论中国农村土地产权制度的重构
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摘要
产权既包含了财产所有权的基本内容,又涉及到平等的所有权主体之间的权责利关系。它不仅仅是一个财产所有权问题,而是一个比所有权更为宽泛的范畴,产权概念源于财产所有权,但并不等同于财产所有权。20世纪30年代罗纳德·科斯的产权理论提出之后,关于财产产权的问题研究越来越多,土地产权也不例外。在商品经济条件下,由于商品经济社会关系的影响,土地无论是否被耕种或利用,都变成了可转让、可流通的对象,三大生产要素之一的土地已进入经济活动中心。
土地产权制度作为构建农村集体土地产权结构和产权关系的制度安排,其内涵可包括以下内容:产权结构,包括各种权利的职能及配置;国家对土地产权制度安排的认可和法律支持;产权关系,通过土地财产权利可反映人与人之间的财产关系;国家对农村集体土地产权的管理与调控,等等。
中华人民共和国成立后,农村进行了土地改革,废除了封建土地所有制,在1956年前后,实行了“各尽所能,按劳取酬”的高级农业生产合作社,1980年9月,包括联产承包责任制在内的多种形式的生产责任制,受到中央肯定,它采取统一经营与分散经营相结合的原则,使集体优越性和个人积极性同时得到发挥。这一制度的进一步完善和发展,使农业社会主义合作化的具体道路更加符合我国实际。1993年颁布的《农业法》中,规定了承包经营者享有生产经营决策权、产品处分权和收益权,承包期内的转包权和转让权,承包期满时的优先承包权,以及承包人死亡时其继承人的继续承包权,
由于家庭联产承包责任制是一种过度性的制度安排,随着这种制度生产力的释放,这种设计所固有的缺陷开始在近年的农业生产中逐渐显示出来。1990年之后,农业的产出增长开始呈下降趋势。人们对现行农村土地产权制度开始了新一轮的思考。关于其内在缺陷,主要表现在以下几个方面:国家与集体的土地所有权界线不清;集体土地所有权的权属不明;土地所有权效力不完全;国家对集体土地所有权的行使超越法律限制。
同时,在国外,当代的土地产权出现了以下现象:土地个人所有权制度逐步被社会的土地所有权制度所取代;从偏重土地归属到重视土地利用;人类利用空间的能力大大提高,一块土地除地表上成立所有权外,也可以在地上或地下成立数个立体的空间所有权。
Property right including the basic contents of the property rights, which involve the relation of right and benefit between equal ownership bodies, as well. It is not only a problem of property rights, but also an even broader category. The conception of property right is rooted from the property rights, 1920' Ronald Coss bring forward the Theory of Property right, after then the research concerning property right is done more and more, and the land of property right is no excerption. Under the condition of the merchandise economic, because of the influence of social relation of merchandise economic, land all becomes the object that can be demised and circulated, regardless whether it was cultivated or made use of. The land has already entered the economic activities center as one of the three greatest production factors.As the system of arrangement of building the configuration of collective system and connection of land property rights of country, its content can include the following contents :Produce the power structure, which includes the function of various right ;The recognition and law suppuration of the power system arrangement to the land that is done by the government; The power right, relation which can reflect the interpersonal property relation; The management of the power and adjusts to control to the collective land of village that is done by the government, etc.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the land reform was carried out in the country, and the feudalism landholding was rescinded. About in 1956, the advanced cooperation of agriculture production was put into practice. In the September of 1980, various systems of production responsibility that includes the systems of production responsibility of joint production, which adopt the principle of integration of united management and separated management, were affirmed by the government. Making collective superiority and personal aggressive get exertive at the same time. That the system of further perfect and development make the agriculture socialism cooperate matches our country more physically. In the Agriculture Law switchmen in 1993, it was ruled that the operator possesses the right of decision-making of transaction production and benefit, and the right of subcontractor
and alienation during contact. It was ruled the operator has the priority of contact, too. According to the law, the heritor of the operator will continue to have those rights when the operator died. The systems of family production responsibility of joint production are a system of arrangement that has the quality of transition. Along with the releasing of the system productivity, this kind of blemish of the kind of designation was showed gradually in the production of agriculture in recent years. After 1990, the output of agriculture began to descend, so a new round of thinking of expert was begun. Its inside blemish was mainly expressed at following aspects: the blundering of rights between nation and collectively landholding right is not pure; the ascription of right of the collective landholding right is not clear; the effectiveness of right of ownership is incomplete; the exertion of collectively landholding powers surmount the law restrict.At the same time, abroad, the contemporary property right of land appears the following phenomenon: personal ownership system in land was gradually replaced by the landholding power system of the society; People over-emphasize from adscription to using; the ability of making use of space raise consumedly, and on the surface of a piece of land , not only the ownership is established, but also several stereoscopic space ownerships can be established on the ground or the underground.Through the investigation of the development of the domestic and international system, it is put forward that the property right of land of Chinese village should be redesigned and built. Its concrete way is followed: under the leading of three principles such as the legal principle, the principle of one thing one right and principle of the right should be showed, we should insist collective ownership in the village land, and construct the system to find its advantage that has be never showed and keep the proper beneficial factor; we define the village group as the body of the collective ownership ;we should make the object of clear the collective land ownership to give the right to the operator fuller power ability; we should build up the guarantee right system in the village land and value the construction of the space power of farmland.
