城乡卫生医疗服务均等化研究
|
摘要
卫生医疗服务在许多方面表现出巨大的城乡差异,如医疗资源占有、卫生筹资、健康消费、医疗保障等的城乡不均等。城乡卫生医疗服务不均等不仅影响到国民的健康,也会带来一系列社会问题。国内外现有研究在揭示城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的特征及原因方面虽然做出了一些很好尝试,但总体而言尚不够全面和深入,忽略了一些重要问题,如城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的范围是什么?如何为城乡卫生医疗服务均等化制定标准?城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的实质是什么?城乡卫生医疗服务不均等有什么负面效应?卫生体制和其他的制度安排在城乡卫生医疗服务不均等中扮演了什么角色?而这些关键问题的解答显然对于我们更深刻地认识我国的城乡卫生医疗服务均等化具有重要意义。为此,本文在国内外已有研究的基础上,运用国际上较为先进和流行的方法对我国城乡卫生医疗服务均等化进行全面、系统的研究,以期完善有关城乡公共服务均等化基本理论,对我国城乡卫生医疗服务均等化及医疗体制改革实践提供科学的政策建议。
全文共8章,除第1章绪论以外,第2—4章是本文分析的基础和前提:第2章是有关城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的理论及实证研究综述。第3章是城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的机理分析。第4章是城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的国际经验。第5章到第8章具体考察中国城乡卫生医疗服务的公平性、城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的效应、中国城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的原因并提出对策建议:第5章从卫生筹资、健康消费、医疗服务利用和健康公平等视角出发,对城乡卫生医疗服务的公平性进行分解分析。第6章剖析城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的经济和社会效应。第7章,从政府方、需求方、医疗保障方探究我国城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的原因。第8章为本文的政策建议部分。
第2章是文献综述。首先,梳理了西方的卫生医疗服务公平理论,即公共品理论、福利经济学理论、超福利主义理论、最大最小理论、平均主义理论,为我国城乡卫生医疗服务均等化研究奠定理论基础。其次,对卫生医疗服务公平的实证文献进行了回顾。第3章是城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的机理分析。首先从城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的内涵及实质出发,分析政府、供需双方、第三方四者的在城乡卫生医疗服务均等化中的关联及其运行机理,并设计了城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的指标体系。第4章的经验借鉴部分,通过对亚洲的日本、韩国、台湾及欧美国家城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的制度安排进行考察,总结出其一般规律及启示。
第5章对城乡卫生医疗服务公平性进行分解分析。文章使用类似于税收再分配的方法对我国卫生筹资进行了分解分析;在医疗服务利用和健康公平性的分解分析上使用了集中系数分解方法;利用泰尔指数、基尼系数和阿特金森指数对居民健康消费不平等进行的分析。第6章对我国城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的效应进行分析。本章首先从公共健康消费和个体健康消费两个方面切入,利用面板数据模型分析城乡卫生医疗服务非均等造成的收入差距扩大效应。并分析了城乡医疗保险发展的经济和社会效应,使用倍差方法对城乡医疗保险改革的福利效应进行研究,利用TIP贫困曲线和PEN队列描绘我国医疗保险与城乡反贫困的关系。本章还利用健康绩效系数对健康效率和健康公平的权衡进行了计算。第7章对城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的原因剖析。文章首先使用空间计量经济学方法、面板数据分析了政府行为对我国城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的影响。然后分析城乡收入差距对卫生服务利用、健康、筹资的影响。
通过上述这些研究,本文得到了如下主要结论。
1.城乡卫生医疗服务均等化是指政府参与其中的使城乡居民能无差别地享受同质的公共卫生服务、基本医疗服务和医疗保障服务的过程。城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的实质是公平,并且是公平与效率的统一;城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的目标是保证城乡居民生存和发展的起点公平、城乡居民基本就医权的平等以及公共卫生与基本医疗服务均等;城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的指标体系应由三个系统组成,即公平系统、效率系统及政府责任系统。发达国家(地区)的城乡卫生医疗服务均等化给我国的启示是:医疗保障模式应以社会医疗保险为主,必须强调政府责任。
2.城乡间的差距构成居民总体健康消费差距的主体;东、中、西部居民健康消费差异特点各异;人口变动在减缓健康消费差距扩大方面起到的作用微小;最近几年,农村内部健康消费不平等逐渐缩小,城镇内部健康消费不平等逐渐扩大。
我国卫生筹资增加了收入不平等,表现出了亲富人的再分配,主要的原因在于水平不平等和再排序效应,如果相同收入的人群进行相同的卫生支付,再分配效应将会降低64%,另一部分原因在于卫生筹资系统的累退性。在同为从穷人到富人的再分配中,农村卫生筹资亲富人的再分配程度高于城市;农村卫生筹资的累退程度大于城市;农村卫生筹资的水平不平等小于城市。
我国存在亲富人的健康不平等、医疗服务利用不平等,高收入人群的健康状况更好并使用了更多的医疗服务,收入因素对医疗服务利用不平等的贡献在0.13-0.2之间,医疗保险等因素也扩大了医疗服务利用不平等;农村健康不平等程度总体上高于城市,健康不平等程度城乡均在加深;1991—2006年,城、乡收入变动对城、乡健康不平等上升的平均贡献率分别为7.08%和13.38%。
3.城乡私人健康投资、公共健康投资差距都不同程度地对城乡收入差距扩大起到了强化作用。发生灾难性卫生支出的城乡家庭比例较高,最穷群体的医疗费用超过收入的比例增加,医疗保险对减少收入不平等只起到微弱作用。医疗保险补偿后,城乡患病家庭的贫困并没有减少,医疗保险在减贫上的作用很小。关于贫困特征的多元回归模型显示,家庭成员较多、教育程度低、抚养比率高、参保人数比率低是贫困的诱因,条件多元回归模型则显示,医疗保险对贫困的变动没有影响。由于大部分弱势群体没有被医疗保险覆盖、医疗保险基金节余率高、国家投资责任不到位等原因,使得我国过去的医疗保险制度在城乡反贫困方面作用微弱。
在平均健康水平下降且健康不平等增加的情况下,我国的健康绩效呈现下降态势。
新农合增加了医疗服务可及性,但却对净医疗费用影响甚微。城镇医疗保险改革对预防性储蓄没有挤出效应,医疗支出风险并没有随着改革的推进而降低,是我国城镇医疗保险改革对储蓄没有影响的重要原因。
4.政府重城轻乡忽视社会发展的战略及卫生财政偏差是城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的根本原因。医疗卫生支出是消费支出的构成部分,其基础是收入(生产率)。农民生产率低收入少,其中能用于医疗卫生的支出也少,城乡收入差距严重地抑制了农村居民对医疗卫生服务的需求,造成城乡卫生医疗服务支出上的不均等。再者,医疗保险的严重分割也是城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的原因。
5、实现城乡卫生医疗服务均等化需要政府统筹城乡发展还农民国民待遇。改变政绩考核标准、健全卫生财政制度、缩小城乡收入差距是实现城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的着力点。应分三步进行城乡医疗保险整合。
Health and medical services show enormous differences between urban and rural areas in many ways, such as the difference between possession of medical resources, health financing, health consuming, medical insurance and so on. The disparities of the health care services in urban and rural areas not only affect the health condition of citizens but also cause a series of social problems. In showing the characteristics and causes of the equalization of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas, the existing researches at home and abroad have made some good attempts; however, on the whole they are still not comprehensive or in-depth. The researches have ignored a number of important issues, which are, for example, what's the scope of the equalization of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas? How to set standard of this equalization? What's the essence of this equalization? Are there any negative effect of the equalization, and if there are any, what are they? What roles do health system and other institutional arrangements play in causing the inequality of the hearth and medical services in rural and urban areas? The answers to these crucial questions are obviously of great importance in deeper understanding of the equalization of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas in our country. To this end, this paper is working at the equalization in China based on the result of the existing study, using the more advanced methods. This paper is aiming at perfect the basic theory in the equalization of public services in urban and rural areas, and provides scientific policy recommendations in the practice of the reform in medical system.
There are eight chapters in this paper. Chapter 1 is the preface. And Chapter2-4 is the basis and premise of the analysis: Chapter 2 is about the review. Chapter3 is the mechanism analysis of the equalization of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas. Chapter4 is the international experience of this equalization. What Chapter5 to Chapter8 study in include the equity of the health care in Chinese urban and rural areas, the effects of inequality in health and medical services in urban and rural areas, the reason why there is inequality in these areas and propose suggestions. Chapter5 makes the disintegration analysis of the equality of health and medical services in the view of medical financing, health consuming, the usage of medical service and health equity. Chapter6 analyzes the economic and social effects caused by the inequality of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas. Chapter7 explore the inequality of these services in urban and rural areas from the side of government, the side of demand and the side of supply in medical services. Chapter8 is the part of the policy recommendations in this paper.
Chapter2 is a part of review. Firstly, this part sort out the western theory of equitable health care services, that is, public goods theory, welfare economics theory, super-welfare theory, mini-max theory and egalitarian theory, which are the basis of researching in the health and medical equalization in urban and rural areas. Secondly, this part reviews the empirical literature for the equalization of medical and health services. Chapter3 makes the mechanism analysis of the equalization of health and medical services in urban and rural areas. This chapter firstly analyses the association and the operation mechanism in this equalization by the four of the government, the supply and demand sides and the third-party by making the connotation and essence of the equalization of health and medical in urban and rural areas clear. And then designs an index system of this kind of equalization. Chapter4 is a part of the experience drawing, from study the system arrangements of equalization of health and medical services in urban and rural areas in Japan, Korea and Taiwan in Asia and some countries in Europe and America, summarize the general law and enlightenment.
Chapter5 makes the decomposition analysis in the equalization of the urban and rural health care. The method used in analyzing the health financing is similar to that used in the redistribution of tax revenue; in analyzing the utilization of medical service and equity of health, this paper uses a concentration factor decomposition method; and in analyzing the consumption inequality of civil health consumer, this paper utilizes the Thiele index, the Ginny coefficient and Atkinson index. Chapter6 analyses the non-equal effects of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas. This chapter firstly analyzes the effects in widening income gap of the non-equal health and medical services in urban and rural areas, by using panel data models. It is analyzed with respect to the two aspects which are consumption of public health and consumption of individual health. Secondly, it analyzes the economic and social effects caused by the development of medical insurance for urban and rural areas. It studies the welfare effects of the medical insurance reform in urban and rural areas by the use of method of difference in difference; and describes the relationship between the medical insurance reform and anti-poverty with the use of TIP poverty curves and PEN queue. Moreover, this chapter also calculates the balance of efficiency of health and equity of the health by using the health performance coefficient. Chapter7 analyzes the reasons for non-equal of health and medical services in the urban and rural areas. Firstly, it analyzes the effects of the equalization in health and medical services in urban and rural areas which are caused by governmental actions, using space econometric methods and panel data. Then, it analyzes the effects in the use of health service and the health funding caused by the urban-rural income gap.
Through the above-mentioned studies, this paper has drawn the main conclusions as follows.
1 .The equalization of health and medical services in urban and rural areas refers to a process, which makes the urban and rural residents enjoy the same public health service, basic medical services and medical insurance services with the Government's participation. The essence of the equalization of urban and rural health and medical services is fairness, and what's more, it's the unification of fairness and efficiency. The goal of this equalization is to ensure the equality of starting point in the survival and development of urban and rural residents, to ensure the equality of the right to get the basic medical treatment of urban and rural residents, and to make equalization of the public health and basic medical services. The index system of equalization of urban and rural health and medical services is composed by three systems, which is the fair system, the efficient system and the system of government responsibility. The enlightenment of developed countries (regions) of the equalization of urban and rural health and medical services are that medical support model should be based on community-based health insurance, and we must emphasize the responsibility of the Government.
2. The gap between urban and rural residents constitutes the main body of the health consumption gap between urban and rural residents. And the differences among the eastern, central and western regions have their own characteristics. Population changes play a minor role in reducing the widening the health consumption gap. In recent years, the internal non-equality of health consumption in rural areas is gradually shrinking, however, the internal non-equality in urban areas is gradually expanding.
The health financing of China makes an increase of income inequality, shows a redistribution of pro-rich. The main reason of this is because of the horizontal inequality and the re-order effect, for example, if the same income groups make the same hygiene payments, the redistribution effect will be reduced by 64%. Another reason is because that health financing system is regressive. In the same redistribution between the poor and the rich, the extent of pro-rich is higher in rural areas than that in urban, the regression in rural health financing is greater than that in urban, and the level of inequality in rural health financing is lower than that of urban areas. The inequality of health and medical services in our country is pro-rich, and the high-income groups are in better health conditions and consume more medical services. Income factors make the contribution of 0.13-0.2 in the inequality of the usage of medical services, and other factors, just like medical insurance, also expand this inequality. The degree of this inequality is deeper in rural than that in urban in total, and in both areas, the degree of inequality is expanding. In the year 1991-2006, the average contribution rates in the inequality of health in urban and rural made by the income changes are separately 7.08% and 13.38%.
3. The gap between urban and rural private health investment and the gap of that in public health investment have played an enhanced role on the urban-rural income gap. There is a higher proportion of urban and rural households in catastrophic health expenditure, and the percentage of the poorest groups of medical expenses in excess of their income is increasing. The medical insurance has only play a weak role in reducing income inequality. After the medical insurance compensation, the number of home in poverty in urban and rural areas has not decreased, and medical insurance has a very small fluctuation in reducing poverty. The multivariate regression model about the poverty characteristics shows that more family members, lower levels of education, higher dependency ratio and lower rate of insurance number are incentives of poverty, conditional multivariate regression model shows that health insurance for the poor does not affect the changes. As most vulnerable groups were not covered by medical insurance, the saving rates of medical insurance fund remained high, state investment duty was not in place and other reasons, the medical insurance system played a weak role in anti-poverty in urban and rural in the past years of our country. With the declining average level of health and increasing health inequality, the performance of the health in our country has shown a downward trend.
New rural cooperative medical system increased the accessibility of medical services, but it only made little effect on the net medical expenses. The reform of urban health insurance didn't have crowding-out effect on the precautionary savings, and the risk of medical expenses did not reduce as the reforms going. That is an important reason that why China's urban health insurance reform does not affect the savings.
4. The fundamental reason of the unequal situation in health and medical services in urban and rural areas is the strategies that government value the city but neglect the rural areas and the deviation of health and finance. Medical and health expenditures are an integral part of consumer spending, which is based on income (productivity). With the lower productivity and less income, peasant can spend little on medical and health expenditure. The urban-rural income gap has seriously restrained the demand of the rural residents for medical and health services, resulting in inequality between urban and rural health care expenditures. Further more, the serious division of medical insurance is also the cause of inequality of medical and health in urban and rural areas.
5. The implementation of the equalization of urban and rural health and medical services requires the government coordinates the development in urban and rural areas, and also gives peasant back the civil right. Changing the evaluation standards of performance, building a sound health financial system, and narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas are ways to achieve equality of health and medical services in urban and rural areas. It should be carried out in three steps to integrate urban and rural medical insurance.
全文共8章,除第1章绪论以外,第2—4章是本文分析的基础和前提:第2章是有关城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的理论及实证研究综述。第3章是城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的机理分析。第4章是城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的国际经验。第5章到第8章具体考察中国城乡卫生医疗服务的公平性、城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的效应、中国城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的原因并提出对策建议:第5章从卫生筹资、健康消费、医疗服务利用和健康公平等视角出发,对城乡卫生医疗服务的公平性进行分解分析。第6章剖析城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的经济和社会效应。第7章,从政府方、需求方、医疗保障方探究我国城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的原因。第8章为本文的政策建议部分。
第2章是文献综述。首先,梳理了西方的卫生医疗服务公平理论,即公共品理论、福利经济学理论、超福利主义理论、最大最小理论、平均主义理论,为我国城乡卫生医疗服务均等化研究奠定理论基础。其次,对卫生医疗服务公平的实证文献进行了回顾。第3章是城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的机理分析。首先从城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的内涵及实质出发,分析政府、供需双方、第三方四者的在城乡卫生医疗服务均等化中的关联及其运行机理,并设计了城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的指标体系。第4章的经验借鉴部分,通过对亚洲的日本、韩国、台湾及欧美国家城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的制度安排进行考察,总结出其一般规律及启示。
第5章对城乡卫生医疗服务公平性进行分解分析。文章使用类似于税收再分配的方法对我国卫生筹资进行了分解分析;在医疗服务利用和健康公平性的分解分析上使用了集中系数分解方法;利用泰尔指数、基尼系数和阿特金森指数对居民健康消费不平等进行的分析。第6章对我国城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的效应进行分析。本章首先从公共健康消费和个体健康消费两个方面切入,利用面板数据模型分析城乡卫生医疗服务非均等造成的收入差距扩大效应。并分析了城乡医疗保险发展的经济和社会效应,使用倍差方法对城乡医疗保险改革的福利效应进行研究,利用TIP贫困曲线和PEN队列描绘我国医疗保险与城乡反贫困的关系。本章还利用健康绩效系数对健康效率和健康公平的权衡进行了计算。第7章对城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的原因剖析。文章首先使用空间计量经济学方法、面板数据分析了政府行为对我国城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的影响。然后分析城乡收入差距对卫生服务利用、健康、筹资的影响。
通过上述这些研究,本文得到了如下主要结论。
1.城乡卫生医疗服务均等化是指政府参与其中的使城乡居民能无差别地享受同质的公共卫生服务、基本医疗服务和医疗保障服务的过程。城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的实质是公平,并且是公平与效率的统一;城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的目标是保证城乡居民生存和发展的起点公平、城乡居民基本就医权的平等以及公共卫生与基本医疗服务均等;城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的指标体系应由三个系统组成,即公平系统、效率系统及政府责任系统。发达国家(地区)的城乡卫生医疗服务均等化给我国的启示是:医疗保障模式应以社会医疗保险为主,必须强调政府责任。
2.城乡间的差距构成居民总体健康消费差距的主体;东、中、西部居民健康消费差异特点各异;人口变动在减缓健康消费差距扩大方面起到的作用微小;最近几年,农村内部健康消费不平等逐渐缩小,城镇内部健康消费不平等逐渐扩大。
我国卫生筹资增加了收入不平等,表现出了亲富人的再分配,主要的原因在于水平不平等和再排序效应,如果相同收入的人群进行相同的卫生支付,再分配效应将会降低64%,另一部分原因在于卫生筹资系统的累退性。在同为从穷人到富人的再分配中,农村卫生筹资亲富人的再分配程度高于城市;农村卫生筹资的累退程度大于城市;农村卫生筹资的水平不平等小于城市。
我国存在亲富人的健康不平等、医疗服务利用不平等,高收入人群的健康状况更好并使用了更多的医疗服务,收入因素对医疗服务利用不平等的贡献在0.13-0.2之间,医疗保险等因素也扩大了医疗服务利用不平等;农村健康不平等程度总体上高于城市,健康不平等程度城乡均在加深;1991—2006年,城、乡收入变动对城、乡健康不平等上升的平均贡献率分别为7.08%和13.38%。
3.城乡私人健康投资、公共健康投资差距都不同程度地对城乡收入差距扩大起到了强化作用。发生灾难性卫生支出的城乡家庭比例较高,最穷群体的医疗费用超过收入的比例增加,医疗保险对减少收入不平等只起到微弱作用。医疗保险补偿后,城乡患病家庭的贫困并没有减少,医疗保险在减贫上的作用很小。关于贫困特征的多元回归模型显示,家庭成员较多、教育程度低、抚养比率高、参保人数比率低是贫困的诱因,条件多元回归模型则显示,医疗保险对贫困的变动没有影响。由于大部分弱势群体没有被医疗保险覆盖、医疗保险基金节余率高、国家投资责任不到位等原因,使得我国过去的医疗保险制度在城乡反贫困方面作用微弱。
在平均健康水平下降且健康不平等增加的情况下,我国的健康绩效呈现下降态势。
新农合增加了医疗服务可及性,但却对净医疗费用影响甚微。城镇医疗保险改革对预防性储蓄没有挤出效应,医疗支出风险并没有随着改革的推进而降低,是我国城镇医疗保险改革对储蓄没有影响的重要原因。
4.政府重城轻乡忽视社会发展的战略及卫生财政偏差是城乡卫生医疗服务非均等的根本原因。医疗卫生支出是消费支出的构成部分,其基础是收入(生产率)。农民生产率低收入少,其中能用于医疗卫生的支出也少,城乡收入差距严重地抑制了农村居民对医疗卫生服务的需求,造成城乡卫生医疗服务支出上的不均等。再者,医疗保险的严重分割也是城乡卫生医疗服务不均等的原因。
5、实现城乡卫生医疗服务均等化需要政府统筹城乡发展还农民国民待遇。改变政绩考核标准、健全卫生财政制度、缩小城乡收入差距是实现城乡卫生医疗服务均等化的着力点。应分三步进行城乡医疗保险整合。
Health and medical services show enormous differences between urban and rural areas in many ways, such as the difference between possession of medical resources, health financing, health consuming, medical insurance and so on. The disparities of the health care services in urban and rural areas not only affect the health condition of citizens but also cause a series of social problems. In showing the characteristics and causes of the equalization of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas, the existing researches at home and abroad have made some good attempts; however, on the whole they are still not comprehensive or in-depth. The researches have ignored a number of important issues, which are, for example, what's the scope of the equalization of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas? How to set standard of this equalization? What's the essence of this equalization? Are there any negative effect of the equalization, and if there are any, what are they? What roles do health system and other institutional arrangements play in causing the inequality of the hearth and medical services in rural and urban areas? The answers to these crucial questions are obviously of great importance in deeper understanding of the equalization of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas in our country. To this end, this paper is working at the equalization in China based on the result of the existing study, using the more advanced methods. This paper is aiming at perfect the basic theory in the equalization of public services in urban and rural areas, and provides scientific policy recommendations in the practice of the reform in medical system.
There are eight chapters in this paper. Chapter 1 is the preface. And Chapter2-4 is the basis and premise of the analysis: Chapter 2 is about the review. Chapter3 is the mechanism analysis of the equalization of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas. Chapter4 is the international experience of this equalization. What Chapter5 to Chapter8 study in include the equity of the health care in Chinese urban and rural areas, the effects of inequality in health and medical services in urban and rural areas, the reason why there is inequality in these areas and propose suggestions. Chapter5 makes the disintegration analysis of the equality of health and medical services in the view of medical financing, health consuming, the usage of medical service and health equity. Chapter6 analyzes the economic and social effects caused by the inequality of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas. Chapter7 explore the inequality of these services in urban and rural areas from the side of government, the side of demand and the side of supply in medical services. Chapter8 is the part of the policy recommendations in this paper.
Chapter2 is a part of review. Firstly, this part sort out the western theory of equitable health care services, that is, public goods theory, welfare economics theory, super-welfare theory, mini-max theory and egalitarian theory, which are the basis of researching in the health and medical equalization in urban and rural areas. Secondly, this part reviews the empirical literature for the equalization of medical and health services. Chapter3 makes the mechanism analysis of the equalization of health and medical services in urban and rural areas. This chapter firstly analyses the association and the operation mechanism in this equalization by the four of the government, the supply and demand sides and the third-party by making the connotation and essence of the equalization of health and medical in urban and rural areas clear. And then designs an index system of this kind of equalization. Chapter4 is a part of the experience drawing, from study the system arrangements of equalization of health and medical services in urban and rural areas in Japan, Korea and Taiwan in Asia and some countries in Europe and America, summarize the general law and enlightenment.
Chapter5 makes the decomposition analysis in the equalization of the urban and rural health care. The method used in analyzing the health financing is similar to that used in the redistribution of tax revenue; in analyzing the utilization of medical service and equity of health, this paper uses a concentration factor decomposition method; and in analyzing the consumption inequality of civil health consumer, this paper utilizes the Thiele index, the Ginny coefficient and Atkinson index. Chapter6 analyses the non-equal effects of the health and medical services in urban and rural areas. This chapter firstly analyzes the effects in widening income gap of the non-equal health and medical services in urban and rural areas, by using panel data models. It is analyzed with respect to the two aspects which are consumption of public health and consumption of individual health. Secondly, it analyzes the economic and social effects caused by the development of medical insurance for urban and rural areas. It studies the welfare effects of the medical insurance reform in urban and rural areas by the use of method of difference in difference; and describes the relationship between the medical insurance reform and anti-poverty with the use of TIP poverty curves and PEN queue. Moreover, this chapter also calculates the balance of efficiency of health and equity of the health by using the health performance coefficient. Chapter7 analyzes the reasons for non-equal of health and medical services in the urban and rural areas. Firstly, it analyzes the effects of the equalization in health and medical services in urban and rural areas which are caused by governmental actions, using space econometric methods and panel data. Then, it analyzes the effects in the use of health service and the health funding caused by the urban-rural income gap.
Through the above-mentioned studies, this paper has drawn the main conclusions as follows.
1 .The equalization of health and medical services in urban and rural areas refers to a process, which makes the urban and rural residents enjoy the same public health service, basic medical services and medical insurance services with the Government's participation. The essence of the equalization of urban and rural health and medical services is fairness, and what's more, it's the unification of fairness and efficiency. The goal of this equalization is to ensure the equality of starting point in the survival and development of urban and rural residents, to ensure the equality of the right to get the basic medical treatment of urban and rural residents, and to make equalization of the public health and basic medical services. The index system of equalization of urban and rural health and medical services is composed by three systems, which is the fair system, the efficient system and the system of government responsibility. The enlightenment of developed countries (regions) of the equalization of urban and rural health and medical services are that medical support model should be based on community-based health insurance, and we must emphasize the responsibility of the Government.
2. The gap between urban and rural residents constitutes the main body of the health consumption gap between urban and rural residents. And the differences among the eastern, central and western regions have their own characteristics. Population changes play a minor role in reducing the widening the health consumption gap. In recent years, the internal non-equality of health consumption in rural areas is gradually shrinking, however, the internal non-equality in urban areas is gradually expanding.
The health financing of China makes an increase of income inequality, shows a redistribution of pro-rich. The main reason of this is because of the horizontal inequality and the re-order effect, for example, if the same income groups make the same hygiene payments, the redistribution effect will be reduced by 64%. Another reason is because that health financing system is regressive. In the same redistribution between the poor and the rich, the extent of pro-rich is higher in rural areas than that in urban, the regression in rural health financing is greater than that in urban, and the level of inequality in rural health financing is lower than that of urban areas. The inequality of health and medical services in our country is pro-rich, and the high-income groups are in better health conditions and consume more medical services. Income factors make the contribution of 0.13-0.2 in the inequality of the usage of medical services, and other factors, just like medical insurance, also expand this inequality. The degree of this inequality is deeper in rural than that in urban in total, and in both areas, the degree of inequality is expanding. In the year 1991-2006, the average contribution rates in the inequality of health in urban and rural made by the income changes are separately 7.08% and 13.38%.
