道德概念黑白隐喻表征的心理现实性
摘要
隐喻是在全世界各种文化中都普遍存在的语言现象。在体验哲学及具身认知研究思潮的影响下,从认知机制角度出发对概念隐喻现象进行分析和探讨构成了当前心理学研究的重要主题。
本研究首先回顾了概念隐喻理论的发展缘起,梳理了当前西方心理学关于概念隐喻理论的研究,评析了概念隐喻实证研究中存在的关键性问题。之后,重点介绍了各种文化和语言中普遍存在的“白好黑坏”隐喻,并基于概念隐喻理论提出,黑白色范畴与道德范畴的隐喻联结存在心理现实性。在此基础上,通过5个系列实验,包括10个分实验,从不同角度详细探讨了与道德概念黑白隐喻表征相关的隐喻一致性效应。
实验1探讨黑白色知觉是否会对道德概念加工产生干扰。实验1a与实验1b采用不同的实验范式证明,白色更符合人们关于道德概念的心理表征,黑色更符合人们关于不道德概念的心理表征。
实验2探讨是否人们的道德判断过程也会受到黑白色知觉的影响。实验2a与实验2b证明,关于黑色或白色的视知觉会导致被试对道德两难故事的评判向与隐喻映射一致的方向偏移。
实验3探讨是否道德概念加工会对明度知觉产生反向干扰。实验3a与实验3b使用不同的实验材料证明,目标的道德意义会影响被试对目标明度的感知判断,明度知觉与道德概念加工问存在一致性匹配效应。
实验4探讨了亮度知觉与道德认知的关联性。实验4a与实验4b共同证明,亮度知觉与道德认知问存在典型的隐喻一致性效应,且这种隐喻一致性效应的形式同黑白色知觉与道德认知间的干扰效应具有共通性。
实验5探讨语言经验在塑造道德概念黑白隐喻表征中的作用。实验5a与实验5b证明,抄写“白好黑坏”隐喻相关的语言材料可以强化之前研究所发现的隐喻一致性效应。
综上所述,本研究通过系统的实验研究,证明人们道德范畴中“白好黑坏”的隐喻联结具有稳定的心理现实性,这种联结的形成既与人们关于亮度的情境经验有关,也与语言经验有关。研究结果对于进一步深化概念隐喻相关研究、澄清概念隐喻理论研究中存在的一些分歧性问题具有一定意义。
The phenomenon of metaphors is popular in cultures around the world. Under the academic trends of embodied philosophy and embodied cognition, investigating metaphor from its cognition mechanism becomes one of the most influential research topics in the field of psychology.
This study first reviewed the origin of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, introduced the present researches on conceptual metaphor in western psychology, and analyzed several key problems involving in these empirical studies. Then, the metaphor of "moral is white, immoral is black" was introduced, which existing in almost all cultures and languages. Based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory, this paper proposed that there is psychological reality of the association between color concepts and moral concepts. At last, five series of experiments and ten sub-experiments were carried on to investigate the metaphor consistency effect referring to the white and black representation of moral concepts from different aspects.
Study1investigated whether processing moral concepts could be affected by the perception of white or black. Using different pattern, study la and study1b demonstrated that white is more consistent with people's mental representation about moral concepts, and black is more consistent with people's mental representation about immoral concepts.
Study2further investigated whether moral judgment could be also affected by black and white visual perception. Study2a and study2b showed that the black or white could bias people's judgment on moral dilemma story in a metaphor-consistent direction.
Study3investigated whether the process of moral concepts could work on lightness perception. Using different experimental material, study3a and study3b demonstrated that the moral quality of objects could impact on people's lightness perception toward them.
Study4explored the link between brightness perception and moral cognition. Study4a and study4b showed that a typical metaphor consistency effect exists in the two processes, which is consistent with the metaphor consistency effect between color perception and moral cognition.
Study5explored the role of language experiences in shaping the white and black metaphor representation of moral conception. Study5a and study5b demonstrated that transcribing linguistic materials involving the metaphor of "white is moral and black is immoral" could enhance the metaphor consistency effect discovered in previous studies.
Above all, through systemic empirical researches, this paper proved that there is psychological reality of 'white is moral' and 'black is immoral' metaphor. Not only human's situation experiences connected with brightness perception but also language experiences should give rise to this metaphor association. The conclusion is of certain significance in deepening the researches on conceptual metaphor and clarifying a few divisive issues in this field.