土地产权制度作为构建农村集体土地产权结构和产权关系的制度安排,其内涵可包括以下内容:产权结构,包括各种权利的职能及配置;国家对土地产权制度安排的认可和法律支持;产权关系,通过土地财产权利可反映人与人之间的财产关系;国家对农村集体土地产权的管理与调控,等等。
中华人民共和国成立后,农村进行了土地改革,废除了封建土地所有制,在1956年前后,实行了“各尽所能,按劳取酬”的高级农业生产合作社,1980年9月,包括联产承包责任制在内的多种形式的生产责任制,受到中央肯定,它采取统一经营与分散经营相结合的原则,使集体优越性和个人积极性同时得到发挥。这一制度的进一步完善和发展,使农业社会主义合作化的具体道路更加符合我国实际。1993年颁布的《农业法》中,规定了承包经营者享有生产经营决策权、产品处分权和收益权,承包期内的转包权和转让权,承包期满时的优先承包权,以及承包人死亡时其继承人的继续承包权,
由于家庭联产承包责任制是一种过度性的制度安排,随着这种制度生产力的释放,这种设计所固有的缺陷开始在近年的农业生产中逐渐显示出来。1990年之后,农业的产出增长开始呈下降趋势。人们对现行农村土地产权制度开始了新一轮的思考。关于其内在缺陷,主要表现在以下几个方面:国家与集体的土地所有权界线不清;集体土地所有权的权属不明;土地所有权效力不完全;国家对集体土地所有权的行使超越法律限制。
同时,在国外,当代的土地产权出现了以下现象:土地个人所有权制度逐步被社会的土地所有权制度所取代;从偏重土地归属到重视土地利用;人类利用空间的能力大大提高,一块土地除地表上成立所有权外,也可以在地上或地下成立数个立体的空间所有权。
Property right including the basic contents of the property rights, which involve the relation of right and benefit between equal ownership bodies, as well. It is not only a problem of property rights, but also an even broader category. The conception of property right is rooted from the property rights, 1920' Ronald Coss bring forward the Theory of Property right, after then the research concerning property right is done more and more, and the land of property right is no excerption. Under the condition of the merchandise economic, because of the influence of social relation of merchandise economic, land all becomes the object that can be demised and circulated, regardless whether it was cultivated or made use of. The land has already entered the economic activities center as one of the three greatest production factors.As the system of arrangement of building the configuration of collective system and connection of land property rights of country, its content can include the following contents :Produce the power structure, which includes the function of various right ;The recognition and law suppuration of the power system arrangement to the land that is done by the government; The power right, relation which can reflect the interpersonal property relation; The management of the power and adjusts to control to the collective land of village that is done by the government, etc.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the land reform was carried out in the country, and the feudalism landholding was rescinded. About in 1956, the advanced cooperation of agriculture production was put into practice. In the September of 1980, various systems of production responsibility that includes the systems of production responsibility of joint production, which adopt the principle of integration of united management and separated management, were affirmed by the government. Making collective superiority and personal aggressive get exertive at the same time. That the system of further perfect and development make the agriculture socialism cooperate matches our country more physically. In the Agriculture Law switchmen in 1993, it was ruled that the operator possesses the right of decision-making of transaction production and benefit, and the right of subcontractor
and alienation during contact. It was ruled the operator has the priority of contact, too. According to the law, the heritor of the operator will continue to have those rights when the operator died. The systems of family production responsibility of joint production are a system of arrangement that has the quality of transition. Along with the releasing of the system productivity, this kind of blemish of the kind of designation was showed gradually in the production of agriculture in recent years. After 1990, the output of agriculture began to descend, so a new round of thinking of expert was begun. Its inside blemish was mainly expressed at following aspects: the blundering of rights between nation and collectively landholding right is not pure; the ascription of right of the collective landholding right is not clear; the effectiveness of right of ownership is incomplete; the exertion of collectively landholding powers surmount the law restrict.At the same time, abroad, the contemporary property right of land appears the following phenomenon: personal ownership system in land was gradually replaced by the landholding power system of the society; People over-emphasize from adscription to using; the ability of making use of space raise consumedly, and on the surface of a piece of land , not only the ownership is established, but also several stereoscopic space ownerships can be established on the ground or the underground.Through the investigation of the development of the domestic and international system, it is put forward that the property right of land of Chinese village should be redesigned and built. Its concrete way is followed: under the leading of three principles such as the legal principle, the principle of one thing one right and principle of the right should be showed, we should insist collective ownership in the village land, and construct the system to find its advantage that has be never showed and keep the proper beneficial factor; we define the village group as the body of the collective ownership ;we should make the object of clear the collective land ownership to give the right to the operator fuller power ability; we should build up the guarantee right system in the village land and value the construction of the space power of farmland.