3. The gap between urban and rural private health investment and the gap of that in public health investment have played an enhanced role on the urban-rural income gap. There is a higher proportion of urban and rural households in catastrophic health expenditure, and the percentage of the poorest groups of medical expenses in excess of their income is increasing. The medical insurance has only play a weak role in reducing income inequality. After the medical insurance compensation, the number of home in poverty in urban and rural areas has not decreased, and medical insurance has a very small fluctuation in reducing poverty. The multivariate regression model about the poverty characteristics shows that more family members, lower levels of education, higher dependency ratio and lower rate of insurance number are incentives of poverty, conditional multivariate regression model shows that health insurance for the poor does not affect the changes. As most vulnerable groups were not covered by medical insurance, the saving rates of medical insurance fund remained high, state investment duty was not in place and other reasons, the medical insurance system played a weak role in anti-poverty in urban and rural in the past years of our country. With the declining average level of health and increasing health inequality, the performance of the health in our country has shown a downward trend.
New rural cooperative medical system increased the accessibility of medical services, but it only made little effect on the net medical expenses. The reform of urban health insurance didn't have crowding-out effect on the precautionary savings, and the risk of medical expenses did not reduce as the reforms going. That is an important reason that why China's urban health insurance reform does not affect the savings.
4. The fundamental reason of the unequal situation in health and medical services in urban and rural areas is the strategies that government value the city but neglect the rural areas and the deviation of health and finance. Medical and health expenditures are an integral part of consumer spending, which is based on income (productivity). With the lower productivity and less income, peasant can spend little on medical and health expenditure. The urban-rural income gap has seriously restrained the demand of the rural residents for medical and health services, resulting in inequality between urban and rural health care expenditures. Further more, the serious division of medical insurance is also the cause of inequality of medical and health in urban and rural areas.
5. The implementation of the equalization of urban and rural health and medical services requires the government coordinates the development in urban and rural areas, and also gives peasant back the civil right. Changing the evaluation standards of performance, building a sound health financial system, and narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas are ways to achieve equality of health and medical services in urban and rural areas. It should be carried out in three steps to integrate urban and rural medical insurance.
引文
1王绍光,2003:《中国公共卫生的危机与转机》,比较,北京:中信出版社.
2胡光宇,2006:《新健康革命》,北京:清华大学出版社。
3张慧,2005:《医疗保障:缺口大且公平性不足》,《市场研究)第3期,第13-15页。
1王绍光,胡鞍钢,丁元竹,2002:《经济繁荣背后的社会不稳定》,《战略与管理》第3期,第26-33页。
2Amartya Sen,1999,Development as Freedom,New York:Alfred A.Knopf.
1阿特金森,斯蒂格里茨,1992:《公共经济学》,上海:上海三联书店出版。
1Alexander S.Preker.John C.Langenbrunner,2006:《明智的支出为穷人购买医疗卫生服务》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
2顾昕.高梦滔,姚洋,2006:《诊断与处方直面中国医疗体制改革》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3阿耶.L.希尔曼,2006:《公共财政与公共政策》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
4葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改问题根源出路》.北京:中国发展出版社。
1 Hurley,3.2000,An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
2 Hadorn,D.C.,1991,"Setting Health Priorities in Oregon:Cost-Effectiveness Meets the Rule of Rescue" Journal of the American Medical Association,265:2218-2225.
1Atharina Hauck Peter C.Smith Maria Goddard,2006:《采购什么:医疗卫生服务项目优先次序的重置》,Alexander S.Preker and John C.Langenbrunner《明智的支出为穷人购买医疗卫生服务),北京:中国财政经济出版社。
2Samuelson P.A,1954,"The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure",The Review of Economics and Statistics,36(4):387-389.
1 Harvey S.Rosen,2005:《财政学》,北京:清华大学出版社。
2 郭庆旺,赵志耘,2002:《财政学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社.
1 Tiebout C.M.,1956," A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures",The Journal of Political Economy,164(5):416-424.
2 方福前。1994:《福利经济学》,北京:人民出版社.
3 Hurley,J.2000,"An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector"in A.J.Culyer and J.P.New house,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1庇古,2006:《福利经济学》,北京:商务印书馆。
2Anna Mansdotter,Lars Lindholm,Ann(O|¨)hman,2004," Women,Men and Public Health-How the Choice of Normative Theory Affects Resource Allocation",Health Policy,69:351-364.
1井润生,2002:《西方福利经济学的发展演变》,《学术研究》 第8期,第12-15页.
2于树一,2007:《公共服务均等化的理论基础探析》,《财政研究》第7期,第27-29页。
3刘钧,2001:《西方福利经济学发展浅探》,《中央财经大学学报》第3期,第6-11页。v
4Antoine Bommier,Guy Stecklov,2002,"Defining Health Inequality:Why Rawls Succeeds Where Social Welfare Theory Fails",Journal of Health Economics,21:497-513.
5Culyer,A.J.,Wagstaff,A.,1993,"Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care",Journal of Health Economics,12(4):431-457.
1 Jeff Richardson,John McKie,2005,"Empiricism,Ethics and Orthodox Economic Theory:What Is the Appropriate Basis for Decision-Making in the Health Sector ",Social Science &Medicine,60:265-275.
2 罗尔斯,1999:《正义论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
3 阿玛蒂亚.森,2006:《论经济不平等一不平等之再考察》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
1 姚洋,2004:《转轨中国:审视社会公正和平等》,北京:中国人民大学出版社.
2 Culyer,A.J.,1989,"The Normative Economics of Health Care Finance and Provision",Oxford Review of Economic Policy,5(l):34-58.
3 Stephen Birch,Cam Donaldson,2003," Valuing the Benefits and Costs of Health Care Programmes:Where' s The 'Extra' in Extra-Welfarism",Social Science & Medicine,56:1121-1133.
4 Hurley,J.2000,"An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector"in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Weinstein,M.,Manning,W.,1997,"Theoretical Issues in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis",Journal of Health Economics,16:121-128.
2 Williams A,! 997,"Intergeneration Equity:An Exploration of the Fair Innings Argument ",Health Economics,6:117-32.
3 Lindholm L,Rosen M,1998,"On the Measurement of the Nation's Equity Adjusted Health ",Health Economics,7:621-628.
4 NordE,Pinto JL,Richardson J,MenzelP,UbelP,1999,"Incorporating SocietaI Concerns for Fairness in Numerical Valuations of Health Programmes",Health Economics,8:25-39.
5 罗尔斯,1999:《正义论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
1Williams A.,Richard Cookson,2000,"Equity in Health ",North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Eister,J,1992,Local Justice:How Institutions Allocate Scarce Goods and Necessary Burdens,Russel Sage,New York.
2 Daniels,N.,2001," Justice,Health,and Healthcare",The American Journai of 8ioethics,1(2):2-16.
1 Culyer,A.J.,Wagstaff,A.,1993," Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care",Journal of Health Economics.12(4):431-457.
2 张艳梅,2007:《论丹尼尔斯医疗保健公正理论》,《医学与哲学》第4期,第21-25页.
3 Alexander W.,Cappelen Ole,Frithjof Norheim,2006," Responsibility,Fairness and Rationing in Health Care",Health Policy,76:312-319.
1黄有光,2003:《效率公平与公共政策-扩大公共支出势在必行》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
2Noziek,R.,1999,Anarchy,State and Utopia,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
1尼古拉斯.巴尔,2003:《福利国家经济学》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
2舍曼.富兰德。2004:《卫生经济学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社.
3WagstaffA.,Eddy van Doorslaer,2000,Equity in Health Care Finance and Delivery in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Gottschalk,P.,Wolfe,B.and Haveman,R.,1989,"Health Care Financing in the US,UK and The Netherlands:Distributional Consequences" in Chiancone,A.and Messere,K.eds.,Changes in revenue structures(Wayne State University Press,Detroit).
2 Wagstaff,A.,Van Doorslaer,E.,Calonge,S.,1992,"Equity in the Finance of Health Care:Some International Comparisons",Journal of Health Economics,11(4):361-87.
3 Lairson,D.R.,Hindson,P.and Hauquitz,A.,1995,"Equity of Health Care in Australia",Social Science Medicine,41(4):475-482.
4 Le Grand,J.,1987,"Inequalities in Health:Some International Comparisons",European Economic Review,31(1):182-191.
5 Propper,C.,and Upward,R.,1992,"Need,Equity and the NHS:The Distribution of Health Care Expenditure 1974-87",Fiscal Studies,13(2):1-21.
6 尹冬梅,胡普联,程晓明等。1999:《中国贫困农村地区卫生服务公平性研究》,《中国卫生经济)第3期,第7-10页。
1徐凌中,邴嫒媛,柳丽华,2001:《卫生筹资政策对公平性的影响》,《中华医院管理杂志》第5期,第268-271页.
2吴成丕。2003:《中国医疗保险制度改革中的公平性研究--以威海为例》,《经济研究》第6期,第54-63页。
3应晓华,李国红,胡善联等,2004:《家庭卫生筹资公平性研究》,《中华医院管理杂志》第8期,第449-453页。
4王小林,2007:《中国卫生服务筹资:公平与发展》,《南京大学学报》第3期,第42-53页.
5高梦滔,顾昕,2007:《城市医疗救助筹资与给付水平的地区不平等性》,《南京大学学报》第3期,第34-71页.
1海闻,刘刚,王健,2002:《中国农村卫生问题研究》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第14-16页。
2李卫平,石光,赵琨,2003:《我国农村卫生保健的历史现状与问题》,《管理世界》第4期,第33-43页.
3谢红,尹俊波,郭红霞,2004:《农村卫生资源现状分析》,《中国医院管理》第9期,第61-62页.
4胡国清,饶克勤,孙振球,2005:《中国农村卫生服务领域中供需双方存在的主要问题》,《中国医学科学院学报》第4期,第543-646页。
5韩俊,罗丹,2007:《中国农村卫生调查》,上海:上海远东出版社。
6王红漫,2006:《大国卫生之论农村卫生枢纽与农民的选择》,北京:北京大学出版社。
1郝子成,董兆举,王俊明等,《经济相对落后地区农村卫生服务现况分析》,《现代预防医学》第4期,第733-735页。
2Sen,G.,Iyer,A.and A.George.,2002,Class,Gender and Health Equity:Lessons from Liberalizing India In Engendering International Health:The Challenge of Equity eds.G.Sen,A.George,P.(O|¨)stlin.Cambridge MA:The MIT Press.
3Grossman Michael.,1999,"The Human Capital Model of The Demand for Health",NBER Working paper no.7078.http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078.
4樊明,2002:《健康经济学-健康对劳动市场表现的影响》,北京:社会科学文献出版社.
5海闻,刘刚,王健,2002:《中国农村卫生问题研究:经济学观点》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第14一16页.
6胡国清,饶克勤,孙振球,2005:《中国农村卫生服务领域中供需双方存在的主要问题》,《中国医学科学院学报》第4期,第543-546页。
7任苒,张琳,图易宸等,2004:《辽宁省农村不同经济水平地区居民医疗保健需要需求与利用》,《医学与哲学》第3期,第18-22页。
1张鹭鹭,胡普联,魏颖等,2002:《区域内城乡居民医疗服务需要需求及其影响因素分析》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第36-39页。
2刘丽娜,徐凌中,2007:《威海市城乡居民住院服务利用研究》,《中国卫生统计》第1期,第60-62页.
3Avi Dor,Paul Gertler,Jacques van der Gaag.,1987,"Non-Price Rationing and The Choice of Medical Care Providers in Rural Cote d'Ivoire ",Journal of Health Economics,6(4):291-304.
4Arrow,K.J.,1963,"Uncertainty and The Welfare Economics of Medical Care",American Economic Review 53:941-973.
1关志强,崔斌,董朝晖,2007:《城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的发展》∥《中国社会保障发展报告》.北京:社会科学文献出版社。
2张琪,2003:《中国医疗保障理论制度与运行》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
3顾昕,高梦滔,姚洋,2006:《诊断与处方直面中国医疗体制改革》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
1Edward,GU,2001,"Market Transition and The Transformation of The Health Care System in Urban China Policy Studies",Policy study,22(3):197-215.
2马修强,张罗漫,熊林平等,2001:《我国城镇职工医疗保障制度改革现状分析》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第50-51页。
3刘岚,陈功,郑晓瑛,2007:《我国城镇社会医疗保障面临的困境与模式选择》,《经济理论与经济管理》第9期,第47-51页。
4关志强,崔斌,董朝晖,2007:《城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的发展》∥《中国社会保障发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
5顾昕,方黎明,2004:《自愿性与强制性之间:中国农村合作医疗的制度嵌入性与可持续发展分析》,《社会学研究》,第5期,第1-18页.
6谭克俭,丁润萍,颛惠琳,2007:《新型农村合作医疗理论与实践》,北京:中国社会出版社。
1李华,2007:《中国农村合作医疗制度研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
2李和森,2006:《中国农村医疗保障制度研究》,北京:经济科学出版社.
3唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社.
4杨玲,2004:《以家庭为单位参加新型农村合作医疗与城镇化的两难选择》,《中国农村经济》第12期,第59-64页.
5刘军民,2006:《农村合作医疗存在的制度缺陷》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第2期,第32-36页。
6金彩红,2006:《中国新型农村合作医疗制度设计缺陷的理论分析》,《上海经济研究》第9期。第71-76页。
7顾海,唐艳,2006:《强制性制度变迁与农户理性不及的反应对新型农村合作医疗的两点思考》,《农业经济问题)第11期,第39-41页.
8李娟娟,2007:《西部农村新型合作医疗制度设计中的悖论及实施中的困境分析》,《理论导刊》第4期,第91-92页.
9赵慧珠,2007:《新型农村合作医疗制度的难题及其破解》,《中共中央党校学报》第 4期,第93-98页。
1徐丽,2005:《新型农村合作医疗筹资机制可持续性研究》,《安徽农业科学》第11期,第156-157页。
2张莉,2005:《我国新型农村合作医疗的筹资困境》,《科学对社会的影响》第4期。第36-38页。
3陈健生,2005:《新型农村合作医疗筹资制度的设计与改进》,《财经科学》第1期,第124-131页。
4陈迎春,吴妮娜,王莉杨。2006:《新型农村合作医疗需方筹资风险分析》,《中国卫生经济》第5期,第26-27页。
5王延中,刘湘丽,崔红志,2007:《新型农村合作医疗制度的建立与发展)∥《中国社会保障发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
6张磊,贺雪娇,2007:《剖析新型农村合作医疗制度的筹资意愿与能力》,《农村经济》第5期,第79-81页.
1赵晓强,张雪梅,2006:《贫困地区农村新型合作医疗参合率和利用率研究》,《农业经济问题)第6期,第23-27页。
2冯珊珊,陈天亮,谢志文等,2007:《广州鳘头镇新型农村合作医疗参与意向及其影响因素调查》,《卫生软科学》第2期,第10-12页.
3林晨,2007:《中部地区农民参加农村新型合作医疗的影响因素分析》,《农业经济间题》第1期,第47-51页。
4王红漫,顾大男,杜远举等,2006:《新型农村合作医疗参与满意度及持续性的影响因素分析》,《中国人口科学》第5期,第42-49页。
5曾明。张永美,2007:《农民参与新型农村合作医疗的意愿及其决定因素》,《天津行政学院学报》第2期,第25-29页。
6王红漫,2005:《药品价格对新型农村合作医疗制度的影响--北京市郊区专项调查》,《中国物价》第11期,第23-24页。
7孙晓筠,Adrian·Sleigh,李士雪等,2006:《新型农村合作医疗对乡村医生处方行为的影响研究》,《中国卫生经济》第4期,第42-44页。
8贾清萍,2007:《新农村建设中新型农村合作医疗制度优化的路径选择》,《江汉论坛》第4期,第20-22页.
1吴晓红,江启成,秦其荣,2007:《新型农村合作医疗定点医疗机构不规范行为现况研究》,《现代预防医学》第9期,第4-6页。
2杨海文,於怡,2005:《农村新型合作医疗保险制度中筹资机制研究》,《中南财经政法大学学报》第1期,第42-44页.
3高彦彦,尚长风,2006:《从非正式医疗机构视角构建新型农村合作医疗网》,《财经科学》第5期,第100-105页.
4李士雪,杨金侠,2006:《对新型农村合作医疗定点医疗机构实施监管的主体策略及控制方法》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第43-45页。
5向春玲,2006:《公益组织在新型农村合作医疗制度建设中的作用以山东省即墨市济宁市红十字会为例》,《中国农村观察》第5期,第34-50页。
6谢红莉,瞿佳,周芬等,2007:《城市医院在新型农村合作医疗中的作用》,《中华医院管理杂志》第2期,第81-83页。
1张车伟,2003:《营养健康与效率》,《经济研究》第1期,第3-12页.
2刘国恩,WilliBm H.Dow,傅正泓等,2004:《中国的健康人力资本与收入增长》,《经济学(季刊》第10期,第101-118页。
3刘乐山,何炼成,2005:《公共产品供给的差异》,《人文杂志》第1期,第129-133页。
4孟庆国,胡鞍钢,2000:《消除健康贫困应成为农村卫生改革与发展的优先战略》,《中国卫生资源》第11期,第245-249页。
5原新,刘佳宁,2005:《我国农村人口的健康贫困探讨》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》第4期,第94-99页。
6唐钧,2006:《公共服务均等化保障6种基本权利》,《时事报告》第6期,第42-43页。
1张东豫,2007:《构建和谐社会与城乡公共服务均等化》,《中南财经政法大学研究生学报》第1期,第43-48页。
2王翠芳,2007:《试探新农村建设中城乡基本公共服务均等化问题》,《经济问题》第5期,第82-84页.
3崔惠玲,郭华平,李彦敏,2003:《我国卫生费用投入及分配的公平性分析》,《上海经济研究》第1期,第18-27页。
4刘金伟,2006:《城乡卫生资源配置的倒三角模式及其成因》,《调研世界》第3期,第22-25页。
1王晓杰,张健,2006:《略论医疗保险政策的公平性选择》,《学术交流》第7期,第129一132页.
2顾昕。高梦滔.姚洋,2006:《诊断与处方直面中国医疗体制改革》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3冯占春,侯泽蓉,郑舒文等,2006a:《我国城乡卫生投入公平性的影响因素及其对策》,《中华医院管理杂志》第10期,第657-660页。
4葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改问题根源出路》,北京:中国发展出版社。
5王绍光,何焕荣,乐园,2005:《政策导向汲取能力与卫生公平》,《中国社会科学》第6期,第101-120页。
1刘金伟,2006:《城乡卫生资源配置的倒三角模式及其成因》,《调研世界》第3期,第22-25页.
2王延中,冯立果,2007:《中国医疗卫生改革何处去甩包袱式市场化改革的资源集聚效应与改进》,《中国工业经济》第8期,第24-31页。
3葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改问题根源出路》,北京:中国发展出版社。
4胡鞍钢.胡琳琳,2003:《从不公平到更加公平的卫生发展:中国城乡疾病模式差距分析与建议》,《管理世界》第1期,第78-87页。
5刘乐山,何炼成,2005:《公共产品供给的差异:城乡居民收入差距扩大的一个原因解析》,《人文杂志》第1期,第129-133页。
1章也微,2005:《城乡统筹发展的公共卫生筹资机制研究》,《农村经济》第3期,第74-76页.
2冯占春,侯泽蓉,代会侠等,2006b:《我国城乡卫生费用的公平性研究》,《中华医院管理杂志》第10期,第60-61页。
3原新,刘佳宁,2005:《我国农村人口的健康贫困探讨》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》第4期.第94-99页。
4颜嫒嫒,李强,于乐荣,2006:《城乡人口健康差异的原因透视与政策建议》,《农村经济》第8期.第108-110页。
1章也徽,2005:《城乡统筹发展的公共卫生筹资机制研究》,《农村经济》第3期,第74-76页。
2王延中,冯立果,2007:《中国医疗卫生改革何处去甩包袱式市场化改革的资源集聚效应与改进》,《中国工业经济》第8期,第24-31页。
1项中新,2000:《均等化:基础理念与制度安排》,北京:中国经济出版社。
2严剑峰,2003:《横向均等化财政转移支付数额分配的一种方法》,《财贸经济》第8期,第48-53页。
3黄解宇,常云昆,2005:《对西部地区转移支付的均等化模型分析》,《财经研究》第8期,第111-123页。
4李华.2005:《中国农村公共品供给与财政制度创新》,北京:经济科学出版社。
1江明融,2006:《公共服务均等化论略》,《中南财经政法大学学报》第3期,第43-47页。
2陈海威,田侃,2007:《我国基本公共服务均等化问题探讨》,《中州学刊》第5期,第32-34页。
3贾康,2007:《公共服务的均等化应积极推进但不能急于求成》,《审计与理财》第8期,第5-6页。
4刘尚希-2007:《基本公共服务均等化:现实要求和政策路径》,《浙江经济》第13期,第24-27页。
1 Culyer,simpson,1980,"Externality Models and Health:A Ruckblick over the last Twenty Years ",Economic Record,56:222-230.
1王俊华,2005:《当代卫生事务研究》,北京:科学出版社。
2孟庆跃,严非,2005:《中国城市卫生服务公平与效率评价研究》,济南:山东大学出版社。
3梁万年.2003:《卫生事业管理学》,北京:人民卫生出版社。
4孟庆跃,严非,2005:《中国城市卫生服务公平与效率评价研究》,济南:山东大学出版社。
1奥肯.阿瑟,1999:《平等与效率》,北京:华夏出版社。
1 John W.Peabody,Sung-Woo Lee,Stephen R.Bickeld,1995,"Health for All in the Republic of Korea:One Country's Experience with Implementing Universal",Health care Health Policy,31:29-42.
1 Tsuneo Tanaka,1978,"Medical Care in Japan,Yesterday,Today,and Tomorrow",Social Science & Medicine.Part A:Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology,12:479-483.
2 许正中,2002:《社会医疗保险:制度选择与管理模式》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3 Tung-liang Chiang,1997,"Taiwan's 1995 Health Care Reform ",Health Policy,39:225-239.
4 刘永华,傅卫,毛正中等。2006:《我国台湾地区全民健康保险制度的启示》,《中国卫生经济》第9期,第38-40页。
1乌日图,2003:《医疗保障制度国际比较》,北京:化学工业出版社。
2高连克。杨淑琴,2005:《英国医疗保障制度变迁及其启示》,《北方论丛)第4期,第110-113页.
3 Gerdtham U Bengt Jonsson,2000,International Comparisons of Health Expenditure:Theory,Data and Ecomometric Analysis in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1丁润萍,2007:《国外农村医疗保障的经验及对我国的启示》,《经济问题》第4期,第122-124页。
1周振,谢家智,2007:《国外农村社会保障制度比较及对重庆的启示》,《重庆社会科学》第12期,第8-12页.
2乌日图,2003:《医疗保障制度国际比较》,北京:化学工业出版社.
1林端宜,2003:《台湾健康保险制度观》,《中国中医药信息杂志》第2期,第90-92页。
1唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社.
2许正中,2002:《社会医疗保险:制度选择与管理模式》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3邱家学,赵丽华,2007:《国外农村医疗保险制度对我国的启示》,《上海医药》第7期,第314-316页.
1 赵喜顺.2000:《台湾的医疗保险制度》,《台湾研究集刊》第1期,第95-102页。
2 许正中.2002:《社会医疗保险:制度选择与管理模式》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3 Robin Gauld,Naoki lkegami,Michael D.Barr,2006,"Advanced Asia's Health Systems in Comparison ",Health Policy,79:325-336.
1 唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社。
2 Jui-fen R.Lu,Gabriel M.Leung,Soonman Kwon,2007,"Horizontal Equity in Health Care Utilization Evidence from Three High-income Asian Economies",Social Science & Medicine,64:199- 212.
3 于保荣,高光明,王庆,2006:《中日两国医疗服务利用及效果分析》,《中国卫生质量管理》第4期,第79-82页。
1 唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社。
1 孙子平,2002:《日本医疗保障制度的考察及启示》,《医院领导决策参考》第10期,第29-32页。
2 林义,2006:《农村社会保障的国际比较及启示研究》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
1 中华人民共和国卫生部,2003:《中国卫生统计年鉴(2003)》,北京:中国协和医科大学出版社。
1 高培勇,2008:《财政与民生》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
2 葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改》,北京:中国发展出版社。
1 World Bank,1997,China 2020:Financing Health Care,Washington:The World Bank.
2 Feng xueshan,Tang shenglan,Gerald Bloom,1995,"Cooperative Medical Schemes in Contemporary Rural China",Social Science Medical,8:1111-1118.
1 Manski,C.,2000,"Economic Analysis of Economic Interaction",The Journal of Economic Perspectives,14:115-136.
2 内生效应对某项决策的参与的影响主要表现在三个方面,第一,个体可以参考群体成员行为选定模仿行动,包括直接的互相讨论或根据他人的行动进行推断。第二,个体某项行动参与决策可能受到社会规范或关于社会规范的信念的影响,通过观察参考群体,个体希望保持与其所在社会群体大多数成员相似的参与水平。第三,个体通过参与某项决策可以获得与其他参与者交流的机会,从而享受到交流共同话题的愉悦。
3 Putnam,R,1993,.Making Democracy Work:Civil Traditions in Modern Italy,Princeton:Princeton University Press
1 胡苏云,2006:《中国农村人口医疗保障:穷人医疗干预视角的分析》,《中国人口科学》第3期,第30-37页.
1 高培勇,2008:《财政与民生》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
2 Henderson,G.,Jin,S.,Akin,J.,Li,Z.,Wang,J.,1995,"Distribution of Medical Insurance in China",Social Science &Medicine,8:1119 - 1130.
1 Wagstaff,A.,Lindelow,M.,2008," Can Insurance Increase Financial Risk? ",Health Economy,2:1-16.
1 Hurst J.,1985,Financing Health Care in the US,Canada and Britain,Kings Fund,London.
2 Cantor,1988,The Burden of Financing Health Care in The United States,John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health,Baltimore.
3 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,Paci,P.,1989,"Equity in the Finance and Delivery of Health Care:Some Tentative Cross-Country Comparisons",Oxford Review of Economic Policy,5:89- 112.
4 Van Doorslaer E.,Wagstaff,A.,1999,"The Redistributive Effect of Health Care Finance in Twelve OECD Countries",Journal of Health Economics,18:291-313.
