基于多维显示的监控作业中工作记忆与情境意识的关系研究
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摘要
情境意识是人机系统中操作者对系统运行状况与所处环境的了解程度。为了揭示操作者形成与保持情境意识所依赖的记忆过程,本研究以Baddeley的工作记忆理论、Gobet的模板理论和Ericsson的长时工作记忆理论为依据,对基于多维显示的监控作业情境中情境意识与工作记忆的关系进行了系统的实验研究。在研究情境意识测量技术的基础上,较深入地探讨了短时工作记忆和长时工作记忆在情境意识形成中的作用,重点了解两种工作记忆在情境意识形成与保持过程中发挥了什么样的作用、如何发挥作用。对情境意识与工作记忆的关系进行研究,不仅有助于丰富情境意识的基本理论,而且能为操作者的训练提供新方法和新思路,为人机界面设计提供理论依据。
全文包含了四方面的研究。一是编制情境意识的测量工具,检验情境意识的测量信度与效度。二是短时工作记忆及其子成分在情境意识形成中的作用,重点分析中央执行系统在情境意识形成中的作用；三是通过考察被试能否长时间保持大量任务信息,探讨长时工作记忆在情境意识保持中的作用,重点分析提取结构在情境意识保持和提取过程中发挥的作用。四是在前述实验结果的基础上,设计长时工作记忆能力的测量方法,采用多元回归分析法,建立情境意识对短时工作记忆广度和长时工作记忆能力的回归模型,深入分析短时工作记忆与长时工作记忆在情境意识形成与保持中的协同作用。
总结本文四方面的研究,得到以下主要结论：
(1)在基于多维显示的监控作业情境中,短时工作记忆的视觉空间模板与中央执行系统参与了情境意识的形成过程。
(2)在情境意识形成过程中,短时工作记忆的中央执行成分起着协调作用,即协调各种信息的关系,在各信息之间、信息与知识之间建立有意义的联结。
(3)熟练被试可以利用长时工作记忆保持任务信息的表征。无论中断任务的性质如何变化、加工负荷有多高,熟练被试的情境意识始终保持在较高的水平上,并没有因为受中断任务的干扰而出现明显的下降。
(4)被试经常使用的各种线索相互联系,构成了一个层次性的结构,即提取结构。这种记忆结构发挥着组织信息和区分信息的重要作用。
(5)为提取保持于长时工作记忆中的信息,熟练被试能有意识地在短时工作记忆中恢复提取线索,借助线索可靠地激活长时工作记忆中的目标信息。
(6)短时工作记忆和长时工作记忆共同在情境意识形成与保持过程中发挥着作用。一方面,长时工作记忆能力越强,操作者保持情境意识对短时工作记忆的依赖程度就越弱,就越能利用长时工作记忆扩展记忆容量,增加保持情境意识的可靠性。另一方面,短时工作记忆主要负责少量信息的精细加工,加工后的结果存储于长时工作记忆,在长时工作记忆中形成协调一致的表征,即情境意识。
Situation awareness refers to how much the operator of the man-machine system is aware of its dynamic states. This study aims to reveal the memory process involved in the establishment and maintenance of situation awareness. On the basis of working memory theory of Baddeley, template theory of Gobet and long-term working memory theory of Ericsson, a systematic experimental study was conducted on the relationship between working memory and situation awareness. With the help of the measurement technology of situation awareness, the effect of short-term working memory and long-term working memory in the development of situation awareness was carefully analyzed and compared in this study, especially what roles they played and how they functioned during this process. The study on the relationship between situation awareness and working memory can not only enrich the basic theory of situation awareness, but also provide new methods and thoughts for the training of operators and offer the theoretical basis to the design of human-machine interface.
The whole study consisted of four parts. In the first part, the measurement tool of situation awareness was established., and its reliability and validity was examined. In the second part, the role of the short-term working memory and its components in establishing situation awareness were analyzed, with the special emphasis on the function of central executive system. In the third part, the role of long-term working memory in maintaining situation awareness was discussed by investigating whether the subjects could maintain a lot of task information for a long time, with the functions of retrieval structure in the process of situation awareness retention and retrieval as its focus. In the fourth part, the measurement methods of long-term working memory skill were designed. The multiple regression analysis was adopted to establish the regression model of situation awareness for the short-term working memory capacity and the long-term working memory skill. The combined function of short-term working memory and long-term working memory in the process of establishing and maintaining situation awareness was deeply analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows.
(1) The visual-spatial template and central executive system of short-term working memory were involved in maintaining situation awareness.
(2) The central executive system of short-term working memory played the active role of coordination of elements into structures.
(3) The interruption tasks had no effect on situation awareness level of skilled subjects, regardless of their intensity, or difficulty. The skilled subject utilized the long-term working memory to maintain the representation of task information.
(4) The subject could usually use the mutual relationship between cues to form a hierarchical structure regarded as the retrieval structure. The retrieval structure could play an important role in the organization and distinguish information.
(5) In order to retrieve the information maintained in the long-term working memory, the skilled subject could consciously recover the retrieval cue in the short-term working memory. Based on the cues, the target information in the long-term working memory could be reliably activated.