引文
1、马克思:《资本论》,第三卷,人民出版社 1974年版。
2、H.德姆塞茨:《关于产权的理论》,载《经济社会体制比较》1990年第6期。
3、道格拉斯.C.诺斯:《经济史上的结构与变迁》,上海三联出版社 1991年版,。
4、科斯、阿尔钦等:《财产权利与制度变迁》,上海三联书店,上海人民出版社 1994年版,
5、波斯纳:《法律的经济分析(上)》,中国大百科全书出版社 1997版,。.
6、(美)凡勃伦:《有闲阶级论》,中译本,商务印书馆1981年版。
7、科斯:《企业、市场与法律》,上海三联出版社 1990年版。
8、[美]施蒂格勒:《产业组织和政府管制》,潘振民译,上海人民出版社、上海三联书店 1996年版。
9、[美]丹尼尔·史普博:《管制与市场》,余晖等译,上海三联书店 1999年版。
10、约瑟夫·熊彼得:《经济发展理论》,商务印书馆 1990年版。
11、[美]罗伯特·考特、托马斯·尤伦:《法和经济学》(第三版),施少华等译,张军审校,上海财经大学出版社 2002年版。
12、张军:《现代产权经济学》,上海人民出版社、上海三联书店 1997年版。
13、[美]博登海默:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
14、菲吕博腾、佩杰威齐:《产权与经济理论:近期文献的一个综述》,载《财产权利与制度变迁》,上海人民出版社、上海三联书店1994年版。
15、肖国兴:《自然资源法》,法律出版社1999年版。
16、程宝山:《经济法基本理论问题研究》,郑州大学出版社2003年版。
17、林善浪:《中国农村土地制度与效率研究》,经济科学出版社 1999年版。
18、尤建新、单胜道:《农村集体土地产权制度内涵与性质的探讨》,《上海管理与科学》2002年第3期。
19、赵红梅:《房地产法论》,中国政法大学出版社 1995版。
20、任庆恩:《土地权利制度的发展趋势》,《理论探讨》,2004年第1期。
21、王卫国:《中国土地权利研究》,中国政法大学出版社,1997版。
22、温丰文:《现代社会与土地所有权理论的发展》,五南图书出版公司 (台北)1984年版。
23、梁慧星:《中国物权法研究》,法律出版 1998版。
24、王利明:《国家所有权研究》,中国人民大学出版社 1991年版。
25、林善浪:《国外土地产权的发展趋势及其对我国农地制度改革的启示》,《福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2000年第1期。
26、程烨:《土地调查的国际情况及其借鉴》,《中国土地》,2000年第16期。
27、唐顺彦、杨忠学:《英国与日本的土地管制制度比较》,《世界农业》,2002年第5期。
28、张文显主编:《法理学》,法律出版社 1997年版。
29、谢在全:《民法物权论》,中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
30、王利明:《物权法论》,中国政法大学出版社 1998年版。
31、孙宪忠:《论不动产物权登记》,载《中国法学》1996年第5期。
32、王泽鉴:《民法学说与判例研究》(第一册),中国政法大学出版社 1991年第6版。
33、王琢等:《中国农村土地产权制度论》,经济管理出版社 1996年版。
34、吴尚宇:《建立健全中国现代农村土地产权制度的构想(上)》,宁德师专学报(哲学社会科学版),2000年第3期。
35、张伟:《集体土地所有权法律制度研究》,《中国地质矿产经济》2003年第4期。
36、江平:《中国土地立法研究》,中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
37、蒂姆·汉斯达德:《中国农村土地制度改革:荒地使用权拍卖》,《中国农村经济》,1996年第6期。
38、王利明:《.物权法论》,中国政法大学出版 1998版。
39、彭万林:《民法学》,中国政法大学出版社 2002年版。
40、魏振瀛主编:《民法》,北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社 2000年版。
41、张华兰、李全山:《建立农村土地使用权流转机制的思考》,《农业经济》,2000年第6期。
42、马原主编:《中国民法教程》,中国政法大学出版社 1998年版。
43、伍世安、方石玉:《土地使用权股份化:农村土地使用制度新探索》,《当代财经》,2002年第2期。
44、江平主编:《民法学》,中国政法大学出版社 2000年版。
45、宁金成、田土城主编:《担保制度比较研究》,河南大学出版社2001年版,。
46、肖乾刚、肖国兴:《能源法》,法律出版社 1996年版。
47、See S. W. Stein, "Build-Operate-Transfer(BOT)---A Re-evalution", The International Constrution Law Review, Pt. 2, 1994, p. 103.