5 赵郁馨,万泉,张毓辉,2004:《卫生筹资累进性分析案例研究》,《中国卫生经济》第7期,第13-17页.
6 李斌,2006:《黑龙江省卫生筹资累进性研究》,《中国卫生经济》第1期,第10-15页。
7 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,1997,"Horizontal Equity and Reranking in Health Care Finance:A Decomposition Analysis for the Netherlands",Journal of Health Economics,16:499-516.
8 Van Doorslaer E.,Wagstaff,A.,1999,"The Redistributive Effect of Health Care Finance in Twelve OECD Countries",Journal of Health Economics,18:291-313.
9 应晓华,胡善联,江芹,2004:《家庭卫生筹资水平不公平与垂直不公平分析》,《中华医院管理杂志》第8期,第454-456页。
1 Owen O'Donnell,Eddy van Doorslaer,2008,"Who Pays for Health Care in Asia",Journal of Health Economics.27:460-475.
2 当然,在2000年,也有少数国家的自付支出(OOP)比例超过中国(Owen,2008),如孟加拉(64.6%)、尼泊尔(75%)。
1 Lmabert P.,1993,The Distribution and Redistribution of Income:A Mathematicalanalysis,2nd ed.Manchester:Manchester University Press.
2 R的来源有二:一是对相同收入人群的不同对待,二是边际税率超过了100%(Wagstaff,1997)。一般而言,筹资的水平不公平主要由H和R来表示,而垂直不公平主要由V来表示。
1 万泉,赵郁馨,张毓辉,2004:《卫生筹资累进分析方法研究》,《中国卫生经济》 第7期,第18-20页.
2 家用电器包括收音机、 录音机、录像机、黑白电视机、彩色电视机、洗衣机、冰箱、空调、缝纫机、电扇、计算机、照相机、微波炉、电饭煲、高压锅、电话、手机、VCD/DVD、卫星天线等。
1 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,1997,"Horizontal Equity and Reranking in Health Care Finance:A Decomposition Analysis for the Netherlands",Journal of Health Economics,16:499-516.
1 刘远立,姚克勤,2003:《中国:健康差距在经济转型中不断拉大.挑战健康不公平-从理念到行动》,牛津:牛津大学出版社。
1 西奥多·W·舒尔茨,1990:《论人力资本投资》,北京:北京经济学院出版社。
1 樊桦,2001:《农村居民健康消费不足的经济学分析》,《中国农村观察》第6期,第37-43页。
2 平新乔,2003;《从中国农民医疗保健支出看农村医疗保健融资机制的选择》,《管理世界》第11期,第2-13页。
3 欧阳志刚,2007:《农民医疗卫生支出影响因素的综列协整分析》,《世界经济》第9期,第47-55页。
4 李通屏.王金营。2007:《中国农村居民人力资本投资对消费行为的影响》,《经济评论》第1期,第44-50页。
1 李家鸽,2005:《城乡居民医疗保健支出比较分析》,《贵州财经学院学报》第2期,第45-47页。
2 王莉,白晓丹,2007:《基于泰尔指数的我国人力资本投资城乡差异分析》,《广东商学院学报》第4期,第11-13页。
3 Theil,H.,1967,Economics and Information Theory,Amsterdam:North- Holland.
1 Mookherjee,D.,Shorrocks,A.F.,1982,"A Decomposition of the Trend in UK Income Inequality",Economic Journal,92:886-902.
2 Sundrum R.M.,1990,Income Distribution in LessDeveloped Countries,London and New York:Routledge.
1 在用这种方法前,必须先用其他方法计算出城镇和农村内部的基尼系数,我们采用以下公式计算城镇和农村内部的基尼系数。G_(1or2)=1+1/N-2/N~2μ-(x_1+2x_2+....+Nx_n);(x_1≥x_12≥...x_N)。
2 Atkinson Anthony B.,1970,"On the Measurement of Inequality",Journal of Economic Theory,2:244-263.
1 Grossman M.,1972," On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health',Journal of Political Economy,80(2):223-255.
1 韩俊,罗丹,2007:《中国农村卫生调查》,上海:上海远东出版社。
1 Mooney,G.H.,1986,Economics,Medicine,and Health Care,Wheatsheaf,Brighton.
1 Le Grand,J.1987a,"Equity,Health and Health Care",Social Justice Research,1:257- 274.
2 Alleyne,G.A.O.,J.Casas,and C.Castillo-Salgado,2000,"Equality,Equity:Why Bother?",Bulletin of the World Health Organization,78:76 - 77.
3 Evans,T.,M.Whitehead,F.Diderichsen,A.,2001,Introduction In Challenging Inequities in Health:From Ethics to Action,ed.T.Evans,M.Whitehead,F.Diderichsen,Oxford:Oxford University Press.
7 Amartya Sen,2002,"Why Health Equity?",Health Economics,8:659 - 666.
5 Stephen Morris,Matthew Sutton,Hugh Gravelle,2005," Inequity and Inequality in the Use of Health Care in England:An Empirical Investigation",Social Science & Medicine,60:1251 - 1266.
6 Illsley,R.and Le Grand,J.,1987,The Measurement of Inequality in Health,in:Williams,A.eds.,Health and economics,Macmillan,London.
7 Van Doorslaer,E.,Wagstaff,A.,Bleichrodt,H.,et al.1997,"Income-related Inequalities in Health:Some International Comparisons",Journal of Health Economics,16:93-112.
8 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,Watanabe,N.,2003," On Decomposing Health Sector Inequalities,with An Application to Malnutrition Inequalities in Vietnam",Journal of Econometrics,112:219- 227.
1 Dusheiko,Gravelle,2001,"Measuring Income Related Inequality in Health within General Practices",Centre for Health Economics,Technical Paper 22.
2 Lairson,D.R.,Hindson,P.and Hauquitz,A.,1995,"Equity of Health Care in Australia",Social Science Medicine,4:475-482.
3 Van Doorslaer E.,Adam Wagstaff,Hattem van der Burg,2000,"Equity in the Delivery of Health Care in Europe and the US",Journal of Health Economics,19:553-583.
4 Van Doorslaer,E.,& Masseria,C.,2004,"Income-Related Inequality in the Use of Medical Care in 21 OECD Countries ",Health Policy Studies,1:109 - 166.
5 Van Doorslaer E.,Philip Clarke,Elizabeth Savage,2008," Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System",Health Policy,86:97-108.
6 刘宝,胡普联,2003:《收入相关健康不平等实证研究》,《卫生经济研究》第1期,第14-16页.
7 胡琳琳,2005:《我国与收入相关的健康不平等实证研究》,《卫生经济研究》第12期,第13-16页。
1 O'Donnell,O.,van Doorslaer,E.,Wagstaff,A.,& Lindelow,M.,2008,"Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data:A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation",Washington,DC:World Bank.
2 Van Doorslaer,E.,and U.-G.Gerdtham.,2003,"Does Inequality in Self-Assessed Health Predict Inequality in Survival by Income? Evidence from Swedish Data",Social Science and Medicine,9:1621- 1629.
3 Wagstaff,A.,2002," Poverty and Health Sector Inequalities",Bulletin o.fthe World Health Organization,2:97 - 105.
4 Wagstaff,A.,Paci,P.,van Doorslaer,E.,1991a,"On the Measurement of Inequalities in Health",Social Science and Medicine,33:545 - 557.
5 Wagstaff,A.,Van Doorslaer,E.,Paci,P.,1991b,"Horizontal Equity in the Delivery of Health Care",Journal of Health Economics,10:251 - 256.
6 Wagstaff A.,Eddy van Doorslaer,Naoko Watanabe,2003,"On Decomposing the Causes of Health Sector Inequalities with an Application to Malnutrition Inequalities in Vietnam ",Journal of Econometrics,112:207-223.
1 当然,集中系数的标准差还可以用Rao(1965)的非线性delta方法得到。
2 Kakwani,N.,Wagstaff,A.,et al.,1997," Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health:Measurement.Comnutation and Statistical Inference".Journal of Econometrics.1:87 - 104.
3 个体健康也可以看作是对健康的需求。
4 Van Doorslaer E.,Adam Wagstaff,Hattem van der Burg,2000,"Equity in the Delivery of Health Care in Europe and the US",Journal of Health Economics,19:553-583.
5 Van Doorslaer,E.,& Masseria,C.,2004,"Income-Related Inequality in the Use of Medical Care in 21 OECD Countries ",Health Policy Studies,1:109 - 166.
6 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,2000," Measuring and Testing for Inequity in the Delivery of Health Care",Journal of Human Resources,35:716 - 733.
1 Jui-fen R.,Lu Gabriel M.,Leung Soonman Kwon,2007,"Horizontal Equity in Health Care Utilization Evidence from Three High-Income Asian Economies",Social Science and Medicine,64:199 - 212.
2 Oaxaca,R.L.,1973," Male- female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets",International Economic Review,14:693 - 709.
3 Van Doorslaer E.,Philip Clarke,Elizabeth Savage,2008," Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System",Health Policy,86:97-108.
1 Wagstaff,A.,Van Doorslaer,E.,Paci,P.,1991b,"Horizontal Equity in the Delivery of Health Care",Journal0of Health Economics,10:251 - 256.
2 Wagstaff,A.,and E.van Doorslaer.,1994,"Measuring Inequalities in Health in the Presence of Multiple-Category Morbidity Indicators",Health Economics,3:281 - 291.
3 Brazier,J.,T.Usherwood,R.Harper,1998," Deriving a Preference-Based Single Index from the UK SF-36 Health Survey",Clin Epidemio,1(11):1115 - 1128.
4 Busschbachet al.,Busschbach,J.J.V.,J.McDonnell,M.L.Essink-Bot,and van Hout B.A.,1999," Estimating Parametric Relationships Between Health Description and Health Valuation with an Application to the EuroQol EQ-5D",Journal of Health Economics,5:551- 571.
5 Feeny,D.,W.Furlong,G.W.Torrance,2002,"Multiattribute and Single-Attribute Utility Functions for the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 System",Medical Care,2:113 - 128.
6 Kaplan,R.,J.P.Anderson,1988,"A General Health PolicyModel:Update and Applications".Health Services Research.2:203-235.
7 赵忠,侯振刚,2005:《我国城镇居民的健康需求与Grossman模型》,《经济研究》第10期,第79-90页。
1 虽然用QWB替代健康会存在误差,但也要看到其他衡量健康的方法与QWB一样也存在误差。
2 Cirto,C.,and R.Michael,1995,Measuring Poverty:A New Approach,Washington,DC:National Academy Press.
1 Jones A.M.,2000,Health Econometrics in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 蔡昉,杨涛,2000:《城乡收入差距的政治经济学》,《中国社会科学》第4期,第11-22页。
2 林光彬,2004:《等级制度、市场经济与城乡收入差距扩大》,《管理世界》第4期,第30-40页。
3 陆铭,陈钊,2004:《城市化、城市倾向的经济政策与城乡收入差距》,《经济研究》第6期,第50-58页。
1 郭剑雄,2005:《人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛》,《中国社会科学》第3期,第27-37页。
2 陆云航,2006:《要素积累、政府政策与我国城乡收入差距》,《当代财经》第4期,第5-13页。
3 张海峰,2006:《城乡教育不平等与收入差距扩大》,《山西财经大学学报》第4期,第31-38页。
4 温娇秀,2007:《我国城乡教育不平等与收入差距扩大的动态研究》,《当代经济科学》第9期,第40-45页。
5 Foster,A.Rosenzweig,M.R.,1994," A Test for Moral Hazard in the Labor Market:Effort,Health and Calorie Consumption",Review of Economics and Statistics,76(2):213-227.
6 张车伟,2003:《营养、健康与效率--来自中国贫困农村的证据》,《经济研究》第1期,第3-12页。
7 魏众,2004:《健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响》,《经济研究》第2期,第64-74页。
1 刘社建,徐艳,2004:《城乡居民收入分配差距形成原因及对策研究》,《财经研究》第5期,第93-103页。
2 李长江,2004:《城乡差距的现状、根源及解决对策》,《理论探索》第3期,第46-47页。
3 陈宗胜,2002:《关于收入差别倒U曲线及两极分化研究中的几个方法问题》,《中国社会科学》第5期,第78-82页。
4 Shi,Xinzheng,Terry Sicular,and Yaohui Zhao,2002,"Analyzing Urban-Rural Income Inequality in China," Paper presented at the International Symposium on Equity and Social Justice in Transitional China,Beijing,July 11-12.
5 刘乐山,何炼成,2005:《公共产品供给的差异:城乡居民收入差距扩大的一个原因解析》,《人文杂志》第1期,第129-133页。
1 平新乔,白洁,2006:《中国财政分权与地方公共品的供给》,《财贸经济》第2期,第49-55页。
2 Oates,W.E.,1999," An Essay on Fiscal Federalism"Journal of Economic Literature,37:1120-1149.
1 王军平,刘起运,2005:《如何看待我国宏观税负》,《财贸经济》第8期,第34-40页。
1 Ranson,K.,2002," Reduction of Catastrophic Health Care Expenditures by a Community-based Health Insurance Scheme in Gujurat,India:Current Experiences and Challenges",Bulletin of the World Health Organization,80:8.
2 Abay Asfaw,Joachim yon Braun,2004," Can Community Health Insurance Schemes Shield The Poor Against The Downside Health Effects of Eeconomic Reforms? The Case of Rural Ethiopia",Health Policy,70:97-108.
3 Wagstaff,A.,Lindelow,M.,2008," Can Insurance Increase Financial Risk? ",Health Economy,2:1-16.
4 Ensor,T.and B.S.Pham,1996,"Access and Payment for Health care:The Poor of Nothern Vietnam",International Journal of Health Planning and Management,11:69-83.
5 Pannarunothai,S.and A.Mills,1997,"The Poor Pay More:Health-related Inequality in Thailand",Social Science Medicine,12:1781-90.
6 Skarbinski,J.,H.K.Walker,2002,"The Burden of Out-of-Pocket Payments for Health Care in Tblisi,Republic of Georgia",Journal of American Medical Association,8:1043-49.
7 Van Damme,W.,2004,"Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure and Debt in Poor Households:Evidence from Cambodia",Tropical Medicine and International Health,2:273-80.
8 Gilson,L.,& Mclntyre,D.,2005," Removing User Fees for Primary Care in Africa:The Need for Careful Action",British Medical Journal,331:762- 765.
1 Van Doorslaer,E.,2005,"Paying Out-of-Pocket for Health Care in Asia:Catastrophic and Poverty Impact",Equitap Project working paper,No.2,Erasmus University Rotterdam.
2 高建民,周忠良,2007:《互助医疗与新型农村合作医疗缓解“因病致贫”的效果比较》,《中国卫生经济》第10期。第30-33页。
3 陈迎春、徐锡武、王蓉,2005:《新型农村合作医疗减缓因病致贫效果测量》,《中国卫生经济》第8期,第26-28页
4 Foster,J.,Greer,.1.and Thorbecke,E.,1984," A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures",Econometrica,52:761- 766.
1 Jan Pen,1972,"Income Distribution",The Economic Journal,82:242-244.
1 TIP曲线有多种称谓。在工资歧视中称为“广义反洛伦兹曲线”;在产业集聚文献中称为“绝对集中曲线”;在研究失业期长度中被称为“剥夺曲线”,见Stephen(1997).
2 Stephen P.Jenkins and Peter J.Lambert,1997," Three 'I's of Poverty Curves,with an Analysis of UK Poverty Trends",Oxford Economic Papers,3:317-327.
1 Kunst,A.E.,Mackenbach,J.P.,1994,"International Variation in The Size of Mortality Differences Associated with Occupational Status ",International Journal of Epidemiology,4:742 - 750.
2 Saftlas,A.F.,Koonin,L.M.,Atrash,H.K.,2000," Racial Disparity in Pregnancy-Related Mortality Associated with Livebirth:Can Established Risk Factors Explain It ",American Journal of Epidemiology,5:413 - 419.
3 Keppel,K.G.,Pearcy,J.N.,Wagener,D.K.,2002," Trends in Racial and Ethnic-Specific Rates for the Health Status Indicators:United States,1990- 98",Healthy People 2000 Statistical Notes,23:1-16.
4 Stewart,S.H.,Silverstein,M.D.,2002," Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Measurement",Journal of General Internal Medicine,6:405 - 411.
5 研究者多使用集中指数来测量健康不平等程度,因为它符合以下两个要求,第一,能够反映全体人群的情况;第二,它对于人口社会经济分布的变化比较敏感。
6 Gerdtham,U.,Sundberg,G.,1998,"Measuring Income-Related Health Inequalities in Sweden",In M.L.Barer,T.E.Getzen,G.L.Stoddard(Eds.),Health,health care and health economics:Perspectives on distribution.Chichester:Wiley.
7 Humphries,K.H.,van Doorslaer,E.,2000,"Income-Related Health Inequality in Canada",Social Science and Medicine,5:663 - 671.
8 Van Doorslaer E.,Philip Clarke,Elizabeth Savage,2008," Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System",Health Policy,86:97-108.
9 Wagstaff,A.,2002a,"Inequality Aversion,Health Inequalities and Health Achievement",Journal of Health Economics,21:627-641.
10 Ke Tom Xu,2006,"State-level Variations in Income-Related Inequality in Health and Health Achievement in the US",Social Science & Medicine,63:457 - 464.
11 Philip M.Clarke et al.,2008,"Measuring Achievement:Changes in Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Australia",Social Science & Medicine,9:1-10.
1 Filip Meheus Eddy Van Doorslaer,2008,"Achieving Better Measles Immunization in Developing Countries:Does Higher Coverage Imply Lower Inequality",Social Science &Medicine,66:1709-1718.
2 Wanand,S.,Diderichsen,F.,Evans,T.,Shkolnikov,V.,& Wirth,M.,2001,"Measuring Disparities in Health:Methods and Indicators",In T.Evans,M.Whitehead,F.Diderichsen,A.Bhuiya,& M.Wirth(Eds.),Challenging inequities in health:from ethics to action.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
3 Kunst,A.,1997,"Cross-National Comparisons of Socio-Economic Differences in Mortality",The Hague:CIP.
4 Wagstaff,A.,Paci,P.,van Doorslaer,E.,1991a," On the Measurement of Inequalities in Health",Social Science and Medicine,33:545 - 557.
1 用协方差方法也能得到同样的结果,C=2/μcov(h,r),其中cov为协方差符号。
2 Wagstaff,A.,2002," Inequality Aversion,Health Inequalities and Health Achievement",Journal of Health Economics,21:627-641.
3 Yitzhaki,S.,1983,"On An Extension of the Gini Index",International Economic Review,3:617-628.
4 O'Donnell,O.,van Doorslaer,E.,Wagstaff,A.,& Lindelow,M.,2008," Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data:A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation",Washington,DC:World Bank.
1 该调查只在1997年没有包含辽宁省。在1991、1993年的调查重黑龙江省没有在内,其他调查年份包括该省。
2 Kaplan,R.,J.P.Anderson,1988,"A General Health PolicyModel:Update and Applications",Health Services Research,2:203-235.
1 Arrow,K.,1963,"Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care",American Economic Review,53(5):941-973.
2 Zeckhauser,R.,1970,"Medical Insurance:A Case Study of the Tradeoff between Risk Spreading and Appropriate Incentives",Journal of Economic Theory,2(1):10-26.
3 Pauly,M.,1974,"Overinsurance and Public Provision of Insurance:the Roles of Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection",Quarterly Journal of Economics,88(1):44-54.
4 David M.Cutler,Richard J.Zeckhauser,2000,The Anatomy of Health Insurance in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Morrisey,1992,Price Sensitivity in Health Care:Implications for Health Care Policy,Washington,DC:The NFIB foundation.
2 Selby,J.V.,B.H.Fireman and B.E.Swain.,1996,"Effect of a Copayment on Use of the Emergency Departmentin a Health Maintenance Organization",New England Journal of Medicine,334(10):635-641.
3 Magid,D.J.,T.D.Koepsell.,1997,"Absence of Asociation Btween Isurance Cpayments and Dlaysin Seking Eergency Care among Patients with Myocardial Infarction",New England Journal of Medicine,336(24):172-1729.
4 Buchmueller T C,Grumbach K,Kronick R,2005,"The Effect of Health Insurance on Medical Care Utilization and Implication for Insurance Expansion:A Review of the Literature",Medical Care Research and Review,62(1):3-30.
5 Jutting,J.,2003,"Do Community Based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor Peoples Access to HealthCare ? Evidence from Rural Senegal",World Development,32(2):273-288.
6 Amy Finkelstein,2004,"The Interaction of Partial Public Insurance Programs and Residual Private Insurance Markets:Evidence from the US Medicare Program",Journal of Health Economics,23:1-24.
7 Reagan Baughman,2007,"Differential Impacts of Public Health Insurance Expansions at the Local Level",Health Care Finance Economy,7:1-22.
1 Liu G G,Zhao Z,2006,"Urban Employee Health Insurance Reform and the Impact on Out-of-Pocket Payment in China",International Journal of Health Planning and Management,21(3):211-228.
2 Ding Jihong,Zhu Minglai,2007,"Welfare Effects of Public Health Insurance Reform:The Case of Urban China",Front.Econ.China o 2(3):289-323.
3 2006年,样本中的9个省都实施了新型农村合作医疗制度。
1 Wooldridge,J.M.,2002,Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data,The MIT Press
1 David M.Cutler,Richard J.Zeckhauser,2000,The Anatomy of Health Insurance in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Hubbard R.G.,Skinner J.and Zeldes S.P,1994," Expanding the Life-Cycle Model:Precautionary Saving and Public Policy",American economic review,5:174-179.
2 Leland H.E.,1968," Saving and Uncertainty:the Precautionary Demand for Saving",Quarterly Journal of Economics,82:465-473.
3 Skinner J.,1988,"Risky Income,Life Cycle Consumption,and Precautionary Savings",Journal of Monetary Economics,2:237-255.
4 Kimball M.S.,1990,"Precautionary Saving in the Small and in the Large",Econometrica,1:53-73.
5 Deaton A.S.,1991,"Saving and Liquidity Constraints",Econometrica,5:1221-1248.
6 Dynan K.E.,1993,"How Prudent Are Consumers? ",Journal of Political Economy,6:1104-1113.
7 Carroll C.D.,and Samwick A.A.,1998,"How Important Is Precautionary Saving? ",Review of Economics and Statistics,3:410-419.
8 Gruber J.,and A.Yelowitz,1999,"Public Health Insurance and Private Savings ",Journal of Political Economy,6:1249-1274.
9 Chou,S.-Y.,Liu,J.-T.,Hammitt,J.,2003,"National Health Insurance and Precautionary Saving:Evidence from Taiwan ",Journal of Public Economics,87:1873-1894.
1 Starr-McCluer,M.,1996,"Health Insurance and Precautionary Savings ",American Economic Review,1:285-295.
2 Alessandra Guariglia Mariacristina Rossi,2004,"Private Medical Insurance and Saving:Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey ",Journal of Health Economics,23:761-783.
3 Kong,M.K.,et a1.,2007," Precautionary Motive for Saving and Medical Expenses under Health Uncertainty:Evidence from Korea ",Economics Letters,11:1-5.
4 黄学军,吴冲锋,2006:《社会医疗保险对预防性储蓄的挤出效应研究》,《世界经济》第8期,第65-70页.
1 Deaton,A.S.,Paxson,C.H.,1994,"Intertemporal Choice and Inequality ",Journal of Political Economy,3:437-467.
2 Caballero,R.J.,1990,"Consumption Puzzles and Precautionary Savings ",Journal of Monetary Economics,1:113-136.
3 Well,P.,1993," Precautionary Savings and the Permanent Income Hypothesis ",Review of Economic Studies,2:367-383.
4 Chou,S.-Y.,Liu,J.-T.,Hammitt,J.,2003,"National Health Insurance and Precautionary Saving:Evidence from Taiwan ",Journal of Public Economics,87:1873-1894.
1 Engen,E.M.,Gruber,L,2001,"Unemployment Insurance and Precautionary Saving ",Journal of Monetary Economics,3:545-579.
2 Kazarosian,M.,1997,"Precautionary Savings:A Panel Study ",Review of Economics and Statistics,2:241-247.
3 Starr-McCluer,M.,1996,"Health Insurance and Precautionary Savings ",American Economic Review,1:285-295.
4 Guiso,L.,Jappelli,T.,Terlizzese,D.,1992,"Earnings Uncertainty and Precautionary Saving ",Journal of Monetary Economics,2:307-337.
1 Staiger,D.,Stock,J.H.,1994,"Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments ',National Bureau of Economic Research,Working Paper 0151.
2 家用电器包括收音机、 录音机、录像机、黑白电视机、彩色电视机、洗衣机、冰箱、空调、缝纫机、电扇、计算机、照相机、微波炉、电饭煲、高压锅、电话、手机、VCD/DVD、卫星天线等。
3 家庭用具包括交通工具(自行车、摩托车、汽车)、家庭商业用具(炊具、木工用具、理发用具和五金小铺器具及设备等)两类。
4 刘兆博。马树才,2007:《基于微观面板数据的中国农民预防性储蓄研究》,《世界经济》第2期,第40-49页。
1 Olson,M.,1965,The Logic of Collective Action,Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press.
1 Lipton,M,1993,"Urban Bias:Consequences,Class and Causality",Journal of Development Studies,4:229-257.
2 赵郁馨,万泉,张毓辉,2008:《年我国卫生费用测算结果与基本卫生服务筹资方案》,《中国卫生经济》第4期,第5-10页。
1 李齐云,2003:《分级财政体制研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
1 黄佩华,2003:《中国:国家发展与地方财政》,北京;中信出版社。
2 张丽琴,王勤,唐鸣.2007:《医疗卫生服务的差异分析与均等化对策》,《社会主义研究》第6期,第110-114页。
3 朱诗柱,2008:《建立基本医疗卫生制度的财政责任分析》,《社会科学家》第8期,第102-106页。
1 刘溶沧,焦国华,2002:《地区间财政能力差异与转移支付制度创新》,《财贸经济》第6期,第5-12页。
2 马拴友,于红霞,2003:《转移支付与地区经济收敛》,《经济研究》第3期,第26-33页.
3 曹俊文,罗良清,2006:《转移支付的财政均等化效果实证分析》,《统计研究》第1期,第43-45页.
4 李华,2005:《城乡公共品供给均等化与转移支付制度的完善》,《财政研究》第11期,第34-36页。
1 Manski,C.,2000," Economic Analysis of Economic Interaction",The Journal of Economic Perspectives,14:115-136.
2 Case Anne,Rosen Harvey,1993,"Budget Spillovers and Fiscal Policy Interdependence",Journal of public Economics,52:285-307.