本研究首先回顾了概念隐喻理论的发展缘起,梳理了当前西方心理学关于概念隐喻理论的研究,评析了概念隐喻实证研究中存在的关键性问题。之后,重点介绍了各种文化和语言中普遍存在的“白好黑坏”隐喻,并基于概念隐喻理论提出,黑白色范畴与道德范畴的隐喻联结存在心理现实性。在此基础上,通过5个系列实验,包括10个分实验,从不同角度详细探讨了与道德概念黑白隐喻表征相关的隐喻一致性效应。
实验1探讨黑白色知觉是否会对道德概念加工产生干扰。实验1a与实验1b采用不同的实验范式证明,白色更符合人们关于道德概念的心理表征,黑色更符合人们关于不道德概念的心理表征。
实验2探讨是否人们的道德判断过程也会受到黑白色知觉的影响。实验2a与实验2b证明,关于黑色或白色的视知觉会导致被试对道德两难故事的评判向与隐喻映射一致的方向偏移。
实验3探讨是否道德概念加工会对明度知觉产生反向干扰。实验3a与实验3b使用不同的实验材料证明,目标的道德意义会影响被试对目标明度的感知判断,明度知觉与道德概念加工问存在一致性匹配效应。
实验4探讨了亮度知觉与道德认知的关联性。实验4a与实验4b共同证明,亮度知觉与道德认知问存在典型的隐喻一致性效应,且这种隐喻一致性效应的形式同黑白色知觉与道德认知间的干扰效应具有共通性。
实验5探讨语言经验在塑造道德概念黑白隐喻表征中的作用。实验5a与实验5b证明,抄写“白好黑坏”隐喻相关的语言材料可以强化之前研究所发现的隐喻一致性效应。
综上所述,本研究通过系统的实验研究,证明人们道德范畴中“白好黑坏”的隐喻联结具有稳定的心理现实性,这种联结的形成既与人们关于亮度的情境经验有关,也与语言经验有关。研究结果对于进一步深化概念隐喻相关研究、澄清概念隐喻理论研究中存在的一些分歧性问题具有一定意义。
The phenomenon of metaphors is popular in cultures around the world. Under the academic trends of embodied philosophy and embodied cognition, investigating metaphor from its cognition mechanism becomes one of the most influential research topics in the field of psychology.
This study first reviewed the origin of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, introduced the present researches on conceptual metaphor in western psychology, and analyzed several key problems involving in these empirical studies. Then, the metaphor of "moral is white, immoral is black" was introduced, which existing in almost all cultures and languages. Based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory, this paper proposed that there is psychological reality of the association between color concepts and moral concepts. At last, five series of experiments and ten sub-experiments were carried on to investigate the metaphor consistency effect referring to the white and black representation of moral concepts from different aspects.
Study1investigated whether processing moral concepts could be affected by the perception of white or black. Using different pattern, study la and study1b demonstrated that white is more consistent with people's mental representation about moral concepts, and black is more consistent with people's mental representation about immoral concepts.
Study2further investigated whether moral judgment could be also affected by black and white visual perception. Study2a and study2b showed that the black or white could bias people's judgment on moral dilemma story in a metaphor-consistent direction.
Study3investigated whether the process of moral concepts could work on lightness perception. Using different experimental material, study3a and study3b demonstrated that the moral quality of objects could impact on people's lightness perception toward them.
Study4explored the link between brightness perception and moral cognition. Study4a and study4b showed that a typical metaphor consistency effect exists in the two processes, which is consistent with the metaphor consistency effect between color perception and moral cognition.
Study5explored the role of language experiences in shaping the white and black metaphor representation of moral conception. Study5a and study5b demonstrated that transcribing linguistic materials involving the metaphor of "white is moral and black is immoral" could enhance the metaphor consistency effect discovered in previous studies.
Above all, through systemic empirical researches, this paper proved that there is psychological reality of 'white is moral' and 'black is immoral' metaphor. Not only human's situation experiences connected with brightness perception but also language experiences should give rise to this metaphor association. The conclusion is of certain significance in deepening the researches on conceptual metaphor and clarifying a few divisive issues in this field.
引文
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