48、Dovering, F., Land Economics, Chap. 20, Boston:Breton Publisher, 1987.
49、Ring, Alfred A, Dasso J., Real Estate Principles and Practices, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1985.
50、[德]柯武刚、史漫飞:《制度经济学》,韩朝华译,商务出版社 2000年版。
51、林善浪:《国外土地产权的发展趋势及其对我国农地制度改革的启示》,《福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2000年第1期。
2、H.德姆塞茨:《关于产权的理论》,载《经济社会体制比较》1990年第6期。
3、道格拉斯.C.诺斯:《经济史上的结构与变迁》,上海三联出版社 1991年版,。
4、科斯、阿尔钦等:《财产权利与制度变迁》,上海三联书店,上海人民出版社 1994年版,
5、波斯纳:《法律的经济分析(上)》,中国大百科全书出版社 1997版,。.
6、(美)凡勃伦:《有闲阶级论》,中译本,商务印书馆1981年版。
7、科斯:《企业、市场与法律》,上海三联出版社 1990年版。
8、[美]施蒂格勒:《产业组织和政府管制》,潘振民译,上海人民出版社、上海三联书店 1996年版。
9、[美]丹尼尔·史普博:《管制与市场》,余晖等译,上海三联书店 1999年版。
10、约瑟夫·熊彼得:《经济发展理论》,商务印书馆 1990年版。
11、[美]罗伯特·考特、托马斯·尤伦:《法和经济学》(第三版),施少华等译,张军审校,上海财经大学出版社 2002年版。
12、张军:《现代产权经济学》,上海人民出版社、上海三联书店 1997年版。
13、[美]博登海默:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
14、菲吕博腾、佩杰威齐:《产权与经济理论:近期文献的一个综述》,载《财产权利与制度变迁》,上海人民出版社、上海三联书店1994年版。
15、肖国兴:《自然资源法》,法律出版社1999年版。
16、程宝山:《经济法基本理论问题研究》,郑州大学出版社2003年版。
17、林善浪:《中国农村土地制度与效率研究》,经济科学出版社 1999年版。
18、尤建新、单胜道:《农村集体土地产权制度内涵与性质的探讨》,《上海管理与科学》2002年第3期。
19、赵红梅:《房地产法论》,中国政法大学出版社 1995版。
20、任庆恩:《土地权利制度的发展趋势》,《理论探讨》,2004年第1期。
21、王卫国:《中国土地权利研究》,中国政法大学出版社,1997版。
22、温丰文:《现代社会与土地所有权理论的发展》,五南图书出版公司 (台北)1984年版。
23、梁慧星:《中国物权法研究》,法律出版 1998版。
24、王利明:《国家所有权研究》,中国人民大学出版社 1991年版。
25、林善浪:《国外土地产权的发展趋势及其对我国农地制度改革的启示》,《福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2000年第1期。
26、程烨:《土地调查的国际情况及其借鉴》,《中国土地》,2000年第16期。
27、唐顺彦、杨忠学:《英国与日本的土地管制制度比较》,《世界农业》,2002年第5期。
28、张文显主编:《法理学》,法律出版社 1997年版。
29、谢在全:《民法物权论》,中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
30、王利明:《物权法论》,中国政法大学出版社 1998年版。
31、孙宪忠:《论不动产物权登记》,载《中国法学》1996年第5期。
32、王泽鉴:《民法学说与判例研究》(第一册),中国政法大学出版社 1991年第6版。
33、王琢等:《中国农村土地产权制度论》,经济管理出版社 1996年版。
34、吴尚宇:《建立健全中国现代农村土地产权制度的构想(上)》,宁德师专学报(哲学社会科学版),2000年第3期。
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