1 Revelli Frederico,2002,"Local Taxes,National Politics and Spatial Interactions in English District Election Results",European Journal of Political Economy,18(2):281-299.
2 Revelli Frederico,2003,"Reaction or Interaction? Spatial Process Identification in Multitiered Government Structures",Journal of Urban Economics,53(1):29-53.
3 Sandy Freret,2006,"Spatial Analysis of Horizontal Fiscal Interactions on Local Public Expenditures:the French Case",working paper.
4 Joan Costa Font,Jor di Ports Novell.,2006,"Public Health Expenditure and Spatial Interactions in A Decentralized National Health System",working paper.
5 Francesco Moscone,Martin Knapp,Elisa Tosetti,2007,"Mental health expenditure in England:A spatial panel approach",Journal of Heaith Economics,26(4):842-864.
6 Anselin,L.,1988,Spatial Econometrics:Methods and Models,Dordrecht,Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1 Anselin,L.,1988,Spatial Econometrics:Methods and Models,Dordrecht,Kluwer Academic Publishers
1 Anselin L,Raymond J,G M Florax,Sergio J,Rey.,2004,Advances in spatial econometrics:methodology,tools and applications,Berlin:Springer - Verlag.
1 Islam A M,2001,"Wagner' s Law Revisited:Cointegration and Exogeneity Test for The USA",Applied Economics Letters,18:509 - 515.
1 Wilkinson,R.,Pickett,K.,2006,"Income Inequality and Population Health:A Review and Explanation of the Evidence",Social Science and Medicine,62:1768-1784.
2 Andrew M.Jones,John Wildman Health,2008,"Income and Relative Deprivation:Evidence from the BHPS ",Journal of Health Economics,27:308-324.
3 胡琳琳,胡鞍钢,2003:《从不公平到更加公平的卫生发展:中国城乡疾病模式差距分析与建议》,《管理世界》第1期,第78-87页。
1 孙祁祥,朱俊生,郑伟等,2007;《中国医疗保险制度改革:全民医保的三支柱框架》,《经济科学》第5期,第8-17页。
2 李华,李佳,2008:《我国城乡医疗保险制度创新的路径选择》,《学术交流》第4期,第120-124页.
3周寿祺,2007:《城乡医保制度能否“衔接”》,《中国农村卫生事业管理》第11期,第804-806页。
1 于建华,2008:《统筹城乡医疗保险制度的基本设想》,《卫生经济研究》第7期,第13-15页。
1 樊丽明,2005:《中国公共品市场与自愿供给分析》,上海:上海人民出版社。
1.阿玛蒂亚.森,2006:《论经济不平等-不平等之再考察》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
2.阿特金森,斯蒂格里茨,1992:《公共经济学》,上海:上海三联书店出版。
3.阿耶.L.希尔曼,2006:《公共财政与公共政策》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
4.奥肯.阿瑟,l 999:《平等与效率》,北京:华夏出版社。
5.Alexander S.Preker.John C.Langenbrunner,2006:《明智的支出为穷人购买医疗卫生服务》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
6.Atharina Hauck Peter C.Smith Maria Goddard,2006:《采购什么:医疗卫生服务项目优先次序的重置》,Alexander S.Preker and John C.Langenbrunner《明智的支出为穷人购买医疗卫生服务》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
7.蔡昉,杨涛,2000:《城乡收入差距的政治经济学》,《中国社会科学》第4期,第11-22页。
8.曹俊文,罗良清,2006:《转移支付的财政均等化效果实证分析》,《统计研究》第1期,第43-45页。
9.陈海威,田侃,2007:《我国基本公共服务均等化问题探讨》,《中州学刊》第5期,第32-34页。
10.陈健生,2005:《新型农村合作医疗筹资制度的设计与改进》,《财经科学》第1期,第124-131页。
11.陈迎春、徐锡武、王蓉,2005:《新型农村合作医疗减缓因病致贫效果测量》,《中国卫生经济》第8期,第26-28页。
12.陈迎春,吴妮娜,王莉杨,2006:《新型农村合作医疗需方筹资风险分析》,《中国卫生经济》第5期,第26-27页。
13.陈宗胜,2002:《关于收入差别倒U曲线及两极分化研究中的几个方法问题》,《中国社会科学》第5期,第78-82页。
14.崔惠玲,郭华平,李彦敏,2003:《我国卫生费用投入及分配的公平性分析》,《上海经济研究》第1期,第18-27页。
15.丁润萍,2007:《国外农村医疗保障的经验及对我国的启示》,《经济问题》第4期,第122-124页。
16.樊丽明,2005:《中国公共品市场与自愿供给分析》,上海:上海人民出版社。
17.樊明,2002:《健康经济学-健康对劳动市场表现的影响》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
18.樊桦,2001:《农村居民健康消费不足的经济学分析》,《中国农村观察》第6期,第37-43页。
19.方福前,1994:《福利经济学》,北京:人民出版社。
20.冯珊珊,陈天亮,谢志文等,2007:《广州鳌头镇新型农村合作医疗参与意向及其影响因素调查》,《卫生软科学》第2期,第10-12页。
21.冯占春,侯泽蓉,郑舒文等,2006a:《我国城乡卫生投入公平性的影响因素及其对策》,《中华医院管理杂志》第10期,第657-660页。
22.冯占春,侯泽蓉,代会侠等,2006b:《我国城乡卫生费用的公平性研究》,《中华医院管理杂志》第10期,第60-61页。
23.高梦滔,顾昕,2007:《城市医疗救助筹资与给付水平的地区不平等性》,《南京大学学报》第3期,第34-71页。
24.高建民,周忠良,2007:《互助医疗与新型农村合作医疗缓解“因病致贫”的效果比较》,《中国卫生经济》第10期,第30-33页。
25.高连克,杨淑琴,2005:《英国医疗保障制度变迁及其启示》,《北方论丛》第4期,第110-113页。
26.高培勇,2008:《财政与民生》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
27.高彦彦,尚长风,2006:《从非正式医疗机构视角构建新型农村合作医疗网》,《财经科学》第5期,第100-105页。
28.葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改问题根源出路》,北京:中国发展出版社。
29.顾海,唐艳,2006:《 强制性制度变迁与农户理性不及的反应对新型农村合作医疗的两点思考》,《农业经济问题》第11期,第39-41页。
30.顾昕,高梦滔,姚洋,2006:《诊断与处方直面中国医疗体制改革》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
31.顾昕,方黎明,2004:《自愿性与强制性之间:中国农村合作医疗的制度嵌入性与可持续发展分析》,《社会学研究》,第5期,第1-18页。
32.关志强,崔斌。董朝晖,2007:《城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的发展》∥《中国社会保障发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
33.郭剑雄,2005:《人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛》,《中国社会科学》第3期,第27-37页。
34.郭庆旺,赵志耘,2002:《财政学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
35.海闻,刘刚,王健,2002:《中国农村卫生问题研究:经济学观点》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第14-16页。
36.韩俊,罗丹,2007:《中国农村卫生调查》,上海:上海远东出版社。
37.郝子成,董兆举,王俊明等,《经济相对落后地区农村卫生服务现况分析》,《现代预防医学》第4期,第733-735页。
38.胡鞍钢,胡琳琳,2003:《从不公平到更加公平的卫生发展:中国城乡疾病模式差距分析与建议》,《管理世界》第1期,第78-87页。
39.胡光字,2006:《新健康革命》,北京:清华大学出版社。
40.胡国清,饶克勤,孙振球,2005:《中国农村卫生服务领域中供需双方存在的主要问题》,《中国医学科学院学报》第4期,第543-546页。
41.胡琳琳,2005:《我国与收入相关的健康不平等实证研究》,《卫生经济研究》第12期,第13-16页。
42.胡苏云,2006:《中国农村人口医疗保障:穷人医疗干预视角的分析》,《中国人口科学》第3期,第30-37页。
43.黄佩华,2003:《中国:国家发展与地方财政》,北京:中信出版社。
44.黄解宇,常云昆,2005:《对西部地区转移支付的均等化模型分析》,《财经研究》第8期,第111-123页。
45.黄学军,吴冲锋,2006:《社会医疗保险对预防性储蓄的挤出效应研究》,《世界经济》第8期,第65-70页。
46.黄有光,2003:《效率公平与公共政策-扩大公共支出势在必行》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
47.贾康,2007:《公共服务的均等化应积极推进但不能急于求成》,《审计与理财》第8期,第5-6页。
48.贾清萍,2007:《新农村建设中新型农村合作医疗制度优化的路径选择》,《江汉论坛》第4期,第20-22页。
49.江明融,2006:《公共服务均等化论略》,《中南财经政法大学学报》第3期,第43-47页。
50.金彩红,2006:《中国新型农村合作医疗制度设计缺陷的理论分析》,《上海经济研究》第9期,第71-76页。
51.井润生,2002:《西方福利经济学的发展演变》,《学术研究》第8期,第12-15页。
52.李长江,2004:《城乡差距的现状、根源及解决对策》,《理论探索》第3期,第46-47页。
53.李斌,2006:《黑龙江省卫生筹资累进性研究》,《中国卫生经济》第1期,第10-15页。
54.李和森,2006:《中国农村医疗保障制度研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
55.李家鸽,2005:《城乡居民医疗保健支出比较分析》,《贵州财经学院学报》第2期,第45-47页。
56.李华,2005:《中国农村公共品供给与财政制度创新》,北京:经济科学出版社。
57.李华,2005:《城乡公共品供给均等化与转移支付制度的完善》,《财政研究》第11期,第34-36页。
58.李华,2007:《中国农村合作医疗制度研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
59.李华,李佳,2008:《我国城乡医疗保险制度创新的路径选择》,《学术交流》第4期,第120-124页。
60.李娟娟,2007:《西部农村新型合作医疗制度设计中的悖论及实施中的困境分析》,《理论导刊》第4期,第91-92页。
61.李齐云,2003:《分级财政体制研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
62.李士雪,杨金侠,2006:《对新型农村合作医疗定点医疗机构实施监管的主体策略及控制方法》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第43-45页。
63.李通屏,王金营,2007:《中国农村居民人力资本投资对消费行为的影响》,《经济评论》第1期,第44-50页。
64.李卫平,石光,赵琨,2003:《我国农村卫生保健的历史现状与问题》,《管理世界》第4期,第33-43页。
65.梁万年,2003:《卫生事业管理学》,北京:人民卫生出版社。
66.林晨,2007:《中部地区农民参加农村新型合作医疗的影响因素分析》,《农业经济问题》第1期,第47-51页。
67.林端宜,2003:《台湾健康保险制度观》,《中国中医药信息杂志》第2期,第90-92页。
68.林光彬,2004:《等级制度、市场经济与城乡收入差距扩大》,《管理世界》第4期,第30-40页。
69.林义,2006:《农村社会保障的国际比较及启示研究》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
70.刘宝,胡善联,2003:《收入相关健康不平等实证研究》,《卫生经济研究》第1期,第14-16页。
71.刘国恩,William H.Dow,傅正泓等,2004:《中国的健康人力资本与收入增长》,《经济学(季刊》第10期,第101-118页。
72.刘金伟,2006:《城乡卫生资源配置的倒三角模式及其成因》,《调研世界》第3期,第22-25页。
73.刘钧,2001:《西方福利经济学发展浅探》,《中央财经大学学报》第3期,第6-11页。
74.刘军民,2006:《农村合作医疗存在的制度缺陷》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第2期,第32-36页。
75.刘岚,陈功,郑晓瑛,2007:《我国城镇社会医疗保障面临的困境与模式选择》,《经济理论与经济管理》第9期,第47-51页。
76.刘乐山,何炼成,2005:《公共产品供给的差异:城乡居民收入差距扩大的一个原因解析》,《人文杂志》第1期,第129-133页。
77.刘丽娜,徐凌中,2007:《威海市城乡居民住院服务利用研究》,《中国卫生统计》第1期,第60-62页。
78.刘溶沧,焦国华,2002:《地区间财政能力差异与转移支付制度创新》,《财贸经济》第6期,第5-12页。
79.刘尚希,2007:《基本公共服务均等化:现实要求和政策路径》,《浙江经济》第13期,第24-27页。
80.刘社建,徐艳,2004:《城乡居民收入分配差距形成原因及对策研究》,《财经研究》第5期,第93-103页。
81.刘永华,傅卫,毛正中等,2006:《我国台湾地区全民健康保险制度的启示》,《中国卫生经济》第9期,第38-40页。
82.刘远立,姚克勤,2003:《中国:健康差距在经济转型中不断拉大.挑战健康不公平-从理念到行动》,牛津:牛津大学出版社。
83.刘兆博,马树才,2007:《基于微观面板数据的中国农民预防性储蓄研究》,《世界经济》第2期,第40-49页。
84.陆铭,陈钊,2004:《城市化、城市倾向的经济政策与城乡收入差距》,《经济研究》第6期,第50-58页。
85.陆云航,2006:《要素积累、政府政策与我国城乡收入差距》,《当代财经》第4期,第5-13页。
86.罗尔斯,1999:《正义论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
87.马拴友,于红霞,2003:《转移支付与地区经济收敛》,《经济研究》第3期,第26-33页。
88.马修强,张罗漫,熊林平等,2001:《我国城镇职工医疗保障制度改革现状分析》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第50-51页。
89.孟庆国,胡鞍钢,2000:《消除健康贫困应成为农村卫生改革与发展的优先战略》,《中国卫生资源》第11期,第245-249页。
90.孟庆跃,严非,2005:《中国城市卫生服务公平与效率评价研究》,济南:山东大学出版社。
91.尼古拉斯.巴尔,2003:《福利国家经济学》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
92.欧阳志刚,2007:《农民医疗卫生支出影响因素的综列协整分析》,《世界经济》第9期,第47-55页。
93.庇古,2006:《福利经济学》,北京:商务印书馆。
94.平新乔,2003:《从中国农民医疗保健支出看农村医疗保健融资机制的选择》,《管理世界》第11期,第2-13页。
95.平新乔,白洁,2006:《中国财政分权与地方公共品的供给》,《财贸经济》第2期,第49-55页。
96.邱家学,赵丽华,2007:《国外农村医疗保险制度及对我国的启示》,《上海医药》第7期,第314-316页。
97.任苒,张琳,图易宸等,2004:《辽宁省农村不同经济水平地区居民医疗保健需要需求与利用》,《医学与哲学》第3期,第18-22页。
98.舍曼.富兰德,2004:《卫生经济学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
99.孙祁祥,朱俊生,郑伟等,2007:《中国医疗保险制度改革:全民医保的三支柱框架》,《经济科学》第5期,第8-17页。
100.孙晓筠,Adrian·Sleigh,李士雪等,2006:《新型农村合作医疗对乡村医生处方行为的影响研究》,《中国卫生经济》第4期,第42-44页。
101.孙子平,2002:《日本医疗保障制度的考察及启示》,《医院领导决策参考》第10期,第29-32页。
102.谭克俭,丁润萍,颛惠琳,2007:《新型农村合作医疗理论与实践》,北京:中国社会出版社。
103.唐钧,2006:《公共服务均等化保障6种基本权利》,《时事报告》第6期,第42-43页。
104.唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社。
105.万泉,赵郁馨,张毓辉,2004:《卫生筹资累进分析方法研究》,《中国卫生经济》 第7期,第18-20页。
106.王翠芳,2007:《试探新农村建设中城乡基本公共服务均等化问题》,《经济问题》第5期,第82-84页。
107.王红漫,2006:《大国卫生之论农村卫生枢纽与农民的选择》,北京:北京大学出版社。
108.王红漫,顾大男,杜远举等,2006:《新型农村合作医疗参与满意度及持续性的影响因素分析》,《中国人口科学》第5期,第42-49页
109.王红漫,2005:《药品价格对新型农村合作医疗制度的影响--北京市郊区专项调查》,《中国物价》第11期,第23-24页。
110.王俊华,2005:《当代卫生事务研究》,北京:科学出版社。
111.王军平,刘起运,2005:《如何看待我国宏观税负》,《财贸经济》第8期,第34-40页。
112.王莉,白晓丹,2007:《基于泰尔指数的我国人力资本投资城乡差异分析》,《广东商学院学报》第4期,第11-13页。
113.王绍光,2003:《中国公共卫生的危机与转机》,∥《比较》 北京:中信出版社。
114.王绍光,胡鞍钢,丁元竹,2002:《经济繁荣背后的社会不稳定》,《战略与管理》第3期,第26-33页。
115.王绍光,何焕荣,乐园,2005.《政策导向汲取能力与卫生公平》,《中国社会科学》第6期,第101-120页。
116.王小林,2007:《中国卫生服务筹资:公平与发展》,《南京大学学报》第3期,第42-53页。
117.王晓杰。张健,2006:《略论医疗保险政策的公平性选择》,《学术交流》第7期,第129-132页。
118.王延中,刘湘丽,崔红志,2007:《新型农村合作医疗制度的建立与发展》∥《中国社会保障发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
119.王延中,冯立果,2007:《中国医疗卫生改革何处去甩包袱式市场化改革的资源集聚效应与改进》,《中国工业经济》第8期,第24-31页。
120.魏众,2004:《健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响》,《经济研究》第2期,第64-74页。
121.温娇秀,2007:《我国城乡教育不平等与收入差距扩大的动态研究》,《当代经济科学》第9期,第40-45页。
122.吴成丕,2003:《中国医疗保险制度改革中的公平性研究--以威海为例》,《经济研究》第6期,第54-63页。
123.乌日图,2003:《医疗保障制度国际比较》,北京:化学工业出版社。
124.吴晓红,江启成,秦其荣,2007:《新型农村合作医疗定点医疗机构不规范行为现况研究》,《现代预防医学》第9期,第4-6页。
125.西奥多·W·舒尔茨,1990:《论人力资本投资》,北京:北京经济学院出版社。
126.项中新,2000:《均等化:基础理念与制度安排》,北京:中国经济出版社。
127.向春玲,2006:《公益组织在新型农村合作医疗制度建设中的作用以山东省即墨市济宁市红十字会为例》,《中国农村观察》第5期,第34-50页。
128.谢红,尹俊波,郭红霞,2004:《农村卫生资源现状分析》,《中国医院管理》第9期,第61-62页。
129.谢红莉,瞿佳,周芬等,2007:《城市医院在新型农村合作医疗中的作用》,《中华医院管理杂志》第2期,第81-83页。
130.徐丽,2005:《新型农村合作医疗筹资机制可持续性研究》,《安徽农业科学》第11期,第156-157页。
131.徐凌中,邴媛媛,柳丽华,2001.《卫生筹资政策对公平性的影响》,《中华医院管理杂志》第5期,第268-271页。
132.许正中,2002:《社会医疗保险:制度选择与管理模式》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
133.严剑峰,2003:《横向均等化财政转移支付数额分配的一种方法》。《财贸经济》第8期,第48-53页。
134.颜媛媛,李强,于乐荣,2006:《城乡人口健康差异的原因透视与 政策建议》,《农村经济》第8期,第108-110页。
135.姚洋,2004:《转轨中国:审视社会公正和平等》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
136.杨海文,於怡,2005:《农村新型合作医疗保险制度中筹资机制研究》,《中南财经政法大学学报》第1期,第42-44页。
137.杨玲,2004:《以家庭为单位参加新型农村合作医疗与城镇化的两难选择》,《中国农村经济》第12期,第59-64页。
138.尹冬梅,胡菩联,程晓明等,1999:《中国贫困农村地区卫生服务公平性研究》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第7-10页。
139.应晓华,李国红,胡善联等,2004:《家庭卫生筹资公平性研究》,《中华医院管理杂志》第8期,第449-453页。
140.于保荣,高光明,王庆,2006:《中日两国医疗服务利用及效果分析》,《中国卫生质量管理》第4期,第79-82页。
141.于建华,2008:《统筹城乡医疗保险制度的基本设想》,《卫生经济研究》第7期,第13-15页。
142.于树一,2007:《公共服务均等化的理论基础探析》,《财政研究》第7期,第27-29页。
143.原新,刘佳宁,2005:《我国农村人口的健康贫困探讨》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》第4期,第94-99页。
144.曾明,张永美,2007:《农民参与新型农村合作医疗的意愿及其决定因素》,《天津行政学院学报》第2期,第25-29页。
145.张车伟,2003:《营养、健康与效率--来自中国贫困农村的证据》,《经济研究》第1期,第3-12页。
146.张东豫,2007:《构建和谐社会与城乡公共服务均等化》,《中南财经政法大学研究生学报》第1期,第43-48页。
147.张海峰,2006:《城乡教育不平等与收入差距扩大》,《山西财经大学学报》第4期,第31-38页。
148.张慧。2005:《医疗保障:缺口大且公平性不足》,《市场研究》第3期,第13-15页。
149.张磊,贺雪娇,2007:《剖析新型农村合作医疗制度的筹资意愿与能力》,《农村经济》第5期,第79-81页。
150.张莉,2005:《我国新型农村合作医疗的筹资困境》,《科学对社会的影响》第4期,第36-38页。
151.张丽琴,王勤,唐鸣,2007:《医疗卫生服务的差异分析与均等化对策》,《社会主义研究》第6期,第110-114页。
152.张鹭鹭,胡善联,魏颖等,2002:《区域内城乡居民医疗服务需要需求及其影响因素分析》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第36-39页。
153.张琪,2003:《中国医疗保障理论制度与运行》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
154.张艳梅.2007:《论丹尼尔斯医疗保健公正理论》,《医学与哲学》第4期,第21-25页。
155.章也微,2005:《城乡统筹发展的公共卫生筹资机制研究》,《农村经济》第3期,第74-76页。
156.赵慧珠,2007:《新型农村合作医疗制度的难题及其破解》,《中共中央党校学报》第4期,第93-98页。
157.赵喜顺,2000:《台湾的医疗保险制度》,《台湾研究集刊》第1期,第95-102页。
158.赵晓强,张雪梅,2006:《贫困地区农村新型合作医疗参合率和利用率研究》,《农业经济问题》第6期,第23-27页。
159.赵郁馨,万泉,张毓辉,2004:《卫生筹资累进性分析案例研究》,《中国卫生经济》第7期,第13-17页。
160.赵郁馨,万泉,张毓辉,2008:《年我国卫生费用测算结果与基本卫生服务筹资方案》,《 中国卫生经济》第4期,第5-10页。
161.赵忠,侯振刚,2005:《我国城镇居民的健康需求与Grossman模型》,《经济研究》第10期,第79-90页。
162.中国社会科学院财政与贸易经济研究所,2005:《走向“共赢”的中国多级财政》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
163.中华人民共和国卫生部,2003:《中国卫生统计年鉴(2003)》,北京:中国协和医科大学出版社。
164.周寿祺,2007.《城乡医保制度能否“衔接”》,《中国农村卫生事业管理》第11期,第804-806页。
165.周振,谢家智,2007:《国外农村社会保障制度比较及对重庆的启示》,《重庆社会科学》第12期,第8-12页。
166.朱诗柱,2008:《建立基本医疗卫生制度的财政责任分析》,《社会科学家》第8期,第102-106页。
1.Abay Asfaw,Joachim von Braun,2004," Can Community Health Insurance Schemes Shield The Poor Against The Downside Health Effects of Eeconomic Reforms? The Case of Rural Ethiopia",Health Policy,70:97-108.
2.Alessandra Guariglia Mariacristina Rossi,2004,"Private Medical Insurance and Saving:Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey ",Journal of Health Economics,23:761-783.
3.Alexander W.,Cappelen Ole,Frithjof Norheim,2006,"Responsibility,Fairness and Rationing in Health Care",Health Policy,76:312-319.
4.Alleyne,G.A.O.,J.Casas,and C.Castillo-Salgado,2000,"Equality,Equity:Why Bother?",Bulletin of the World Health Organization,78:76 - 77.
5.Amartya Sen,1999,Development as Freedom,New York:Alfred A.Knopf.
6.Amartya Sen,2002,"Why Health Equity?",Health Economics,8:659- 666.
7.Amy Finkelstein,2004,"The Interaction of Partial Public Insurance Programs and Residual Private Insurance Markets:Evidence from the US Medicare Program",Journal of Health Economics,23:1-24.
8.Andrew M.Jones,John Wildman Health,2008,"Income and Relative Deprivation:Evidence from the BHPS ",Journal of Health Economics,27:308-324.
9.Anna M(?)nsdotter,Lars Lindholm,Ann(O|¨)hman,2004,"Women,Men and Public Health-How the Choice of Normative Theory Affects Resource Allocation",Health Policy,69:351-364.
10.Anselin,L.,1988,Spatial Econometrics:Methods and Models,Dordrecht,Kluwer Academic Publishers.
11.Anselin L,Raymond J,G M Florax,Sergio J,Rey.,2004,Advances in spatial econometrics:methodology,tools and applications,Berlin:Springer -Verlag.
12.Aronson J.R.,Johnson,P.,Lambert P.J.,1994,"Redistributive Effect and Unequal Tax Treatment",Economic Journal,104:262-270.
13.Arrow,K.,1963,"Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care",American Economic Review,53(5):941-973.
14.Antoine Bommier,Guy Stecklov,2002,"Defining Health Inequality:Why Rawls Succeeds Where Social Welfare Theory Fails",Journal of Health Economics,21:497-513.
15.Atkinson Anthony B.,1970,"On the Measurement of Inequality",Journal of Economic Theory,2:244-263.
16.Avi Dor,Paul Gertler,Jacques van der Gaag.,1987,"Non-Price Rationing and The Choice of Medical Care Providers in Rural Cote d'Ivoire ",Journal of Health Economics,6(4):291-304.
17.Brazier,J.,T.Usherwood,R.Harper,1998," Deriving a Preference-Based Single Index from the UK SF-36 Health Survey" , Clin Epidemio,1(11): 1115 - 1128.
18. Buchmueller T C, Grumbach K, Kronick R, 2005 , "The Effect of Health Insurance on Medical Care Utilization and Implication for Insurance Expansion: A Review of the Literature",Medical Care Research and Review, 62(1): 3-30.
19. Busschbachet al., Busschbach, J. J. V., J. McDonnell, M. L. Essink-Bot, and van Hout B. A., 1999, "Estimating Parametric Relationships Between Health Description and Health Valuation with an Application to the EuroQol EQ-5D" , Journal of Health Economics ,5: 551 - 571.
