of optical received efficiency, a novel hybrid receivercombined solar cell with a super-thin spectral-splitting CPV is proposed. Thesuper-thin spectral-splitting concentrator utilizes injected facets in light guide layersconcurrently redirect the focused beam, while acting as spectral splitting facets. Thespectral-splitting concentrator has the advantages of compact structure and low tracking requirement, and is conveniently integrated with membrane CPV system toenhance optical received efficiency.
引文
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