(6) The short-term working memory and long-term working memory were involved together in the process of establishing and maintaining situation awareness. On the one hand, as reliance of situation awareness on long-term working memory increased, the predictive value of short-term working memory decreased. The skilled subjects further utilized the long-term working memory to expand the memory capacity and enhance the reliability of situation awareness retention. On the other hand, the short-term working memory was responsible for the exquisite processing of a small amount of information. After processing, the results were stored in the long-term working memory. Then, the coordinated representation was formed in the long-term working memory, regarded as the situation awareness.
全文包含了四方面的研究。一是编制情境意识的测量工具,检验情境意识的测量信度与效度。二是短时工作记忆及其子成分在情境意识形成中的作用,重点分析中央执行系统在情境意识形成中的作用；三是通过考察被试能否长时间保持大量任务信息,探讨长时工作记忆在情境意识保持中的作用,重点分析提取结构在情境意识保持和提取过程中发挥的作用。四是在前述实验结果的基础上,设计长时工作记忆能力的测量方法,采用多元回归分析法,建立情境意识对短时工作记忆广度和长时工作记忆能力的回归模型,深入分析短时工作记忆与长时工作记忆在情境意识形成与保持中的协同作用。
总结本文四方面的研究,得到以下主要结论：
(1)在基于多维显示的监控作业情境中,短时工作记忆的视觉空间模板与中央执行系统参与了情境意识的形成过程。
(2)在情境意识形成过程中,短时工作记忆的中央执行成分起着协调作用,即协调各种信息的关系,在各信息之间、信息与知识之间建立有意义的联结。
(3)熟练被试可以利用长时工作记忆保持任务信息的表征。无论中断任务的性质如何变化、加工负荷有多高,熟练被试的情境意识始终保持在较高的水平上,并没有因为受中断任务的干扰而出现明显的下降。
(4)被试经常使用的各种线索相互联系,构成了一个层次性的结构,即提取结构。这种记忆结构发挥着组织信息和区分信息的重要作用。
(5)为提取保持于长时工作记忆中的信息,熟练被试能有意识地在短时工作记忆中恢复提取线索,借助线索可靠地激活长时工作记忆中的目标信息。
(6)短时工作记忆和长时工作记忆共同在情境意识形成与保持过程中发挥着作用。一方面,长时工作记忆能力越强,操作者保持情境意识对短时工作记忆的依赖程度就越弱,就越能利用长时工作记忆扩展记忆容量,增加保持情境意识的可靠性。另一方面,短时工作记忆主要负责少量信息的精细加工,加工后的结果存储于长时工作记忆,在长时工作记忆中形成协调一致的表征,即情境意识。
Situation awareness refers to how much the operator of the man-machine system is aware of its dynamic states. This study aims to reveal the memory process involved in the establishment and maintenance of situation awareness. On the basis of working memory theory of Baddeley, template theory of Gobet and long-term working memory theory of Ericsson, a systematic experimental study was conducted on the relationship between working memory and situation awareness. With the help of the measurement technology of situation awareness, the effect of short-term working memory and long-term working memory in the development of situation awareness was carefully analyzed and compared in this study, especially what roles they played and how they functioned during this process. The study on the relationship between situation awareness and working memory can not only enrich the basic theory of situation awareness, but also provide new methods and thoughts for the training of operators and offer the theoretical basis to the design of human-machine interface.
The whole study consisted of four parts. In the first part, the measurement tool of situation awareness was established., and its reliability and validity was examined. In the second part, the role of the short-term working memory and its components in establishing situation awareness were analyzed, with the special emphasis on the function of central executive system. In the third part, the role of long-term working memory in maintaining situation awareness was discussed by investigating whether the subjects could maintain a lot of task information for a long time, with the functions of retrieval structure in the process of situation awareness retention and retrieval as its focus. In the fourth part, the measurement methods of long-term working memory skill were designed. The multiple regression analysis was adopted to establish the regression model of situation awareness for the short-term working memory capacity and the long-term working memory skill. The combined function of short-term working memory and long-term working memory in the process of establishing and maintaining situation awareness was deeply analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows.
(1) The visual-spatial template and central executive system of short-term working memory were involved in maintaining situation awareness.
(2) The central executive system of short-term working memory played the active role of coordination of elements into structures.
(3) The interruption tasks had no effect on situation awareness level of skilled subjects, regardless of their intensity, or difficulty. The skilled subject utilized the long-term working memory to maintain the representation of task information.
(4) The subject could usually use the mutual relationship between cues to form a hierarchical structure regarded as the retrieval structure. The retrieval structure could play an important role in the organization and distinguish information.
(5) In order to retrieve the information maintained in the long-term working memory, the skilled subject could consciously recover the retrieval cue in the short-term working memory. Based on the cues, the target information in the long-term working memory could be reliably activated.
(6) The short-term working memory and long-term working memory were involved together in the process of establishing and maintaining situation awareness. On the one hand, as reliance of situation awareness on long-term working memory increased, the predictive value of short-term working memory decreased. The skilled subjects further utilized the long-term working memory to expand the memory capacity and enhance the reliability of situation awareness retention. On the other hand, the short-term working memory was responsible for the exquisite processing of a small amount of information. After processing, the results were stored in the long-term working memory. Then, the coordinated representation was formed in the long-term working memory, regarded as the situation awareness.
引文
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