20. Caballero, R.J., 1990, "Consumption Puzzles and Precautionary Savings ", Journal of Monetary Economics, 1: 113-136.
21 . Carroll C.D., and Samwick A.A., 1998, "How Important Is Precautionary Saving? ", Review of Economics and Statistics, 3: 410-419.
22. Cantor, 1988, The Burden of Financing Health Care in The United States, John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore.
23. Case Anne, Rosen Harvey, 1993, "Budget Spillovers and Fiscal Policy Interdependence",Journal of public Economics, 52:285-307.
24. Chou, S.-Y., Liu, J.-T., Hammitt, J., 2003, "National Health Insurance and Precautionary Saving: Evidence from Taiwan ", Journal of Public Economics,87:1873-1894.
25 . Cirto, C, and R. Michael, 1995, Measuring Poverty: A New Approach,Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
26. Culyer, A.J.,Wagstaff, A., 1993, "Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care", Journal of Health Economics, 12 (4):431-457.
27. Culyer , simpson, 1980, "Externality Models and Health:A Ruckblick over the last Twenty Years ", Economic Record , 56:222-230.
28. Daniels, N.,2001, "Justice, Health, and Healthcare", The American Journal of Bioethics,l(2):2-16.
29. David M. Cutler, Richard J.Zeckhauser, 2000, The Anatomy of Health Insurance in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse ,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
30. Deaton A.S., 1991, "Saving and Liquidity Constraints", Econometrica ,5: 1221-1248.
31. Deaton, A.S., Paxson, C.H., 1994, "I ntertemporal Choice and Inequality ",Journal of Political Economy,3:437-467.
32. Ding Jihong, Zhu Minglai, 2007, "Welfare Effects of Public Health Insurance Reform: The Case of Urban China" , Front. Econ. China , 2(3): 289-323.
33. Dusheiko , Gravelle ,2001, "Measuring Income Related Inequality in Health within General Practices" , Centre for Health Economics , Technical Paper 22.
34. Dynan K.E., 1993, "How Prudent Are Consumers? ", Journal of Political Economy, 6: 1104-1113.
35. Edward , GU,2001, "Market Transition and The Transformation of The Health Care System in Urban China Policy Studies",Policy study,22(3): 197-215.
36. Eister, J, 1992, Local Justice: How Institutions Allocate Scarce Goods and Necessary Burdens, Russel Sage, New York.
37 . Engen, E.M., Gruber, J., 2001, "Unemployment Insurance and Precautionary Saving ", Journal of Monetary Economics,3: 545-579.
38. Ensor, T. and B. S. Pham,1996, "Access and Payment for Health care: The Poor of Nothern Vietnam", International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 11: 69-83.
39. Evans, T., M. Whitehead, F. Diderichsen, A.,2001, Introduction In Challenging Inequities in Health: From Ethics to Action, ed. T. Evans, M. Whitehead, F. Diderichsen, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Feeny, D., W. Furlong, G. W. Torrance, 2002, " Multiattribute and Single-Attribute Utility Functions for the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 System" .Medical Care ,2: 113 - 128.
41. Feng xueshan,Tang shenglan, Gerald Bloom, 1995, "Cooperative Medical Schemes in Contemporary Rural China", Social Science Medical ,8:1111-1118.
42. Filip Meheus Eddy Van Doorslaer,2008, "Achieving Better Measles Immunization in Developing Countries:Does Higher Coverage Imply Lower Inequality", Social Science & Medicine, 66 :1709-1718.
43. Foster, J., Greer, J. and Thorbecke, E., 1984, "A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures" , Econometrica, 52: 761- 766.
44. Foster,A. Rosenzweig,M.R.,1994, " A Test for Moral Hazard in the Labor Market :Effort ,Health and Calorie Consumption" , Review of Economics and Statistics ,76(2): 213-227.
45. Francesco Moscone, Martin Knapp,Elisa Tosetti,2007, "Mental health expenditure in England: A spatial panel approach", Journal of Health Economics,26(4):842-864.
46. Gerdtham, U., Sundberg, G. ,1998,"Measuring Income-Related Health Inequalities in Sweden",In M. L. Barer, T. E. Getzen, G. L. Stoddard (Eds.), Health, health care and health economics: Perspectives on distribution. Chichester: Wiley.
47. Gilson, L., & McIntyre, D.,2005, " Removing User Fees for Primary Care in Africa: The Need for Careful Action", British Medical Journal, 331:762 -765.
48. Gottschalk, P., Wolfe, B. and Haveman, R.,1989, "Health Care Financing in the US, UK and The Netherlands: Distributional Consequences" in Chiancone, A. and Messere, K. eds.,Changes in reve nue structures (Wayne State University Press, Detroit).
49. Grossman Michael.,1999, "The Human Capital Model of The Demand for Health", NBER Working paper no.7078.http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078.
50. Grossman M., 1972," On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health" , Journal of Political Economy , 80(2):223-255.
51. Gruber J., and A. Yelowitz,1999, "Public Health Insurance and Private Savings ".Journal of Political Economy , 6:1249-1274.
52. Guiso, L., Jappelli, T., Terlizzese, D., 1992, "Earnings Uncertainty and Precautionary Saving ", Journal of Monetary Economics,2:307-337.
53 Hadorn,D.C.,1991, "Setting Health Priorities in Oregon:Cost-Effectiveness Meets the Rule of Rescue" Journal of the American Medical Association, 265:2218-2225.
54. Harvey S. Rosen, 2005: 《财政学》, 北京. 清华大学出版社。
55. Henderson, G., Jin, S., Akin, J., Li, Z., Wang, J.,1995, "Distribution of Medical Insurance in China", Social Science & Medicine,8:1119 - 1130.
56. Humphries, K. H., van Doorslaer, E.,2000, "Income-Related Health Inequality in Canada",Social Science and Medicine,5: 663 - 671.
57. Hurley,J.2000, " An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector"in A.J.Culyer and J.P. New house ,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier..
58. Hurst J., 1985, Financing Health Care in the US, Canada and Britain, Kings Fund, London.
59. Hubbard R.G., Skinner J.and Zeldes S.P,1994, " Expanding the Life-Cycle Model.Precautionary Saving and Public Policy", American economic review ,5: 174-179.
60. Illsley, R. and Le Grand, J. , 1987, The Measurement of Inequality in Health, in: Williams, A. eds., Health and economics ,Macmillan, London.
61. Islam A M,2001, "Wagner' s Law Revisited : Cointegration and Exogeneity Test for The USA", Applied Economics Letters , 18:509 - 515.
62 . Jan Pen ,1972, "Income Distribution", The Economic Journal, 82:242-244.
63. Jeff Richardson, John McKie ,2005, "Empiricism, Ethics and Orthodox Economic Theory: What Is the Appropriate Basis for Decision-Making in the Health Sector ", Social Science & Medicine, 60:265 - 275.
64. Joan Costa Font , Jor di Pons Novell.,2006, "Public Health Expenditure and Spatial Interactions in A Decentralized National Health System",working paper.
65. John W. Peabody, Sung-Woo Lee , Stephen R. Bickeld, 1995, "Health for All in the Republic of Korea: One Country's Experience with Implementing Universal", Health care Health Policy ,31: 29-42.
66 . Jones A.M. , 2000, Health Econometrics in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse ,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam: Elsevier.
67. Jui-fen R. Lu, Gabriel M. Leung, Soonman Kwon ,2007, "Horizontal Equity in Health Care Utilization Evidence from Three High-income Asian Economies", Social Science & Medicine, 64:199 - 212.
68. Jutting, J., 2003 ,"Do Community Based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor Peoples Access to HealthCare ? Evidence from Rural Senegal" , World Development , 32 (2):273-288.
69. Kakwani, N., Wagstaff, A., et al. ,1997, " Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: Measurement, Computation and Statistical Inference " , Journal of Econometrics, 1: 87- 104.
70. Kaplan , R. , J . P. Anderson , 1988 , "A General Health PolicyModel : Update and Applications" .Health Services Research , 2: 203 -235.
71. Kazarosian, M., 1997, "Precautionary Savings: A Panel Study ", Review of Economics and Statistics,2: 241-247.
72. Ke Tom Xu,2006, "State-level Variations in Income-Related Inequality in Health and Health Achievement in the US", Social Science & Medicine, 63:457-464.
73.Keppel, K. G., Pearcy, J. N., Wagener, D. K.,2002, "Trends in Racial and Ethnic-Specific Rates for the Health Status Indicators:United States, 1990 - 98" .Healthy People 2000 Statistical Notes,23: 1-16.
74. Kimball M.S., 1990, "Precautionary Saving in the Small and in the Large", Econometrica,1: 53-73.
75. Kong, M.K., et al.,2007, " Precautionary Motive for Saving and Medical Expenses under Health Uncertainty: Evidence from Korea ", Economics Letters,11: 1 - 5.
76.Kunst, A. E., Mackenbach, J. P. ,1994, "International Variation in The Size of Mortality Differences Associated with Occupational Status" , International Journal of Epidemiology,4:742 - 750.
77.Kunst, A.,1997, "Cross-National Comparisons of Socio-Economic Differences in Mortality",The Hague: CIP.
78.Lairson, D.R., Hindson, P. and Hauquitz, A., 1995, "Equity of Health Care in Australia", Social Science Medicine ,4: 475-482.
79. Le Grand, J. 1987a, "Equity, Health and Health Care" , Social Justice Research, 1: 257- 274.
80 . Le Grand, J. ,1987, "Inequalities in Health: Some International Comparisons", European Economic Review, 31(1): 182-191.
81. Leland H.E., 1968, " Saving and Uncertainty: the Precautionary Demand for Saving", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82: 465-473.
82. Lindholm L, Rosen M.1998, "On the Measurement of the Nation's Equity Adjusted Health ", Health Economics ,7:621-628.
83. Lipton , M , 1993, "Urban Bias : Consequences , Class and Causality", Journal of Development Studies , 4 : 229-257.
84. Liu G G, Zhao Z, 2006 , "Urban Employee Health Insurance Reform and the Impact on Out-of-Pocket Payment in China" , International Journal of Health Planning and Management,21(3): 211-228.
85. Lmabert P.,1993, The Distribution and Redistribution of Income : A Mathematicalanalysis ,2nd ed. Manchester : Manchester University Press.
86. Magid, D.J., T.D. Koepsell., 1997 , "Absence of Asociation Btween Isurance Cpayments and Dlaysin Seking Eergency Care among Patients with Myocardial Infarction", New England Journal of Medicine,336(24): 172-1729.
87. Manski, C.,2000. " Economic Analysis of Economic Interaction" , The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14: 115-136.
88. Mookherjee, D., Shorrocks, A.F.,1982, " A Decomposition of the Trend in UK Income Inequality" , Economic Journal, 92:886-902.
89. Mooney, G.H.. 1986, Economics, Medicine, and Health Care, Wheatsheaf, Brighton.
90. Morrisey, 1992 , Price Sensitivity in Health Care :Implications for Health Care Policy , Washington, DC :The NFIB foundation.
91. Nord E, Pinto JL, Richardson J, Menzel P, Ubel P,1999, " Incorporating Societal Concerns for Fairness in Numerical Valuations of Health Programmes", Health Economics,8:25-39.
92. Nozick,R.,1999,Anarchy,State and Utopia,北京: 中国社会科学出版社。
93. Oates,W.E.,1999,"An Essay on Fiscal Federalism", Journal of Economic Literature,37:1120-1149.
94. Oaxaca, R.L., 1973, "Male - female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets" , International Economic Review,14: 693 - 709.
95.O'Donnell, O., van Doorslaer, E., Wagstaff, A., & Lindelow, M. ,2008, "Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data: A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation" ,Washington, DC: World Bank.
96. Olson , M. ,1965, The Logic of Collective Action , Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press.
97. Owen O'Donnell, Eddy van Doorslaer,2008, "Who Pays for Health Care in Asia", Journal of Health Economics ,27: 460-475.
98. Pannarunothai, S. and A. Mills ,1997, "The Poor Pay More: Health-related Inequality in Thailand", Social Science Medicine ,12: 1781-90.
99. Pauly, M. ,1974, "Overinsurance and Public Provision of Insurance: the Roles of Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 88(1):44-54.
100.Philip M. Clarke et al., 2008, "Measuring Achievement: Changes in Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Australia", Social Science & Medicine,9:1-10.
101. Propper, C, and Upward, R.,1992, "Need, Equity and the NHS: The Distribution of Health Care Expenditure 1974-87", Fiscal Studies, 13(2): 1-21.
102. Putnam ,R,1993,. Making Democracy Work: Civil Traditions in Modern Italy,Princeton: Princeton University Press
103. Ranson, K., 2002, "Reduction of Catastrophic Health Care Expenditures by a Community-based Health Insurance Scheme in Gujurat, India: Current Experiences and Challenges" , Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80: 8.
104. Reagan Baughman , 2007 ,"Differential Impacts of Public Health Insurance Expansions at the Local Level" , Health Care Finance Economy, 7:1-22.
105. Revelli Frederico,2002, "Local Taxes, National Politics and Spatial Interactions in English District Election Results", European Journal of Political Economy, 18(2): 281-299.
106. Revelli Frederico,2003, "Reaction or Interaction? Spatial Process Identification in Multitiered Government Structures", Journal of Urban Economics, 53(1): 29-53.
107. Robin Gauld ,Naoki Ikegami , Michael D. Barr ,2006, "Advanced Asia's Health Systems in Comparison ", Health Policy, 79: 325-336.
108.Saftlas, A. F., Koonin, L. M., Atrash, H. K.,2000, "Racial Disparity in Pregnancy-Related Mortality Associated with Livebirth: Can Established Risk Factors Explain It " , American Journal of Epidemiology, 5:413 - 419.
109. Samuelson P.A,1954, "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 36(4): 387-389.
110. Sandy Freret,2006,"Spatial Analysis of Horizontal Fiscal Interactions on Local Public Expenditures: the French Case",working paper.
111. Selby, J.V., B.H. Fireman and B.E. Swain .,1996, "Effect of a Copayment on Use of the Emergency Departmentin a Health Maintenance Organization", New England Journal of Medicine, 334(10):635-641.
112. Sen, G., Iyer, A. and A. George., 2002, Class, Gender and Health Equity: Lessons from Liberalizing India In Engendering International Health: The Challenge of Equity eds. G. Sen, A. George, P. Ostlin. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
113. Shi, Xinzheng, Terry Sicular, and Yaohui Zhao, 2002, "Analyzing Urban-Rural Income Inequality in China," Paper presented at the International Symposium on Equity and Social Justice in Transitional China, Beijing, July 11-12.
114. Skarbinski, J., H. K. Walker, 2002, "The Burden of Out-of-Pocket Payments for Health Care in Tblisi, Republic of Georgia", Journal of American Medical Association ,8: 1043-49.
115. Skinner J., 1988,"Risky Income, Life Cycle Consumption, and Precautionary Savings", Journal of Monetary Economics , 2: 237-255.
116. Staiger, D., Stock, J.H., 1994, "Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments ", National Bureau of Economic Research ,Working Paper 0151.
117. Starr-McCluer, M., 1996, "Health Insurance and Precautionary Savings ", American Economic Review, 1: 285-295.
118. Stephen Birch.Cam Donaldson,2003, " Valuing the Benefits and Costs of Health Care Programmes:Where' s The 'Extra' in Extra-Welfarism", Social Science & Medicine, 56:1121 - 1133.
119. Stephen P. Jenkins and Peter J. Lambert, 1997, " Three Ts of Poverty Curves, with an Analysis of UK Poverty Trends", Oxford Economic Papers, 3:317-327.
120. Stephen Morris, Matthew Sutton, Hugh Gravelle,2005, "Inequity and Inequality in the Use of Health Care in England:An Empirical Investigation" , Social Science & Medicine, 60:1251 - 1266.
121.Stewart, S. H., Silverstein, M. D. ,2002, "Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Measurement" ,Journal of General Internal Medicine, 6: 405 - 411.
122 . Sundrum R.M.,1990 ,Income Distribution in LessDeveloped Countries,London and New York :Routledge.
123. Tiebout CM., 1956, " A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures", The Journal of Political Economy , 164(5):416-424.
124. Theil, H.,1967, Economics and Information Theory, Amsterdam: North- Holland.
125. Tsuneo Tanaka,1978, "Medical Care in Japan, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow", Social Science & Medicine. Part A: Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology , 12: 479-483.
126. Tung-liang Chiang ,1997, "Taiwan's 1995 Health Care Reform ", Health Policy, 39: 225-239.
127. Ulf-G. Gerdtham, Bengt Jonsson ,2000, International Comparisons of Health Expenditure:Theory,Data and Ecomometric Analysis in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse ,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
128. Van Damme, W. ,2004, "Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure and Debt in Poor Households: Evidence from Cambodia", Tropical Medicine and International Health ,2: 273-80.
129 . Van Doorslaer, E., Wagstaff, A., Bleichrodt, H., et al.1997, "Income-related Inequalities in Health: Some International Comparisons", Journal of Health Economics ,16: 93-112.
130. Van Doorslaer E., Wagstaff, A.,1999, "The Redistributive Effect of Health Care Finance in Twelve OECD Countries", Journal of Health Economics, 18:291-313.
131. Van Doorslaer E. ,Adam Wagstaff, Hattem van der Burg,2000, "Equity in the Delivery of Health Care in Europe and the US", Journal of Health Economics ,19:553-583 .
132. Van Doorslaer, E., and U.-G. Gerdtham., 2003, "Does Inequality in Self-Assessed Health Predict Inequality in Survival by Income? Evidence from Swedish Data" , Social Science and Medicine, 9: 1621 - 1629.
133. Van Doorslaer, E., & Masseria, C, 2004, "Income-Related Inequality in the Use of Medical Care in 21 OECD Countries ", Health Policy Studies, 1: 109 -166.
134. Van Doorslaer, E., 2005, "Paying Out-of-Pocket for Health Care in Asia:Catastrophic and Poverty Impact", Equitap Project working paper, No. 2, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
135. Van Doorslaer E. ,Philip Clarke, Elizabeth Savage,2008, " Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System", Health Policy ,86:97-108.
136.Van Doorslaer E. ,Philip Clarke, Elizabeth Savage,2008, " Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System", Health Policy ,86:97-108 .
137. Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E., Paci, P., 1989, "Equity in the Finance and Delivery of Health Care: Some Tentative Cross-Country Comparisons", Oxford Review of Economic Policy,5:89- 112.
138. Wagstaff, A., Paci, P., van Doorslaer, E. ,1991a, "On the Measurement of Inequalities in Health" , Social Science and Medicine, 33:545- 557.
139. Wagstaff, A., Van Doorslaer, E., Paci, P. ,1991b, "Horizontal Equity in the Delivery of Health Care" , Journal of Health Economics, 10:251 - 256.
140. Wagstaff, A., Van Doorslaer, E., Calonge, S. ,1992, "Equity in the Finance of Health Care: Some International Comparisons", Journal of Health Economics , 11(4): 361-87.
141. Wagstaff, A., and E. van Doorslaer., 1994, " Measuring Inequalities in Health in the Presence of Multiple-Category Morbidity Indicators" , Health Economics ,3: 281 - 291.
142. Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E., 1997, "Horizontal Equity and Reranking in Health Care Finance: A Decomposition Analysis for the Netherlands", Journal of Health Economics ,16 :499-516.
143. Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E. ,2000, "Measuring and Testing for Inequity in the Delivery of Health Care" , Journal of Human Resources, 35:716 -733.
144. Wagstaff A. . Eddy van Doorslaer. 2000, Equity in Health Care Finance and Delivery in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse ,eds.,North-holiand handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
145. Wagstaff, A., 2002, "Poverty and Health Sector Inequalities" , Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2: 97 - 105.
146.Wagstaff, A., 2002a, "Inequality Aversion, Health Inequalities and Health Achievement" , Journal of Health Economics ,21:627-641.
147. Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E., Watanabe, N., 2003, " On Decomposing Health Sector Inequalities, with An Application to Malnutrition Inequalities in Vietnam" , Journal of Econometrics, 112: 219 - 227.
148. Wagstaff, A., Lindelow, M., 2008, " Can Insurance Increase Financial Risk? ", Health Economy,2:1- 16.
149.Wanand, S., Diderichsen, F., Evans, T., Shkolnikov, V., & Wirth, M.,2001, "Measuring Disparities in Health: Methods and Indicators", In T. Evans, M. Whitehead, F. Diderichsen, A. Bhuiya, & M. Wirth (Eds.), Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
150. Wilkinson, R., Pickett, K., 2006, "Income Inequality and Population Health:A Review and Explanation of the Evidence", Social Science and Medicine,62: 1768-1784.
151. Weil, P., 1993, " Precautionary Savings and the Permanent Income Hypothesis ", Review of Economic Studies,2:367-383.
152 . Weinstein, M., Manning, W. ,1997, " Theoretical Issues in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis", Journal of Health Economics, 16:121 - 128.
153. Williams A,1997, " Intergeneration Equity: An Exploration of the Fair Innings Argument ", Health Economics ,6:117-32.
154 . Williams A. ,Richard Cookson ,2000, " Equity in Health ", North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
155. Wooldridge , J . M. , 2002,Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data,The MIT Press
156. World Bank, 1997, China 2020: Financing Health Care ,Washington: The World Bank.
157. Yitzhaki, S. ,1983, " On An Extension of the Gini Index " , International Economic Review, 3: 617-628.
158. Zeckhauser, R., 1970, "Medical Insurance: A Case Study of the Tradeoff between Risk Spreading and Appropriate Incentives", Journal of Economic Theory ,2(1): 10-26.
2胡光宇,2006:《新健康革命》,北京:清华大学出版社。
3张慧,2005:《医疗保障:缺口大且公平性不足》,《市场研究)第3期,第13-15页。
1王绍光,胡鞍钢,丁元竹,2002:《经济繁荣背后的社会不稳定》,《战略与管理》第3期,第26-33页。
2Amartya Sen,1999,Development as Freedom,New York:Alfred A.Knopf.
1阿特金森,斯蒂格里茨,1992:《公共经济学》,上海:上海三联书店出版。
1Alexander S.Preker.John C.Langenbrunner,2006:《明智的支出为穷人购买医疗卫生服务》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
2顾昕.高梦滔,姚洋,2006:《诊断与处方直面中国医疗体制改革》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3阿耶.L.希尔曼,2006:《公共财政与公共政策》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
4葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改问题根源出路》.北京:中国发展出版社。
1 Hurley,3.2000,An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
2 Hadorn,D.C.,1991,"Setting Health Priorities in Oregon:Cost-Effectiveness Meets the Rule of Rescue" Journal of the American Medical Association,265:2218-2225.
1Atharina Hauck Peter C.Smith Maria Goddard,2006:《采购什么:医疗卫生服务项目优先次序的重置》,Alexander S.Preker and John C.Langenbrunner《明智的支出为穷人购买医疗卫生服务),北京:中国财政经济出版社。
2Samuelson P.A,1954,"The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure",The Review of Economics and Statistics,36(4):387-389.
1 Harvey S.Rosen,2005:《财政学》,北京:清华大学出版社。
2 郭庆旺,赵志耘,2002:《财政学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社.
1 Tiebout C.M.,1956," A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures",The Journal of Political Economy,164(5):416-424.
2 方福前。1994:《福利经济学》,北京:人民出版社.
3 Hurley,J.2000,"An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector"in A.J.Culyer and J.P.New house,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1庇古,2006:《福利经济学》,北京:商务印书馆。
2Anna Mansdotter,Lars Lindholm,Ann(O|¨)hman,2004," Women,Men and Public Health-How the Choice of Normative Theory Affects Resource Allocation",Health Policy,69:351-364.
1井润生,2002:《西方福利经济学的发展演变》,《学术研究》 第8期,第12-15页.
2于树一,2007:《公共服务均等化的理论基础探析》,《财政研究》第7期,第27-29页。
3刘钧,2001:《西方福利经济学发展浅探》,《中央财经大学学报》第3期,第6-11页。v
4Antoine Bommier,Guy Stecklov,2002,"Defining Health Inequality:Why Rawls Succeeds Where Social Welfare Theory Fails",Journal of Health Economics,21:497-513.
5Culyer,A.J.,Wagstaff,A.,1993,"Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care",Journal of Health Economics,12(4):431-457.
1 Jeff Richardson,John McKie,2005,"Empiricism,Ethics and Orthodox Economic Theory:What Is the Appropriate Basis for Decision-Making in the Health Sector ",Social Science &Medicine,60:265-275.
2 罗尔斯,1999:《正义论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
3 阿玛蒂亚.森,2006:《论经济不平等一不平等之再考察》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
1 姚洋,2004:《转轨中国:审视社会公正和平等》,北京:中国人民大学出版社.
2 Culyer,A.J.,1989,"The Normative Economics of Health Care Finance and Provision",Oxford Review of Economic Policy,5(l):34-58.
3 Stephen Birch,Cam Donaldson,2003," Valuing the Benefits and Costs of Health Care Programmes:Where' s The 'Extra' in Extra-Welfarism",Social Science & Medicine,56:1121-1133.
4 Hurley,J.2000,"An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector"in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Weinstein,M.,Manning,W.,1997,"Theoretical Issues in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis",Journal of Health Economics,16:121-128.
2 Williams A,! 997,"Intergeneration Equity:An Exploration of the Fair Innings Argument ",Health Economics,6:117-32.
3 Lindholm L,Rosen M,1998,"On the Measurement of the Nation's Equity Adjusted Health ",Health Economics,7:621-628.
4 NordE,Pinto JL,Richardson J,MenzelP,UbelP,1999,"Incorporating SocietaI Concerns for Fairness in Numerical Valuations of Health Programmes",Health Economics,8:25-39.
5 罗尔斯,1999:《正义论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
1Williams A.,Richard Cookson,2000,"Equity in Health ",North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Eister,J,1992,Local Justice:How Institutions Allocate Scarce Goods and Necessary Burdens,Russel Sage,New York.
2 Daniels,N.,2001," Justice,Health,and Healthcare",The American Journai of 8ioethics,1(2):2-16.
1 Culyer,A.J.,Wagstaff,A.,1993," Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care",Journal of Health Economics.12(4):431-457.
2 张艳梅,2007:《论丹尼尔斯医疗保健公正理论》,《医学与哲学》第4期,第21-25页.
3 Alexander W.,Cappelen Ole,Frithjof Norheim,2006," Responsibility,Fairness and Rationing in Health Care",Health Policy,76:312-319.
1黄有光,2003:《效率公平与公共政策-扩大公共支出势在必行》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
2Noziek,R.,1999,Anarchy,State and Utopia,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
1尼古拉斯.巴尔,2003:《福利国家经济学》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
2舍曼.富兰德。2004:《卫生经济学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社.
3WagstaffA.,Eddy van Doorslaer,2000,Equity in Health Care Finance and Delivery in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Gottschalk,P.,Wolfe,B.and Haveman,R.,1989,"Health Care Financing in the US,UK and The Netherlands:Distributional Consequences" in Chiancone,A.and Messere,K.eds.,Changes in revenue structures(Wayne State University Press,Detroit).
2 Wagstaff,A.,Van Doorslaer,E.,Calonge,S.,1992,"Equity in the Finance of Health Care:Some International Comparisons",Journal of Health Economics,11(4):361-87.
3 Lairson,D.R.,Hindson,P.and Hauquitz,A.,1995,"Equity of Health Care in Australia",Social Science Medicine,41(4):475-482.
4 Le Grand,J.,1987,"Inequalities in Health:Some International Comparisons",European Economic Review,31(1):182-191.
5 Propper,C.,and Upward,R.,1992,"Need,Equity and the NHS:The Distribution of Health Care Expenditure 1974-87",Fiscal Studies,13(2):1-21.
6 尹冬梅,胡普联,程晓明等。1999:《中国贫困农村地区卫生服务公平性研究》,《中国卫生经济)第3期,第7-10页。
1徐凌中,邴嫒媛,柳丽华,2001:《卫生筹资政策对公平性的影响》,《中华医院管理杂志》第5期,第268-271页.
2吴成丕。2003:《中国医疗保险制度改革中的公平性研究--以威海为例》,《经济研究》第6期,第54-63页。
3应晓华,李国红,胡善联等,2004:《家庭卫生筹资公平性研究》,《中华医院管理杂志》第8期,第449-453页。
4王小林,2007:《中国卫生服务筹资:公平与发展》,《南京大学学报》第3期,第42-53页.
5高梦滔,顾昕,2007:《城市医疗救助筹资与给付水平的地区不平等性》,《南京大学学报》第3期,第34-71页.
1海闻,刘刚,王健,2002:《中国农村卫生问题研究》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第14-16页。
2李卫平,石光,赵琨,2003:《我国农村卫生保健的历史现状与问题》,《管理世界》第4期,第33-43页.
3谢红,尹俊波,郭红霞,2004:《农村卫生资源现状分析》,《中国医院管理》第9期,第61-62页.
4胡国清,饶克勤,孙振球,2005:《中国农村卫生服务领域中供需双方存在的主要问题》,《中国医学科学院学报》第4期,第543-646页。
5韩俊,罗丹,2007:《中国农村卫生调查》,上海:上海远东出版社。
6王红漫,2006:《大国卫生之论农村卫生枢纽与农民的选择》,北京:北京大学出版社。
1郝子成,董兆举,王俊明等,《经济相对落后地区农村卫生服务现况分析》,《现代预防医学》第4期,第733-735页。
2Sen,G.,Iyer,A.and A.George.,2002,Class,Gender and Health Equity:Lessons from Liberalizing India In Engendering International Health:The Challenge of Equity eds.G.Sen,A.George,P.(O|¨)stlin.Cambridge MA:The MIT Press.
3Grossman Michael.,1999,"The Human Capital Model of The Demand for Health",NBER Working paper no.7078.http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078.
4樊明,2002:《健康经济学-健康对劳动市场表现的影响》,北京:社会科学文献出版社.
5海闻,刘刚,王健,2002:《中国农村卫生问题研究:经济学观点》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第14一16页.
6胡国清,饶克勤,孙振球,2005:《中国农村卫生服务领域中供需双方存在的主要问题》,《中国医学科学院学报》第4期,第543-546页。
7任苒,张琳,图易宸等,2004:《辽宁省农村不同经济水平地区居民医疗保健需要需求与利用》,《医学与哲学》第3期,第18-22页。
1张鹭鹭,胡普联,魏颖等,2002:《区域内城乡居民医疗服务需要需求及其影响因素分析》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第36-39页。
2刘丽娜,徐凌中,2007:《威海市城乡居民住院服务利用研究》,《中国卫生统计》第1期,第60-62页.
3Avi Dor,Paul Gertler,Jacques van der Gaag.,1987,"Non-Price Rationing and The Choice of Medical Care Providers in Rural Cote d'Ivoire ",Journal of Health Economics,6(4):291-304.
4Arrow,K.J.,1963,"Uncertainty and The Welfare Economics of Medical Care",American Economic Review 53:941-973.
1关志强,崔斌,董朝晖,2007:《城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的发展》∥《中国社会保障发展报告》.北京:社会科学文献出版社。
2张琪,2003:《中国医疗保障理论制度与运行》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
3顾昕,高梦滔,姚洋,2006:《诊断与处方直面中国医疗体制改革》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
1Edward,GU,2001,"Market Transition and The Transformation of The Health Care System in Urban China Policy Studies",Policy study,22(3):197-215.
2马修强,张罗漫,熊林平等,2001:《我国城镇职工医疗保障制度改革现状分析》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第50-51页。
3刘岚,陈功,郑晓瑛,2007:《我国城镇社会医疗保障面临的困境与模式选择》,《经济理论与经济管理》第9期,第47-51页。
4关志强,崔斌,董朝晖,2007:《城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的发展》∥《中国社会保障发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
5顾昕,方黎明,2004:《自愿性与强制性之间:中国农村合作医疗的制度嵌入性与可持续发展分析》,《社会学研究》,第5期,第1-18页.
6谭克俭,丁润萍,颛惠琳,2007:《新型农村合作医疗理论与实践》,北京:中国社会出版社。
1李华,2007:《中国农村合作医疗制度研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
2李和森,2006:《中国农村医疗保障制度研究》,北京:经济科学出版社.
3唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社.
4杨玲,2004:《以家庭为单位参加新型农村合作医疗与城镇化的两难选择》,《中国农村经济》第12期,第59-64页.
5刘军民,2006:《农村合作医疗存在的制度缺陷》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第2期,第32-36页。
6金彩红,2006:《中国新型农村合作医疗制度设计缺陷的理论分析》,《上海经济研究》第9期。第71-76页。
7顾海,唐艳,2006:《强制性制度变迁与农户理性不及的反应对新型农村合作医疗的两点思考》,《农业经济问题)第11期,第39-41页.
8李娟娟,2007:《西部农村新型合作医疗制度设计中的悖论及实施中的困境分析》,《理论导刊》第4期,第91-92页.
9赵慧珠,2007:《新型农村合作医疗制度的难题及其破解》,《中共中央党校学报》第 4期,第93-98页。
1徐丽,2005:《新型农村合作医疗筹资机制可持续性研究》,《安徽农业科学》第11期,第156-157页。
2张莉,2005:《我国新型农村合作医疗的筹资困境》,《科学对社会的影响》第4期。第36-38页。
3陈健生,2005:《新型农村合作医疗筹资制度的设计与改进》,《财经科学》第1期,第124-131页。
4陈迎春,吴妮娜,王莉杨。2006:《新型农村合作医疗需方筹资风险分析》,《中国卫生经济》第5期,第26-27页。
5王延中,刘湘丽,崔红志,2007:《新型农村合作医疗制度的建立与发展)∥《中国社会保障发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
6张磊,贺雪娇,2007:《剖析新型农村合作医疗制度的筹资意愿与能力》,《农村经济》第5期,第79-81页.
1赵晓强,张雪梅,2006:《贫困地区农村新型合作医疗参合率和利用率研究》,《农业经济问题)第6期,第23-27页。
2冯珊珊,陈天亮,谢志文等,2007:《广州鳘头镇新型农村合作医疗参与意向及其影响因素调查》,《卫生软科学》第2期,第10-12页.
3林晨,2007:《中部地区农民参加农村新型合作医疗的影响因素分析》,《农业经济间题》第1期,第47-51页。
4王红漫,顾大男,杜远举等,2006:《新型农村合作医疗参与满意度及持续性的影响因素分析》,《中国人口科学》第5期,第42-49页。
5曾明。张永美,2007:《农民参与新型农村合作医疗的意愿及其决定因素》,《天津行政学院学报》第2期,第25-29页。
6王红漫,2005:《药品价格对新型农村合作医疗制度的影响--北京市郊区专项调查》,《中国物价》第11期,第23-24页。
7孙晓筠,Adrian·Sleigh,李士雪等,2006:《新型农村合作医疗对乡村医生处方行为的影响研究》,《中国卫生经济》第4期,第42-44页。
8贾清萍,2007:《新农村建设中新型农村合作医疗制度优化的路径选择》,《江汉论坛》第4期,第20-22页.
1吴晓红,江启成,秦其荣,2007:《新型农村合作医疗定点医疗机构不规范行为现况研究》,《现代预防医学》第9期,第4-6页。
2杨海文,於怡,2005:《农村新型合作医疗保险制度中筹资机制研究》,《中南财经政法大学学报》第1期,第42-44页.
3高彦彦,尚长风,2006:《从非正式医疗机构视角构建新型农村合作医疗网》,《财经科学》第5期,第100-105页.
4李士雪,杨金侠,2006:《对新型农村合作医疗定点医疗机构实施监管的主体策略及控制方法》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第43-45页。
5向春玲,2006:《公益组织在新型农村合作医疗制度建设中的作用以山东省即墨市济宁市红十字会为例》,《中国农村观察》第5期,第34-50页。
6谢红莉,瞿佳,周芬等,2007:《城市医院在新型农村合作医疗中的作用》,《中华医院管理杂志》第2期,第81-83页。
1张车伟,2003:《营养健康与效率》,《经济研究》第1期,第3-12页.
2刘国恩,WilliBm H.Dow,傅正泓等,2004:《中国的健康人力资本与收入增长》,《经济学(季刊》第10期,第101-118页。
3刘乐山,何炼成,2005:《公共产品供给的差异》,《人文杂志》第1期,第129-133页。
4孟庆国,胡鞍钢,2000:《消除健康贫困应成为农村卫生改革与发展的优先战略》,《中国卫生资源》第11期,第245-249页。
5原新,刘佳宁,2005:《我国农村人口的健康贫困探讨》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》第4期,第94-99页。
6唐钧,2006:《公共服务均等化保障6种基本权利》,《时事报告》第6期,第42-43页。
1张东豫,2007:《构建和谐社会与城乡公共服务均等化》,《中南财经政法大学研究生学报》第1期,第43-48页。
2王翠芳,2007:《试探新农村建设中城乡基本公共服务均等化问题》,《经济问题》第5期,第82-84页.
3崔惠玲,郭华平,李彦敏,2003:《我国卫生费用投入及分配的公平性分析》,《上海经济研究》第1期,第18-27页。
4刘金伟,2006:《城乡卫生资源配置的倒三角模式及其成因》,《调研世界》第3期,第22-25页。
1王晓杰,张健,2006:《略论医疗保险政策的公平性选择》,《学术交流》第7期,第129一132页.
2顾昕。高梦滔.姚洋,2006:《诊断与处方直面中国医疗体制改革》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3冯占春,侯泽蓉,郑舒文等,2006a:《我国城乡卫生投入公平性的影响因素及其对策》,《中华医院管理杂志》第10期,第657-660页。
4葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改问题根源出路》,北京:中国发展出版社。
5王绍光,何焕荣,乐园,2005:《政策导向汲取能力与卫生公平》,《中国社会科学》第6期,第101-120页。
1刘金伟,2006:《城乡卫生资源配置的倒三角模式及其成因》,《调研世界》第3期,第22-25页.
2王延中,冯立果,2007:《中国医疗卫生改革何处去甩包袱式市场化改革的资源集聚效应与改进》,《中国工业经济》第8期,第24-31页。
3葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改问题根源出路》,北京:中国发展出版社。
4胡鞍钢.胡琳琳,2003:《从不公平到更加公平的卫生发展:中国城乡疾病模式差距分析与建议》,《管理世界》第1期,第78-87页。
5刘乐山,何炼成,2005:《公共产品供给的差异:城乡居民收入差距扩大的一个原因解析》,《人文杂志》第1期,第129-133页。
1章也微,2005:《城乡统筹发展的公共卫生筹资机制研究》,《农村经济》第3期,第74-76页.
2冯占春,侯泽蓉,代会侠等,2006b:《我国城乡卫生费用的公平性研究》,《中华医院管理杂志》第10期,第60-61页。
3原新,刘佳宁,2005:《我国农村人口的健康贫困探讨》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》第4期.第94-99页。
4颜嫒嫒,李强,于乐荣,2006:《城乡人口健康差异的原因透视与政策建议》,《农村经济》第8期.第108-110页。
1章也徽,2005:《城乡统筹发展的公共卫生筹资机制研究》,《农村经济》第3期,第74-76页。
2王延中,冯立果,2007:《中国医疗卫生改革何处去甩包袱式市场化改革的资源集聚效应与改进》,《中国工业经济》第8期,第24-31页。
1项中新,2000:《均等化:基础理念与制度安排》,北京:中国经济出版社。
2严剑峰,2003:《横向均等化财政转移支付数额分配的一种方法》,《财贸经济》第8期,第48-53页。
3黄解宇,常云昆,2005:《对西部地区转移支付的均等化模型分析》,《财经研究》第8期,第111-123页。
4李华.2005:《中国农村公共品供给与财政制度创新》,北京:经济科学出版社。
1江明融,2006:《公共服务均等化论略》,《中南财经政法大学学报》第3期,第43-47页。
2陈海威,田侃,2007:《我国基本公共服务均等化问题探讨》,《中州学刊》第5期,第32-34页。
3贾康,2007:《公共服务的均等化应积极推进但不能急于求成》,《审计与理财》第8期,第5-6页。
4刘尚希-2007:《基本公共服务均等化:现实要求和政策路径》,《浙江经济》第13期,第24-27页。
1 Culyer,simpson,1980,"Externality Models and Health:A Ruckblick over the last Twenty Years ",Economic Record,56:222-230.
1王俊华,2005:《当代卫生事务研究》,北京:科学出版社。
2孟庆跃,严非,2005:《中国城市卫生服务公平与效率评价研究》,济南:山东大学出版社。
3梁万年.2003:《卫生事业管理学》,北京:人民卫生出版社。
4孟庆跃,严非,2005:《中国城市卫生服务公平与效率评价研究》,济南:山东大学出版社。
1奥肯.阿瑟,1999:《平等与效率》,北京:华夏出版社。
1 John W.Peabody,Sung-Woo Lee,Stephen R.Bickeld,1995,"Health for All in the Republic of Korea:One Country's Experience with Implementing Universal",Health care Health Policy,31:29-42.
1 Tsuneo Tanaka,1978,"Medical Care in Japan,Yesterday,Today,and Tomorrow",Social Science & Medicine.Part A:Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology,12:479-483.
2 许正中,2002:《社会医疗保险:制度选择与管理模式》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3 Tung-liang Chiang,1997,"Taiwan's 1995 Health Care Reform ",Health Policy,39:225-239.
4 刘永华,傅卫,毛正中等。2006:《我国台湾地区全民健康保险制度的启示》,《中国卫生经济》第9期,第38-40页。
1乌日图,2003:《医疗保障制度国际比较》,北京:化学工业出版社。
2高连克。杨淑琴,2005:《英国医疗保障制度变迁及其启示》,《北方论丛)第4期,第110-113页.
3 Gerdtham U Bengt Jonsson,2000,International Comparisons of Health Expenditure:Theory,Data and Ecomometric Analysis in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1丁润萍,2007:《国外农村医疗保障的经验及对我国的启示》,《经济问题》第4期,第122-124页。
1周振,谢家智,2007:《国外农村社会保障制度比较及对重庆的启示》,《重庆社会科学》第12期,第8-12页.
2乌日图,2003:《医疗保障制度国际比较》,北京:化学工业出版社.
1林端宜,2003:《台湾健康保险制度观》,《中国中医药信息杂志》第2期,第90-92页。
1唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社.
2许正中,2002:《社会医疗保险:制度选择与管理模式》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3邱家学,赵丽华,2007:《国外农村医疗保险制度对我国的启示》,《上海医药》第7期,第314-316页.
1 赵喜顺.2000:《台湾的医疗保险制度》,《台湾研究集刊》第1期,第95-102页。
2 许正中.2002:《社会医疗保险:制度选择与管理模式》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
3 Robin Gauld,Naoki lkegami,Michael D.Barr,2006,"Advanced Asia's Health Systems in Comparison ",Health Policy,79:325-336.
1 唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社。
2 Jui-fen R.Lu,Gabriel M.Leung,Soonman Kwon,2007,"Horizontal Equity in Health Care Utilization Evidence from Three High-income Asian Economies",Social Science & Medicine,64:199- 212.
3 于保荣,高光明,王庆,2006:《中日两国医疗服务利用及效果分析》,《中国卫生质量管理》第4期,第79-82页。
1 唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社。
1 孙子平,2002:《日本医疗保障制度的考察及启示》,《医院领导决策参考》第10期,第29-32页。
2 林义,2006:《农村社会保障的国际比较及启示研究》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
1 中华人民共和国卫生部,2003:《中国卫生统计年鉴(2003)》,北京:中国协和医科大学出版社。
1 高培勇,2008:《财政与民生》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
2 葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改》,北京:中国发展出版社。
1 World Bank,1997,China 2020:Financing Health Care,Washington:The World Bank.
2 Feng xueshan,Tang shenglan,Gerald Bloom,1995,"Cooperative Medical Schemes in Contemporary Rural China",Social Science Medical,8:1111-1118.
1 Manski,C.,2000,"Economic Analysis of Economic Interaction",The Journal of Economic Perspectives,14:115-136.
2 内生效应对某项决策的参与的影响主要表现在三个方面,第一,个体可以参考群体成员行为选定模仿行动,包括直接的互相讨论或根据他人的行动进行推断。第二,个体某项行动参与决策可能受到社会规范或关于社会规范的信念的影响,通过观察参考群体,个体希望保持与其所在社会群体大多数成员相似的参与水平。第三,个体通过参与某项决策可以获得与其他参与者交流的机会,从而享受到交流共同话题的愉悦。
3 Putnam,R,1993,.Making Democracy Work:Civil Traditions in Modern Italy,Princeton:Princeton University Press
1 胡苏云,2006:《中国农村人口医疗保障:穷人医疗干预视角的分析》,《中国人口科学》第3期,第30-37页.
1 高培勇,2008:《财政与民生》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
2 Henderson,G.,Jin,S.,Akin,J.,Li,Z.,Wang,J.,1995,"Distribution of Medical Insurance in China",Social Science &Medicine,8:1119 - 1130.
1 Wagstaff,A.,Lindelow,M.,2008," Can Insurance Increase Financial Risk? ",Health Economy,2:1-16.
1 Hurst J.,1985,Financing Health Care in the US,Canada and Britain,Kings Fund,London.
2 Cantor,1988,The Burden of Financing Health Care in The United States,John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health,Baltimore.
3 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,Paci,P.,1989,"Equity in the Finance and Delivery of Health Care:Some Tentative Cross-Country Comparisons",Oxford Review of Economic Policy,5:89- 112.
4 Van Doorslaer E.,Wagstaff,A.,1999,"The Redistributive Effect of Health Care Finance in Twelve OECD Countries",Journal of Health Economics,18:291-313.
5 赵郁馨,万泉,张毓辉,2004:《卫生筹资累进性分析案例研究》,《中国卫生经济》第7期,第13-17页.
6 李斌,2006:《黑龙江省卫生筹资累进性研究》,《中国卫生经济》第1期,第10-15页。
7 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,1997,"Horizontal Equity and Reranking in Health Care Finance:A Decomposition Analysis for the Netherlands",Journal of Health Economics,16:499-516.
8 Van Doorslaer E.,Wagstaff,A.,1999,"The Redistributive Effect of Health Care Finance in Twelve OECD Countries",Journal of Health Economics,18:291-313.
9 应晓华,胡善联,江芹,2004:《家庭卫生筹资水平不公平与垂直不公平分析》,《中华医院管理杂志》第8期,第454-456页。
1 Owen O'Donnell,Eddy van Doorslaer,2008,"Who Pays for Health Care in Asia",Journal of Health Economics.27:460-475.
2 当然,在2000年,也有少数国家的自付支出(OOP)比例超过中国(Owen,2008),如孟加拉(64.6%)、尼泊尔(75%)。
1 Lmabert P.,1993,The Distribution and Redistribution of Income:A Mathematicalanalysis,2nd ed.Manchester:Manchester University Press.
2 R的来源有二:一是对相同收入人群的不同对待,二是边际税率超过了100%(Wagstaff,1997)。一般而言,筹资的水平不公平主要由H和R来表示,而垂直不公平主要由V来表示。
1 万泉,赵郁馨,张毓辉,2004:《卫生筹资累进分析方法研究》,《中国卫生经济》 第7期,第18-20页.
2 家用电器包括收音机、 录音机、录像机、黑白电视机、彩色电视机、洗衣机、冰箱、空调、缝纫机、电扇、计算机、照相机、微波炉、电饭煲、高压锅、电话、手机、VCD/DVD、卫星天线等。
1 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,1997,"Horizontal Equity and Reranking in Health Care Finance:A Decomposition Analysis for the Netherlands",Journal of Health Economics,16:499-516.
1 刘远立,姚克勤,2003:《中国:健康差距在经济转型中不断拉大.挑战健康不公平-从理念到行动》,牛津:牛津大学出版社。
1 西奥多·W·舒尔茨,1990:《论人力资本投资》,北京:北京经济学院出版社。
1 樊桦,2001:《农村居民健康消费不足的经济学分析》,《中国农村观察》第6期,第37-43页。
2 平新乔,2003;《从中国农民医疗保健支出看农村医疗保健融资机制的选择》,《管理世界》第11期,第2-13页。
3 欧阳志刚,2007:《农民医疗卫生支出影响因素的综列协整分析》,《世界经济》第9期,第47-55页。
4 李通屏.王金营。2007:《中国农村居民人力资本投资对消费行为的影响》,《经济评论》第1期,第44-50页。
1 李家鸽,2005:《城乡居民医疗保健支出比较分析》,《贵州财经学院学报》第2期,第45-47页。
2 王莉,白晓丹,2007:《基于泰尔指数的我国人力资本投资城乡差异分析》,《广东商学院学报》第4期,第11-13页。
3 Theil,H.,1967,Economics and Information Theory,Amsterdam:North- Holland.
1 Mookherjee,D.,Shorrocks,A.F.,1982,"A Decomposition of the Trend in UK Income Inequality",Economic Journal,92:886-902.
2 Sundrum R.M.,1990,Income Distribution in LessDeveloped Countries,London and New York:Routledge.
1 在用这种方法前,必须先用其他方法计算出城镇和农村内部的基尼系数,我们采用以下公式计算城镇和农村内部的基尼系数。G_(1or2)=1+1/N-2/N~2μ-(x_1+2x_2+....+Nx_n);(x_1≥x_12≥...x_N)。
2 Atkinson Anthony B.,1970,"On the Measurement of Inequality",Journal of Economic Theory,2:244-263.
1 Grossman M.,1972," On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health',Journal of Political Economy,80(2):223-255.
1 韩俊,罗丹,2007:《中国农村卫生调查》,上海:上海远东出版社。
1 Mooney,G.H.,1986,Economics,Medicine,and Health Care,Wheatsheaf,Brighton.
1 Le Grand,J.1987a,"Equity,Health and Health Care",Social Justice Research,1:257- 274.
2 Alleyne,G.A.O.,J.Casas,and C.Castillo-Salgado,2000,"Equality,Equity:Why Bother?",Bulletin of the World Health Organization,78:76 - 77.
3 Evans,T.,M.Whitehead,F.Diderichsen,A.,2001,Introduction In Challenging Inequities in Health:From Ethics to Action,ed.T.Evans,M.Whitehead,F.Diderichsen,Oxford:Oxford University Press.
7 Amartya Sen,2002,"Why Health Equity?",Health Economics,8:659 - 666.
5 Stephen Morris,Matthew Sutton,Hugh Gravelle,2005," Inequity and Inequality in the Use of Health Care in England:An Empirical Investigation",Social Science & Medicine,60:1251 - 1266.
6 Illsley,R.and Le Grand,J.,1987,The Measurement of Inequality in Health,in:Williams,A.eds.,Health and economics,Macmillan,London.
7 Van Doorslaer,E.,Wagstaff,A.,Bleichrodt,H.,et al.1997,"Income-related Inequalities in Health:Some International Comparisons",Journal of Health Economics,16:93-112.
8 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,Watanabe,N.,2003," On Decomposing Health Sector Inequalities,with An Application to Malnutrition Inequalities in Vietnam",Journal of Econometrics,112:219- 227.
1 Dusheiko,Gravelle,2001,"Measuring Income Related Inequality in Health within General Practices",Centre for Health Economics,Technical Paper 22.
2 Lairson,D.R.,Hindson,P.and Hauquitz,A.,1995,"Equity of Health Care in Australia",Social Science Medicine,4:475-482.
3 Van Doorslaer E.,Adam Wagstaff,Hattem van der Burg,2000,"Equity in the Delivery of Health Care in Europe and the US",Journal of Health Economics,19:553-583.
4 Van Doorslaer,E.,& Masseria,C.,2004,"Income-Related Inequality in the Use of Medical Care in 21 OECD Countries ",Health Policy Studies,1:109 - 166.
5 Van Doorslaer E.,Philip Clarke,Elizabeth Savage,2008," Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System",Health Policy,86:97-108.
6 刘宝,胡普联,2003:《收入相关健康不平等实证研究》,《卫生经济研究》第1期,第14-16页.
7 胡琳琳,2005:《我国与收入相关的健康不平等实证研究》,《卫生经济研究》第12期,第13-16页。
1 O'Donnell,O.,van Doorslaer,E.,Wagstaff,A.,& Lindelow,M.,2008,"Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data:A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation",Washington,DC:World Bank.
2 Van Doorslaer,E.,and U.-G.Gerdtham.,2003,"Does Inequality in Self-Assessed Health Predict Inequality in Survival by Income? Evidence from Swedish Data",Social Science and Medicine,9:1621- 1629.
3 Wagstaff,A.,2002," Poverty and Health Sector Inequalities",Bulletin o.fthe World Health Organization,2:97 - 105.
4 Wagstaff,A.,Paci,P.,van Doorslaer,E.,1991a,"On the Measurement of Inequalities in Health",Social Science and Medicine,33:545 - 557.
5 Wagstaff,A.,Van Doorslaer,E.,Paci,P.,1991b,"Horizontal Equity in the Delivery of Health Care",Journal of Health Economics,10:251 - 256.
6 Wagstaff A.,Eddy van Doorslaer,Naoko Watanabe,2003,"On Decomposing the Causes of Health Sector Inequalities with an Application to Malnutrition Inequalities in Vietnam ",Journal of Econometrics,112:207-223.
1 当然,集中系数的标准差还可以用Rao(1965)的非线性delta方法得到。
2 Kakwani,N.,Wagstaff,A.,et al.,1997," Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health:Measurement.Comnutation and Statistical Inference".Journal of Econometrics.1:87 - 104.
3 个体健康也可以看作是对健康的需求。
4 Van Doorslaer E.,Adam Wagstaff,Hattem van der Burg,2000,"Equity in the Delivery of Health Care in Europe and the US",Journal of Health Economics,19:553-583.
5 Van Doorslaer,E.,& Masseria,C.,2004,"Income-Related Inequality in the Use of Medical Care in 21 OECD Countries ",Health Policy Studies,1:109 - 166.
6 Wagstaff,A.,van Doorslaer,E.,2000," Measuring and Testing for Inequity in the Delivery of Health Care",Journal of Human Resources,35:716 - 733.
1 Jui-fen R.,Lu Gabriel M.,Leung Soonman Kwon,2007,"Horizontal Equity in Health Care Utilization Evidence from Three High-Income Asian Economies",Social Science and Medicine,64:199 - 212.
2 Oaxaca,R.L.,1973," Male- female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets",International Economic Review,14:693 - 709.
3 Van Doorslaer E.,Philip Clarke,Elizabeth Savage,2008," Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System",Health Policy,86:97-108.
1 Wagstaff,A.,Van Doorslaer,E.,Paci,P.,1991b,"Horizontal Equity in the Delivery of Health Care",Journal0of Health Economics,10:251 - 256.
2 Wagstaff,A.,and E.van Doorslaer.,1994,"Measuring Inequalities in Health in the Presence of Multiple-Category Morbidity Indicators",Health Economics,3:281 - 291.
3 Brazier,J.,T.Usherwood,R.Harper,1998," Deriving a Preference-Based Single Index from the UK SF-36 Health Survey",Clin Epidemio,1(11):1115 - 1128.
4 Busschbachet al.,Busschbach,J.J.V.,J.McDonnell,M.L.Essink-Bot,and van Hout B.A.,1999," Estimating Parametric Relationships Between Health Description and Health Valuation with an Application to the EuroQol EQ-5D",Journal of Health Economics,5:551- 571.
5 Feeny,D.,W.Furlong,G.W.Torrance,2002,"Multiattribute and Single-Attribute Utility Functions for the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 System",Medical Care,2:113 - 128.
6 Kaplan,R.,J.P.Anderson,1988,"A General Health PolicyModel:Update and Applications".Health Services Research.2:203-235.
7 赵忠,侯振刚,2005:《我国城镇居民的健康需求与Grossman模型》,《经济研究》第10期,第79-90页。
1 虽然用QWB替代健康会存在误差,但也要看到其他衡量健康的方法与QWB一样也存在误差。
2 Cirto,C.,and R.Michael,1995,Measuring Poverty:A New Approach,Washington,DC:National Academy Press.
1 Jones A.M.,2000,Health Econometrics in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 蔡昉,杨涛,2000:《城乡收入差距的政治经济学》,《中国社会科学》第4期,第11-22页。
2 林光彬,2004:《等级制度、市场经济与城乡收入差距扩大》,《管理世界》第4期,第30-40页。
3 陆铭,陈钊,2004:《城市化、城市倾向的经济政策与城乡收入差距》,《经济研究》第6期,第50-58页。
1 郭剑雄,2005:《人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛》,《中国社会科学》第3期,第27-37页。
2 陆云航,2006:《要素积累、政府政策与我国城乡收入差距》,《当代财经》第4期,第5-13页。
3 张海峰,2006:《城乡教育不平等与收入差距扩大》,《山西财经大学学报》第4期,第31-38页。
4 温娇秀,2007:《我国城乡教育不平等与收入差距扩大的动态研究》,《当代经济科学》第9期,第40-45页。
5 Foster,A.Rosenzweig,M.R.,1994," A Test for Moral Hazard in the Labor Market:Effort,Health and Calorie Consumption",Review of Economics and Statistics,76(2):213-227.
6 张车伟,2003:《营养、健康与效率--来自中国贫困农村的证据》,《经济研究》第1期,第3-12页。
7 魏众,2004:《健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响》,《经济研究》第2期,第64-74页。
1 刘社建,徐艳,2004:《城乡居民收入分配差距形成原因及对策研究》,《财经研究》第5期,第93-103页。
2 李长江,2004:《城乡差距的现状、根源及解决对策》,《理论探索》第3期,第46-47页。
3 陈宗胜,2002:《关于收入差别倒U曲线及两极分化研究中的几个方法问题》,《中国社会科学》第5期,第78-82页。
4 Shi,Xinzheng,Terry Sicular,and Yaohui Zhao,2002,"Analyzing Urban-Rural Income Inequality in China," Paper presented at the International Symposium on Equity and Social Justice in Transitional China,Beijing,July 11-12.
5 刘乐山,何炼成,2005:《公共产品供给的差异:城乡居民收入差距扩大的一个原因解析》,《人文杂志》第1期,第129-133页。
1 平新乔,白洁,2006:《中国财政分权与地方公共品的供给》,《财贸经济》第2期,第49-55页。
2 Oates,W.E.,1999," An Essay on Fiscal Federalism"Journal of Economic Literature,37:1120-1149.
1 王军平,刘起运,2005:《如何看待我国宏观税负》,《财贸经济》第8期,第34-40页。
1 Ranson,K.,2002," Reduction of Catastrophic Health Care Expenditures by a Community-based Health Insurance Scheme in Gujurat,India:Current Experiences and Challenges",Bulletin of the World Health Organization,80:8.
2 Abay Asfaw,Joachim yon Braun,2004," Can Community Health Insurance Schemes Shield The Poor Against The Downside Health Effects of Eeconomic Reforms? The Case of Rural Ethiopia",Health Policy,70:97-108.
3 Wagstaff,A.,Lindelow,M.,2008," Can Insurance Increase Financial Risk? ",Health Economy,2:1-16.
4 Ensor,T.and B.S.Pham,1996,"Access and Payment for Health care:The Poor of Nothern Vietnam",International Journal of Health Planning and Management,11:69-83.
5 Pannarunothai,S.and A.Mills,1997,"The Poor Pay More:Health-related Inequality in Thailand",Social Science Medicine,12:1781-90.
6 Skarbinski,J.,H.K.Walker,2002,"The Burden of Out-of-Pocket Payments for Health Care in Tblisi,Republic of Georgia",Journal of American Medical Association,8:1043-49.
7 Van Damme,W.,2004,"Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure and Debt in Poor Households:Evidence from Cambodia",Tropical Medicine and International Health,2:273-80.
8 Gilson,L.,& Mclntyre,D.,2005," Removing User Fees for Primary Care in Africa:The Need for Careful Action",British Medical Journal,331:762- 765.
1 Van Doorslaer,E.,2005,"Paying Out-of-Pocket for Health Care in Asia:Catastrophic and Poverty Impact",Equitap Project working paper,No.2,Erasmus University Rotterdam.
2 高建民,周忠良,2007:《互助医疗与新型农村合作医疗缓解“因病致贫”的效果比较》,《中国卫生经济》第10期。第30-33页。
3 陈迎春、徐锡武、王蓉,2005:《新型农村合作医疗减缓因病致贫效果测量》,《中国卫生经济》第8期,第26-28页
4 Foster,J.,Greer,.1.and Thorbecke,E.,1984," A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures",Econometrica,52:761- 766.
1 Jan Pen,1972,"Income Distribution",The Economic Journal,82:242-244.
1 TIP曲线有多种称谓。在工资歧视中称为“广义反洛伦兹曲线”;在产业集聚文献中称为“绝对集中曲线”;在研究失业期长度中被称为“剥夺曲线”,见Stephen(1997).
2 Stephen P.Jenkins and Peter J.Lambert,1997," Three 'I's of Poverty Curves,with an Analysis of UK Poverty Trends",Oxford Economic Papers,3:317-327.
1 Kunst,A.E.,Mackenbach,J.P.,1994,"International Variation in The Size of Mortality Differences Associated with Occupational Status ",International Journal of Epidemiology,4:742 - 750.
2 Saftlas,A.F.,Koonin,L.M.,Atrash,H.K.,2000," Racial Disparity in Pregnancy-Related Mortality Associated with Livebirth:Can Established Risk Factors Explain It ",American Journal of Epidemiology,5:413 - 419.
3 Keppel,K.G.,Pearcy,J.N.,Wagener,D.K.,2002," Trends in Racial and Ethnic-Specific Rates for the Health Status Indicators:United States,1990- 98",Healthy People 2000 Statistical Notes,23:1-16.
4 Stewart,S.H.,Silverstein,M.D.,2002," Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Measurement",Journal of General Internal Medicine,6:405 - 411.
5 研究者多使用集中指数来测量健康不平等程度,因为它符合以下两个要求,第一,能够反映全体人群的情况;第二,它对于人口社会经济分布的变化比较敏感。
6 Gerdtham,U.,Sundberg,G.,1998,"Measuring Income-Related Health Inequalities in Sweden",In M.L.Barer,T.E.Getzen,G.L.Stoddard(Eds.),Health,health care and health economics:Perspectives on distribution.Chichester:Wiley.
7 Humphries,K.H.,van Doorslaer,E.,2000,"Income-Related Health Inequality in Canada",Social Science and Medicine,5:663 - 671.
8 Van Doorslaer E.,Philip Clarke,Elizabeth Savage,2008," Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System",Health Policy,86:97-108.
9 Wagstaff,A.,2002a,"Inequality Aversion,Health Inequalities and Health Achievement",Journal of Health Economics,21:627-641.
10 Ke Tom Xu,2006,"State-level Variations in Income-Related Inequality in Health and Health Achievement in the US",Social Science & Medicine,63:457 - 464.
11 Philip M.Clarke et al.,2008,"Measuring Achievement:Changes in Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Australia",Social Science & Medicine,9:1-10.
1 Filip Meheus Eddy Van Doorslaer,2008,"Achieving Better Measles Immunization in Developing Countries:Does Higher Coverage Imply Lower Inequality",Social Science &Medicine,66:1709-1718.
2 Wanand,S.,Diderichsen,F.,Evans,T.,Shkolnikov,V.,& Wirth,M.,2001,"Measuring Disparities in Health:Methods and Indicators",In T.Evans,M.Whitehead,F.Diderichsen,A.Bhuiya,& M.Wirth(Eds.),Challenging inequities in health:from ethics to action.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
3 Kunst,A.,1997,"Cross-National Comparisons of Socio-Economic Differences in Mortality",The Hague:CIP.
4 Wagstaff,A.,Paci,P.,van Doorslaer,E.,1991a," On the Measurement of Inequalities in Health",Social Science and Medicine,33:545 - 557.
1 用协方差方法也能得到同样的结果,C=2/μcov(h,r),其中cov为协方差符号。
2 Wagstaff,A.,2002," Inequality Aversion,Health Inequalities and Health Achievement",Journal of Health Economics,21:627-641.
3 Yitzhaki,S.,1983,"On An Extension of the Gini Index",International Economic Review,3:617-628.
4 O'Donnell,O.,van Doorslaer,E.,Wagstaff,A.,& Lindelow,M.,2008," Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data:A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation",Washington,DC:World Bank.
1 该调查只在1997年没有包含辽宁省。在1991、1993年的调查重黑龙江省没有在内,其他调查年份包括该省。
2 Kaplan,R.,J.P.Anderson,1988,"A General Health PolicyModel:Update and Applications",Health Services Research,2:203-235.
1 Arrow,K.,1963,"Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care",American Economic Review,53(5):941-973.
2 Zeckhauser,R.,1970,"Medical Insurance:A Case Study of the Tradeoff between Risk Spreading and Appropriate Incentives",Journal of Economic Theory,2(1):10-26.
3 Pauly,M.,1974,"Overinsurance and Public Provision of Insurance:the Roles of Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection",Quarterly Journal of Economics,88(1):44-54.
4 David M.Cutler,Richard J.Zeckhauser,2000,The Anatomy of Health Insurance in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Morrisey,1992,Price Sensitivity in Health Care:Implications for Health Care Policy,Washington,DC:The NFIB foundation.
2 Selby,J.V.,B.H.Fireman and B.E.Swain.,1996,"Effect of a Copayment on Use of the Emergency Departmentin a Health Maintenance Organization",New England Journal of Medicine,334(10):635-641.
3 Magid,D.J.,T.D.Koepsell.,1997,"Absence of Asociation Btween Isurance Cpayments and Dlaysin Seking Eergency Care among Patients with Myocardial Infarction",New England Journal of Medicine,336(24):172-1729.
4 Buchmueller T C,Grumbach K,Kronick R,2005,"The Effect of Health Insurance on Medical Care Utilization and Implication for Insurance Expansion:A Review of the Literature",Medical Care Research and Review,62(1):3-30.
5 Jutting,J.,2003,"Do Community Based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor Peoples Access to HealthCare ? Evidence from Rural Senegal",World Development,32(2):273-288.
6 Amy Finkelstein,2004,"The Interaction of Partial Public Insurance Programs and Residual Private Insurance Markets:Evidence from the US Medicare Program",Journal of Health Economics,23:1-24.
7 Reagan Baughman,2007,"Differential Impacts of Public Health Insurance Expansions at the Local Level",Health Care Finance Economy,7:1-22.
1 Liu G G,Zhao Z,2006,"Urban Employee Health Insurance Reform and the Impact on Out-of-Pocket Payment in China",International Journal of Health Planning and Management,21(3):211-228.
2 Ding Jihong,Zhu Minglai,2007,"Welfare Effects of Public Health Insurance Reform:The Case of Urban China",Front.Econ.China o 2(3):289-323.
3 2006年,样本中的9个省都实施了新型农村合作医疗制度。
1 Wooldridge,J.M.,2002,Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data,The MIT Press
1 David M.Cutler,Richard J.Zeckhauser,2000,The Anatomy of Health Insurance in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
1 Hubbard R.G.,Skinner J.and Zeldes S.P,1994," Expanding the Life-Cycle Model:Precautionary Saving and Public Policy",American economic review,5:174-179.
2 Leland H.E.,1968," Saving and Uncertainty:the Precautionary Demand for Saving",Quarterly Journal of Economics,82:465-473.
3 Skinner J.,1988,"Risky Income,Life Cycle Consumption,and Precautionary Savings",Journal of Monetary Economics,2:237-255.
4 Kimball M.S.,1990,"Precautionary Saving in the Small and in the Large",Econometrica,1:53-73.
5 Deaton A.S.,1991,"Saving and Liquidity Constraints",Econometrica,5:1221-1248.
6 Dynan K.E.,1993,"How Prudent Are Consumers? ",Journal of Political Economy,6:1104-1113.
7 Carroll C.D.,and Samwick A.A.,1998,"How Important Is Precautionary Saving? ",Review of Economics and Statistics,3:410-419.
8 Gruber J.,and A.Yelowitz,1999,"Public Health Insurance and Private Savings ",Journal of Political Economy,6:1249-1274.
9 Chou,S.-Y.,Liu,J.-T.,Hammitt,J.,2003,"National Health Insurance and Precautionary Saving:Evidence from Taiwan ",Journal of Public Economics,87:1873-1894.
1 Starr-McCluer,M.,1996,"Health Insurance and Precautionary Savings ",American Economic Review,1:285-295.
2 Alessandra Guariglia Mariacristina Rossi,2004,"Private Medical Insurance and Saving:Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey ",Journal of Health Economics,23:761-783.
3 Kong,M.K.,et a1.,2007," Precautionary Motive for Saving and Medical Expenses under Health Uncertainty:Evidence from Korea ",Economics Letters,11:1-5.
4 黄学军,吴冲锋,2006:《社会医疗保险对预防性储蓄的挤出效应研究》,《世界经济》第8期,第65-70页.
1 Deaton,A.S.,Paxson,C.H.,1994,"Intertemporal Choice and Inequality ",Journal of Political Economy,3:437-467.
2 Caballero,R.J.,1990,"Consumption Puzzles and Precautionary Savings ",Journal of Monetary Economics,1:113-136.
3 Well,P.,1993," Precautionary Savings and the Permanent Income Hypothesis ",Review of Economic Studies,2:367-383.
4 Chou,S.-Y.,Liu,J.-T.,Hammitt,J.,2003,"National Health Insurance and Precautionary Saving:Evidence from Taiwan ",Journal of Public Economics,87:1873-1894.
1 Engen,E.M.,Gruber,L,2001,"Unemployment Insurance and Precautionary Saving ",Journal of Monetary Economics,3:545-579.
2 Kazarosian,M.,1997,"Precautionary Savings:A Panel Study ",Review of Economics and Statistics,2:241-247.
3 Starr-McCluer,M.,1996,"Health Insurance and Precautionary Savings ",American Economic Review,1:285-295.
4 Guiso,L.,Jappelli,T.,Terlizzese,D.,1992,"Earnings Uncertainty and Precautionary Saving ",Journal of Monetary Economics,2:307-337.
1 Staiger,D.,Stock,J.H.,1994,"Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments ',National Bureau of Economic Research,Working Paper 0151.
2 家用电器包括收音机、 录音机、录像机、黑白电视机、彩色电视机、洗衣机、冰箱、空调、缝纫机、电扇、计算机、照相机、微波炉、电饭煲、高压锅、电话、手机、VCD/DVD、卫星天线等。
3 家庭用具包括交通工具(自行车、摩托车、汽车)、家庭商业用具(炊具、木工用具、理发用具和五金小铺器具及设备等)两类。
4 刘兆博。马树才,2007:《基于微观面板数据的中国农民预防性储蓄研究》,《世界经济》第2期,第40-49页。
1 Olson,M.,1965,The Logic of Collective Action,Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press.
1 Lipton,M,1993,"Urban Bias:Consequences,Class and Causality",Journal of Development Studies,4:229-257.
2 赵郁馨,万泉,张毓辉,2008:《年我国卫生费用测算结果与基本卫生服务筹资方案》,《中国卫生经济》第4期,第5-10页。
1 李齐云,2003:《分级财政体制研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
1 黄佩华,2003:《中国:国家发展与地方财政》,北京;中信出版社。
2 张丽琴,王勤,唐鸣.2007:《医疗卫生服务的差异分析与均等化对策》,《社会主义研究》第6期,第110-114页。
3 朱诗柱,2008:《建立基本医疗卫生制度的财政责任分析》,《社会科学家》第8期,第102-106页。
1 刘溶沧,焦国华,2002:《地区间财政能力差异与转移支付制度创新》,《财贸经济》第6期,第5-12页。
2 马拴友,于红霞,2003:《转移支付与地区经济收敛》,《经济研究》第3期,第26-33页.
3 曹俊文,罗良清,2006:《转移支付的财政均等化效果实证分析》,《统计研究》第1期,第43-45页.
4 李华,2005:《城乡公共品供给均等化与转移支付制度的完善》,《财政研究》第11期,第34-36页。
1 Manski,C.,2000," Economic Analysis of Economic Interaction",The Journal of Economic Perspectives,14:115-136.
2 Case Anne,Rosen Harvey,1993,"Budget Spillovers and Fiscal Policy Interdependence",Journal of public Economics,52:285-307.
1 Revelli Frederico,2002,"Local Taxes,National Politics and Spatial Interactions in English District Election Results",European Journal of Political Economy,18(2):281-299.
2 Revelli Frederico,2003,"Reaction or Interaction? Spatial Process Identification in Multitiered Government Structures",Journal of Urban Economics,53(1):29-53.
3 Sandy Freret,2006,"Spatial Analysis of Horizontal Fiscal Interactions on Local Public Expenditures:the French Case",working paper.
4 Joan Costa Font,Jor di Ports Novell.,2006,"Public Health Expenditure and Spatial Interactions in A Decentralized National Health System",working paper.
5 Francesco Moscone,Martin Knapp,Elisa Tosetti,2007,"Mental health expenditure in England:A spatial panel approach",Journal of Heaith Economics,26(4):842-864.
6 Anselin,L.,1988,Spatial Econometrics:Methods and Models,Dordrecht,Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1 Anselin,L.,1988,Spatial Econometrics:Methods and Models,Dordrecht,Kluwer Academic Publishers
1 Anselin L,Raymond J,G M Florax,Sergio J,Rey.,2004,Advances in spatial econometrics:methodology,tools and applications,Berlin:Springer - Verlag.
1 Islam A M,2001,"Wagner' s Law Revisited:Cointegration and Exogeneity Test for The USA",Applied Economics Letters,18:509 - 515.
1 Wilkinson,R.,Pickett,K.,2006,"Income Inequality and Population Health:A Review and Explanation of the Evidence",Social Science and Medicine,62:1768-1784.
2 Andrew M.Jones,John Wildman Health,2008,"Income and Relative Deprivation:Evidence from the BHPS ",Journal of Health Economics,27:308-324.
3 胡琳琳,胡鞍钢,2003:《从不公平到更加公平的卫生发展:中国城乡疾病模式差距分析与建议》,《管理世界》第1期,第78-87页。
1 孙祁祥,朱俊生,郑伟等,2007;《中国医疗保险制度改革:全民医保的三支柱框架》,《经济科学》第5期,第8-17页。
2 李华,李佳,2008:《我国城乡医疗保险制度创新的路径选择》,《学术交流》第4期,第120-124页.
3周寿祺,2007:《城乡医保制度能否“衔接”》,《中国农村卫生事业管理》第11期,第804-806页。
1 于建华,2008:《统筹城乡医疗保险制度的基本设想》,《卫生经济研究》第7期,第13-15页。
1 樊丽明,2005:《中国公共品市场与自愿供给分析》,上海:上海人民出版社。
1.阿玛蒂亚.森,2006:《论经济不平等-不平等之再考察》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
2.阿特金森,斯蒂格里茨,1992:《公共经济学》,上海:上海三联书店出版。
3.阿耶.L.希尔曼,2006:《公共财政与公共政策》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
4.奥肯.阿瑟,l 999:《平等与效率》,北京:华夏出版社。
5.Alexander S.Preker.John C.Langenbrunner,2006:《明智的支出为穷人购买医疗卫生服务》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
6.Atharina Hauck Peter C.Smith Maria Goddard,2006:《采购什么:医疗卫生服务项目优先次序的重置》,Alexander S.Preker and John C.Langenbrunner《明智的支出为穷人购买医疗卫生服务》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
7.蔡昉,杨涛,2000:《城乡收入差距的政治经济学》,《中国社会科学》第4期,第11-22页。
8.曹俊文,罗良清,2006:《转移支付的财政均等化效果实证分析》,《统计研究》第1期,第43-45页。
9.陈海威,田侃,2007:《我国基本公共服务均等化问题探讨》,《中州学刊》第5期,第32-34页。
10.陈健生,2005:《新型农村合作医疗筹资制度的设计与改进》,《财经科学》第1期,第124-131页。
11.陈迎春、徐锡武、王蓉,2005:《新型农村合作医疗减缓因病致贫效果测量》,《中国卫生经济》第8期,第26-28页。
12.陈迎春,吴妮娜,王莉杨,2006:《新型农村合作医疗需方筹资风险分析》,《中国卫生经济》第5期,第26-27页。
13.陈宗胜,2002:《关于收入差别倒U曲线及两极分化研究中的几个方法问题》,《中国社会科学》第5期,第78-82页。
14.崔惠玲,郭华平,李彦敏,2003:《我国卫生费用投入及分配的公平性分析》,《上海经济研究》第1期,第18-27页。
15.丁润萍,2007:《国外农村医疗保障的经验及对我国的启示》,《经济问题》第4期,第122-124页。
16.樊丽明,2005:《中国公共品市场与自愿供给分析》,上海:上海人民出版社。
17.樊明,2002:《健康经济学-健康对劳动市场表现的影响》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
18.樊桦,2001:《农村居民健康消费不足的经济学分析》,《中国农村观察》第6期,第37-43页。
19.方福前,1994:《福利经济学》,北京:人民出版社。
20.冯珊珊,陈天亮,谢志文等,2007:《广州鳌头镇新型农村合作医疗参与意向及其影响因素调查》,《卫生软科学》第2期,第10-12页。
21.冯占春,侯泽蓉,郑舒文等,2006a:《我国城乡卫生投入公平性的影响因素及其对策》,《中华医院管理杂志》第10期,第657-660页。
22.冯占春,侯泽蓉,代会侠等,2006b:《我国城乡卫生费用的公平性研究》,《中华医院管理杂志》第10期,第60-61页。
23.高梦滔,顾昕,2007:《城市医疗救助筹资与给付水平的地区不平等性》,《南京大学学报》第3期,第34-71页。
24.高建民,周忠良,2007:《互助医疗与新型农村合作医疗缓解“因病致贫”的效果比较》,《中国卫生经济》第10期,第30-33页。
25.高连克,杨淑琴,2005:《英国医疗保障制度变迁及其启示》,《北方论丛》第4期,第110-113页。
26.高培勇,2008:《财政与民生》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
27.高彦彦,尚长风,2006:《从非正式医疗机构视角构建新型农村合作医疗网》,《财经科学》第5期,第100-105页。
28.葛延风,贡森,2007:《中国医改问题根源出路》,北京:中国发展出版社。
29.顾海,唐艳,2006:《 强制性制度变迁与农户理性不及的反应对新型农村合作医疗的两点思考》,《农业经济问题》第11期,第39-41页。
30.顾昕,高梦滔,姚洋,2006:《诊断与处方直面中国医疗体制改革》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
31.顾昕,方黎明,2004:《自愿性与强制性之间:中国农村合作医疗的制度嵌入性与可持续发展分析》,《社会学研究》,第5期,第1-18页。
32.关志强,崔斌。董朝晖,2007:《城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的发展》∥《中国社会保障发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
33.郭剑雄,2005:《人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛》,《中国社会科学》第3期,第27-37页。
34.郭庆旺,赵志耘,2002:《财政学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
35.海闻,刘刚,王健,2002:《中国农村卫生问题研究:经济学观点》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第14-16页。
36.韩俊,罗丹,2007:《中国农村卫生调查》,上海:上海远东出版社。
37.郝子成,董兆举,王俊明等,《经济相对落后地区农村卫生服务现况分析》,《现代预防医学》第4期,第733-735页。
38.胡鞍钢,胡琳琳,2003:《从不公平到更加公平的卫生发展:中国城乡疾病模式差距分析与建议》,《管理世界》第1期,第78-87页。
39.胡光字,2006:《新健康革命》,北京:清华大学出版社。
40.胡国清,饶克勤,孙振球,2005:《中国农村卫生服务领域中供需双方存在的主要问题》,《中国医学科学院学报》第4期,第543-546页。
41.胡琳琳,2005:《我国与收入相关的健康不平等实证研究》,《卫生经济研究》第12期,第13-16页。
42.胡苏云,2006:《中国农村人口医疗保障:穷人医疗干预视角的分析》,《中国人口科学》第3期,第30-37页。
43.黄佩华,2003:《中国:国家发展与地方财政》,北京:中信出版社。
44.黄解宇,常云昆,2005:《对西部地区转移支付的均等化模型分析》,《财经研究》第8期,第111-123页。
45.黄学军,吴冲锋,2006:《社会医疗保险对预防性储蓄的挤出效应研究》,《世界经济》第8期,第65-70页。
46.黄有光,2003:《效率公平与公共政策-扩大公共支出势在必行》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
47.贾康,2007:《公共服务的均等化应积极推进但不能急于求成》,《审计与理财》第8期,第5-6页。
48.贾清萍,2007:《新农村建设中新型农村合作医疗制度优化的路径选择》,《江汉论坛》第4期,第20-22页。
49.江明融,2006:《公共服务均等化论略》,《中南财经政法大学学报》第3期,第43-47页。
50.金彩红,2006:《中国新型农村合作医疗制度设计缺陷的理论分析》,《上海经济研究》第9期,第71-76页。
51.井润生,2002:《西方福利经济学的发展演变》,《学术研究》第8期,第12-15页。
52.李长江,2004:《城乡差距的现状、根源及解决对策》,《理论探索》第3期,第46-47页。
53.李斌,2006:《黑龙江省卫生筹资累进性研究》,《中国卫生经济》第1期,第10-15页。
54.李和森,2006:《中国农村医疗保障制度研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
55.李家鸽,2005:《城乡居民医疗保健支出比较分析》,《贵州财经学院学报》第2期,第45-47页。
56.李华,2005:《中国农村公共品供给与财政制度创新》,北京:经济科学出版社。
57.李华,2005:《城乡公共品供给均等化与转移支付制度的完善》,《财政研究》第11期,第34-36页。
58.李华,2007:《中国农村合作医疗制度研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
59.李华,李佳,2008:《我国城乡医疗保险制度创新的路径选择》,《学术交流》第4期,第120-124页。
60.李娟娟,2007:《西部农村新型合作医疗制度设计中的悖论及实施中的困境分析》,《理论导刊》第4期,第91-92页。
61.李齐云,2003:《分级财政体制研究》,北京:经济科学出版社。
62.李士雪,杨金侠,2006:《对新型农村合作医疗定点医疗机构实施监管的主体策略及控制方法》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第43-45页。
63.李通屏,王金营,2007:《中国农村居民人力资本投资对消费行为的影响》,《经济评论》第1期,第44-50页。
64.李卫平,石光,赵琨,2003:《我国农村卫生保健的历史现状与问题》,《管理世界》第4期,第33-43页。
65.梁万年,2003:《卫生事业管理学》,北京:人民卫生出版社。
66.林晨,2007:《中部地区农民参加农村新型合作医疗的影响因素分析》,《农业经济问题》第1期,第47-51页。
67.林端宜,2003:《台湾健康保险制度观》,《中国中医药信息杂志》第2期,第90-92页。
68.林光彬,2004:《等级制度、市场经济与城乡收入差距扩大》,《管理世界》第4期,第30-40页。
69.林义,2006:《农村社会保障的国际比较及启示研究》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
70.刘宝,胡善联,2003:《收入相关健康不平等实证研究》,《卫生经济研究》第1期,第14-16页。
71.刘国恩,William H.Dow,傅正泓等,2004:《中国的健康人力资本与收入增长》,《经济学(季刊》第10期,第101-118页。
72.刘金伟,2006:《城乡卫生资源配置的倒三角模式及其成因》,《调研世界》第3期,第22-25页。
73.刘钧,2001:《西方福利经济学发展浅探》,《中央财经大学学报》第3期,第6-11页。
74.刘军民,2006:《农村合作医疗存在的制度缺陷》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第2期,第32-36页。
75.刘岚,陈功,郑晓瑛,2007:《我国城镇社会医疗保障面临的困境与模式选择》,《经济理论与经济管理》第9期,第47-51页。
76.刘乐山,何炼成,2005:《公共产品供给的差异:城乡居民收入差距扩大的一个原因解析》,《人文杂志》第1期,第129-133页。
77.刘丽娜,徐凌中,2007:《威海市城乡居民住院服务利用研究》,《中国卫生统计》第1期,第60-62页。
78.刘溶沧,焦国华,2002:《地区间财政能力差异与转移支付制度创新》,《财贸经济》第6期,第5-12页。
79.刘尚希,2007:《基本公共服务均等化:现实要求和政策路径》,《浙江经济》第13期,第24-27页。
80.刘社建,徐艳,2004:《城乡居民收入分配差距形成原因及对策研究》,《财经研究》第5期,第93-103页。
81.刘永华,傅卫,毛正中等,2006:《我国台湾地区全民健康保险制度的启示》,《中国卫生经济》第9期,第38-40页。
82.刘远立,姚克勤,2003:《中国:健康差距在经济转型中不断拉大.挑战健康不公平-从理念到行动》,牛津:牛津大学出版社。
83.刘兆博,马树才,2007:《基于微观面板数据的中国农民预防性储蓄研究》,《世界经济》第2期,第40-49页。
84.陆铭,陈钊,2004:《城市化、城市倾向的经济政策与城乡收入差距》,《经济研究》第6期,第50-58页。
85.陆云航,2006:《要素积累、政府政策与我国城乡收入差距》,《当代财经》第4期,第5-13页。
86.罗尔斯,1999:《正义论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
87.马拴友,于红霞,2003:《转移支付与地区经济收敛》,《经济研究》第3期,第26-33页。
88.马修强,张罗漫,熊林平等,2001:《我国城镇职工医疗保障制度改革现状分析》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第50-51页。
89.孟庆国,胡鞍钢,2000:《消除健康贫困应成为农村卫生改革与发展的优先战略》,《中国卫生资源》第11期,第245-249页。
90.孟庆跃,严非,2005:《中国城市卫生服务公平与效率评价研究》,济南:山东大学出版社。
91.尼古拉斯.巴尔,2003:《福利国家经济学》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
92.欧阳志刚,2007:《农民医疗卫生支出影响因素的综列协整分析》,《世界经济》第9期,第47-55页。
93.庇古,2006:《福利经济学》,北京:商务印书馆。
94.平新乔,2003:《从中国农民医疗保健支出看农村医疗保健融资机制的选择》,《管理世界》第11期,第2-13页。
95.平新乔,白洁,2006:《中国财政分权与地方公共品的供给》,《财贸经济》第2期,第49-55页。
96.邱家学,赵丽华,2007:《国外农村医疗保险制度及对我国的启示》,《上海医药》第7期,第314-316页。
97.任苒,张琳,图易宸等,2004:《辽宁省农村不同经济水平地区居民医疗保健需要需求与利用》,《医学与哲学》第3期,第18-22页。
98.舍曼.富兰德,2004:《卫生经济学》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
99.孙祁祥,朱俊生,郑伟等,2007:《中国医疗保险制度改革:全民医保的三支柱框架》,《经济科学》第5期,第8-17页。
100.孙晓筠,Adrian·Sleigh,李士雪等,2006:《新型农村合作医疗对乡村医生处方行为的影响研究》,《中国卫生经济》第4期,第42-44页。
101.孙子平,2002:《日本医疗保障制度的考察及启示》,《医院领导决策参考》第10期,第29-32页。
102.谭克俭,丁润萍,颛惠琳,2007:《新型农村合作医疗理论与实践》,北京:中国社会出版社。
103.唐钧,2006:《公共服务均等化保障6种基本权利》,《时事报告》第6期,第42-43页。
104.唐旭辉,2006:《农村医疗保障制度研究》,成都:西南财经大学出版社。
105.万泉,赵郁馨,张毓辉,2004:《卫生筹资累进分析方法研究》,《中国卫生经济》 第7期,第18-20页。
106.王翠芳,2007:《试探新农村建设中城乡基本公共服务均等化问题》,《经济问题》第5期,第82-84页。
107.王红漫,2006:《大国卫生之论农村卫生枢纽与农民的选择》,北京:北京大学出版社。
108.王红漫,顾大男,杜远举等,2006:《新型农村合作医疗参与满意度及持续性的影响因素分析》,《中国人口科学》第5期,第42-49页
109.王红漫,2005:《药品价格对新型农村合作医疗制度的影响--北京市郊区专项调查》,《中国物价》第11期,第23-24页。
110.王俊华,2005:《当代卫生事务研究》,北京:科学出版社。
111.王军平,刘起运,2005:《如何看待我国宏观税负》,《财贸经济》第8期,第34-40页。
112.王莉,白晓丹,2007:《基于泰尔指数的我国人力资本投资城乡差异分析》,《广东商学院学报》第4期,第11-13页。
113.王绍光,2003:《中国公共卫生的危机与转机》,∥《比较》 北京:中信出版社。
114.王绍光,胡鞍钢,丁元竹,2002:《经济繁荣背后的社会不稳定》,《战略与管理》第3期,第26-33页。
115.王绍光,何焕荣,乐园,2005.《政策导向汲取能力与卫生公平》,《中国社会科学》第6期,第101-120页。
116.王小林,2007:《中国卫生服务筹资:公平与发展》,《南京大学学报》第3期,第42-53页。
117.王晓杰。张健,2006:《略论医疗保险政策的公平性选择》,《学术交流》第7期,第129-132页。
118.王延中,刘湘丽,崔红志,2007:《新型农村合作医疗制度的建立与发展》∥《中国社会保障发展报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
119.王延中,冯立果,2007:《中国医疗卫生改革何处去甩包袱式市场化改革的资源集聚效应与改进》,《中国工业经济》第8期,第24-31页。
120.魏众,2004:《健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响》,《经济研究》第2期,第64-74页。
121.温娇秀,2007:《我国城乡教育不平等与收入差距扩大的动态研究》,《当代经济科学》第9期,第40-45页。
122.吴成丕,2003:《中国医疗保险制度改革中的公平性研究--以威海为例》,《经济研究》第6期,第54-63页。
123.乌日图,2003:《医疗保障制度国际比较》,北京:化学工业出版社。
124.吴晓红,江启成,秦其荣,2007:《新型农村合作医疗定点医疗机构不规范行为现况研究》,《现代预防医学》第9期,第4-6页。
125.西奥多·W·舒尔茨,1990:《论人力资本投资》,北京:北京经济学院出版社。
126.项中新,2000:《均等化:基础理念与制度安排》,北京:中国经济出版社。
127.向春玲,2006:《公益组织在新型农村合作医疗制度建设中的作用以山东省即墨市济宁市红十字会为例》,《中国农村观察》第5期,第34-50页。
128.谢红,尹俊波,郭红霞,2004:《农村卫生资源现状分析》,《中国医院管理》第9期,第61-62页。
129.谢红莉,瞿佳,周芬等,2007:《城市医院在新型农村合作医疗中的作用》,《中华医院管理杂志》第2期,第81-83页。
130.徐丽,2005:《新型农村合作医疗筹资机制可持续性研究》,《安徽农业科学》第11期,第156-157页。
131.徐凌中,邴媛媛,柳丽华,2001.《卫生筹资政策对公平性的影响》,《中华医院管理杂志》第5期,第268-271页。
132.许正中,2002:《社会医疗保险:制度选择与管理模式》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
133.严剑峰,2003:《横向均等化财政转移支付数额分配的一种方法》。《财贸经济》第8期,第48-53页。
134.颜媛媛,李强,于乐荣,2006:《城乡人口健康差异的原因透视与 政策建议》,《农村经济》第8期,第108-110页。
135.姚洋,2004:《转轨中国:审视社会公正和平等》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
136.杨海文,於怡,2005:《农村新型合作医疗保险制度中筹资机制研究》,《中南财经政法大学学报》第1期,第42-44页。
137.杨玲,2004:《以家庭为单位参加新型农村合作医疗与城镇化的两难选择》,《中国农村经济》第12期,第59-64页。
138.尹冬梅,胡菩联,程晓明等,1999:《中国贫困农村地区卫生服务公平性研究》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第7-10页。
139.应晓华,李国红,胡善联等,2004:《家庭卫生筹资公平性研究》,《中华医院管理杂志》第8期,第449-453页。
140.于保荣,高光明,王庆,2006:《中日两国医疗服务利用及效果分析》,《中国卫生质量管理》第4期,第79-82页。
141.于建华,2008:《统筹城乡医疗保险制度的基本设想》,《卫生经济研究》第7期,第13-15页。
142.于树一,2007:《公共服务均等化的理论基础探析》,《财政研究》第7期,第27-29页。
143.原新,刘佳宁,2005:《我国农村人口的健康贫困探讨》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》第4期,第94-99页。
144.曾明,张永美,2007:《农民参与新型农村合作医疗的意愿及其决定因素》,《天津行政学院学报》第2期,第25-29页。
145.张车伟,2003:《营养、健康与效率--来自中国贫困农村的证据》,《经济研究》第1期,第3-12页。
146.张东豫,2007:《构建和谐社会与城乡公共服务均等化》,《中南财经政法大学研究生学报》第1期,第43-48页。
147.张海峰,2006:《城乡教育不平等与收入差距扩大》,《山西财经大学学报》第4期,第31-38页。
148.张慧。2005:《医疗保障:缺口大且公平性不足》,《市场研究》第3期,第13-15页。
149.张磊,贺雪娇,2007:《剖析新型农村合作医疗制度的筹资意愿与能力》,《农村经济》第5期,第79-81页。
150.张莉,2005:《我国新型农村合作医疗的筹资困境》,《科学对社会的影响》第4期,第36-38页。
151.张丽琴,王勤,唐鸣,2007:《医疗卫生服务的差异分析与均等化对策》,《社会主义研究》第6期,第110-114页。
152.张鹭鹭,胡善联,魏颖等,2002:《区域内城乡居民医疗服务需要需求及其影响因素分析》,《中国卫生经济》第3期,第36-39页。
153.张琪,2003:《中国医疗保障理论制度与运行》,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
154.张艳梅.2007:《论丹尼尔斯医疗保健公正理论》,《医学与哲学》第4期,第21-25页。
155.章也微,2005:《城乡统筹发展的公共卫生筹资机制研究》,《农村经济》第3期,第74-76页。
156.赵慧珠,2007:《新型农村合作医疗制度的难题及其破解》,《中共中央党校学报》第4期,第93-98页。
157.赵喜顺,2000:《台湾的医疗保险制度》,《台湾研究集刊》第1期,第95-102页。
158.赵晓强,张雪梅,2006:《贫困地区农村新型合作医疗参合率和利用率研究》,《农业经济问题》第6期,第23-27页。
159.赵郁馨,万泉,张毓辉,2004:《卫生筹资累进性分析案例研究》,《中国卫生经济》第7期,第13-17页。
160.赵郁馨,万泉,张毓辉,2008:《年我国卫生费用测算结果与基本卫生服务筹资方案》,《 中国卫生经济》第4期,第5-10页。
161.赵忠,侯振刚,2005:《我国城镇居民的健康需求与Grossman模型》,《经济研究》第10期,第79-90页。
162.中国社会科学院财政与贸易经济研究所,2005:《走向“共赢”的中国多级财政》,北京:中国财政经济出版社。
163.中华人民共和国卫生部,2003:《中国卫生统计年鉴(2003)》,北京:中国协和医科大学出版社。
164.周寿祺,2007.《城乡医保制度能否“衔接”》,《中国农村卫生事业管理》第11期,第804-806页。
165.周振,谢家智,2007:《国外农村社会保障制度比较及对重庆的启示》,《重庆社会科学》第12期,第8-12页。
166.朱诗柱,2008:《建立基本医疗卫生制度的财政责任分析》,《社会科学家》第8期,第102-106页。
1.Abay Asfaw,Joachim von Braun,2004," Can Community Health Insurance Schemes Shield The Poor Against The Downside Health Effects of Eeconomic Reforms? The Case of Rural Ethiopia",Health Policy,70:97-108.
2.Alessandra Guariglia Mariacristina Rossi,2004,"Private Medical Insurance and Saving:Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey ",Journal of Health Economics,23:761-783.
3.Alexander W.,Cappelen Ole,Frithjof Norheim,2006,"Responsibility,Fairness and Rationing in Health Care",Health Policy,76:312-319.
4.Alleyne,G.A.O.,J.Casas,and C.Castillo-Salgado,2000,"Equality,Equity:Why Bother?",Bulletin of the World Health Organization,78:76 - 77.
5.Amartya Sen,1999,Development as Freedom,New York:Alfred A.Knopf.
6.Amartya Sen,2002,"Why Health Equity?",Health Economics,8:659- 666.
7.Amy Finkelstein,2004,"The Interaction of Partial Public Insurance Programs and Residual Private Insurance Markets:Evidence from the US Medicare Program",Journal of Health Economics,23:1-24.
8.Andrew M.Jones,John Wildman Health,2008,"Income and Relative Deprivation:Evidence from the BHPS ",Journal of Health Economics,27:308-324.
9.Anna M(?)nsdotter,Lars Lindholm,Ann(O|¨)hman,2004,"Women,Men and Public Health-How the Choice of Normative Theory Affects Resource Allocation",Health Policy,69:351-364.
10.Anselin,L.,1988,Spatial Econometrics:Methods and Models,Dordrecht,Kluwer Academic Publishers.
11.Anselin L,Raymond J,G M Florax,Sergio J,Rey.,2004,Advances in spatial econometrics:methodology,tools and applications,Berlin:Springer -Verlag.
12.Aronson J.R.,Johnson,P.,Lambert P.J.,1994,"Redistributive Effect and Unequal Tax Treatment",Economic Journal,104:262-270.
13.Arrow,K.,1963,"Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care",American Economic Review,53(5):941-973.
14.Antoine Bommier,Guy Stecklov,2002,"Defining Health Inequality:Why Rawls Succeeds Where Social Welfare Theory Fails",Journal of Health Economics,21:497-513.
15.Atkinson Anthony B.,1970,"On the Measurement of Inequality",Journal of Economic Theory,2:244-263.
16.Avi Dor,Paul Gertler,Jacques van der Gaag.,1987,"Non-Price Rationing and The Choice of Medical Care Providers in Rural Cote d'Ivoire ",Journal of Health Economics,6(4):291-304.
17.Brazier,J.,T.Usherwood,R.Harper,1998," Deriving a Preference-Based Single Index from the UK SF-36 Health Survey" , Clin Epidemio,1(11): 1115 - 1128.
18. Buchmueller T C, Grumbach K, Kronick R, 2005 , "The Effect of Health Insurance on Medical Care Utilization and Implication for Insurance Expansion: A Review of the Literature",Medical Care Research and Review, 62(1): 3-30.
19. Busschbachet al., Busschbach, J. J. V., J. McDonnell, M. L. Essink-Bot, and van Hout B. A., 1999, "Estimating Parametric Relationships Between Health Description and Health Valuation with an Application to the EuroQol EQ-5D" , Journal of Health Economics ,5: 551 - 571.
20. Caballero, R.J., 1990, "Consumption Puzzles and Precautionary Savings ", Journal of Monetary Economics, 1: 113-136.
21 . Carroll C.D., and Samwick A.A., 1998, "How Important Is Precautionary Saving? ", Review of Economics and Statistics, 3: 410-419.
22. Cantor, 1988, The Burden of Financing Health Care in The United States, John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore.
23. Case Anne, Rosen Harvey, 1993, "Budget Spillovers and Fiscal Policy Interdependence",Journal of public Economics, 52:285-307.
24. Chou, S.-Y., Liu, J.-T., Hammitt, J., 2003, "National Health Insurance and Precautionary Saving: Evidence from Taiwan ", Journal of Public Economics,87:1873-1894.
25 . Cirto, C, and R. Michael, 1995, Measuring Poverty: A New Approach,Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
26. Culyer, A.J.,Wagstaff, A., 1993, "Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care", Journal of Health Economics, 12 (4):431-457.
27. Culyer , simpson, 1980, "Externality Models and Health:A Ruckblick over the last Twenty Years ", Economic Record , 56:222-230.
28. Daniels, N.,2001, "Justice, Health, and Healthcare", The American Journal of Bioethics,l(2):2-16.
29. David M. Cutler, Richard J.Zeckhauser, 2000, The Anatomy of Health Insurance in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse ,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
30. Deaton A.S., 1991, "Saving and Liquidity Constraints", Econometrica ,5: 1221-1248.
31. Deaton, A.S., Paxson, C.H., 1994, "I ntertemporal Choice and Inequality ",Journal of Political Economy,3:437-467.
32. Ding Jihong, Zhu Minglai, 2007, "Welfare Effects of Public Health Insurance Reform: The Case of Urban China" , Front. Econ. China , 2(3): 289-323.
33. Dusheiko , Gravelle ,2001, "Measuring Income Related Inequality in Health within General Practices" , Centre for Health Economics , Technical Paper 22.
34. Dynan K.E., 1993, "How Prudent Are Consumers? ", Journal of Political Economy, 6: 1104-1113.
35. Edward , GU,2001, "Market Transition and The Transformation of The Health Care System in Urban China Policy Studies",Policy study,22(3): 197-215.
36. Eister, J, 1992, Local Justice: How Institutions Allocate Scarce Goods and Necessary Burdens, Russel Sage, New York.
37 . Engen, E.M., Gruber, J., 2001, "Unemployment Insurance and Precautionary Saving ", Journal of Monetary Economics,3: 545-579.
38. Ensor, T. and B. S. Pham,1996, "Access and Payment for Health care: The Poor of Nothern Vietnam", International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 11: 69-83.
39. Evans, T., M. Whitehead, F. Diderichsen, A.,2001, Introduction In Challenging Inequities in Health: From Ethics to Action, ed. T. Evans, M. Whitehead, F. Diderichsen, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Feeny, D., W. Furlong, G. W. Torrance, 2002, " Multiattribute and Single-Attribute Utility Functions for the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 System" .Medical Care ,2: 113 - 128.
41. Feng xueshan,Tang shenglan, Gerald Bloom, 1995, "Cooperative Medical Schemes in Contemporary Rural China", Social Science Medical ,8:1111-1118.
42. Filip Meheus Eddy Van Doorslaer,2008, "Achieving Better Measles Immunization in Developing Countries:Does Higher Coverage Imply Lower Inequality", Social Science & Medicine, 66 :1709-1718.
43. Foster, J., Greer, J. and Thorbecke, E., 1984, "A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures" , Econometrica, 52: 761- 766.
44. Foster,A. Rosenzweig,M.R.,1994, " A Test for Moral Hazard in the Labor Market :Effort ,Health and Calorie Consumption" , Review of Economics and Statistics ,76(2): 213-227.
45. Francesco Moscone, Martin Knapp,Elisa Tosetti,2007, "Mental health expenditure in England: A spatial panel approach", Journal of Health Economics,26(4):842-864.
46. Gerdtham, U., Sundberg, G. ,1998,"Measuring Income-Related Health Inequalities in Sweden",In M. L. Barer, T. E. Getzen, G. L. Stoddard (Eds.), Health, health care and health economics: Perspectives on distribution. Chichester: Wiley.
47. Gilson, L., & McIntyre, D.,2005, " Removing User Fees for Primary Care in Africa: The Need for Careful Action", British Medical Journal, 331:762 -765.
48. Gottschalk, P., Wolfe, B. and Haveman, R.,1989, "Health Care Financing in the US, UK and The Netherlands: Distributional Consequences" in Chiancone, A. and Messere, K. eds.,Changes in reve nue structures (Wayne State University Press, Detroit).
49. Grossman Michael.,1999, "The Human Capital Model of The Demand for Health", NBER Working paper no.7078.http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078.
50. Grossman M., 1972," On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health" , Journal of Political Economy , 80(2):223-255.
51. Gruber J., and A. Yelowitz,1999, "Public Health Insurance and Private Savings ".Journal of Political Economy , 6:1249-1274.
52. Guiso, L., Jappelli, T., Terlizzese, D., 1992, "Earnings Uncertainty and Precautionary Saving ", Journal of Monetary Economics,2:307-337.
53 Hadorn,D.C.,1991, "Setting Health Priorities in Oregon:Cost-Effectiveness Meets the Rule of Rescue" Journal of the American Medical Association, 265:2218-2225.
54. Harvey S. Rosen, 2005: 《财政学》, 北京. 清华大学出版社。
55. Henderson, G., Jin, S., Akin, J., Li, Z., Wang, J.,1995, "Distribution of Medical Insurance in China", Social Science & Medicine,8:1119 - 1130.
56. Humphries, K. H., van Doorslaer, E.,2000, "Income-Related Health Inequality in Canada",Social Science and Medicine,5: 663 - 671.
57. Hurley,J.2000, " An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector"in A.J.Culyer and J.P. New house ,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier..
58. Hurst J., 1985, Financing Health Care in the US, Canada and Britain, Kings Fund, London.
59. Hubbard R.G., Skinner J.and Zeldes S.P,1994, " Expanding the Life-Cycle Model.Precautionary Saving and Public Policy", American economic review ,5: 174-179.
60. Illsley, R. and Le Grand, J. , 1987, The Measurement of Inequality in Health, in: Williams, A. eds., Health and economics ,Macmillan, London.
61. Islam A M,2001, "Wagner' s Law Revisited : Cointegration and Exogeneity Test for The USA", Applied Economics Letters , 18:509 - 515.
62 . Jan Pen ,1972, "Income Distribution", The Economic Journal, 82:242-244.
63. Jeff Richardson, John McKie ,2005, "Empiricism, Ethics and Orthodox Economic Theory: What Is the Appropriate Basis for Decision-Making in the Health Sector ", Social Science & Medicine, 60:265 - 275.
64. Joan Costa Font , Jor di Pons Novell.,2006, "Public Health Expenditure and Spatial Interactions in A Decentralized National Health System",working paper.
65. John W. Peabody, Sung-Woo Lee , Stephen R. Bickeld, 1995, "Health for All in the Republic of Korea: One Country's Experience with Implementing Universal", Health care Health Policy ,31: 29-42.
66 . Jones A.M. , 2000, Health Econometrics in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse ,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam: Elsevier.
67. Jui-fen R. Lu, Gabriel M. Leung, Soonman Kwon ,2007, "Horizontal Equity in Health Care Utilization Evidence from Three High-income Asian Economies", Social Science & Medicine, 64:199 - 212.
68. Jutting, J., 2003 ,"Do Community Based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor Peoples Access to HealthCare ? Evidence from Rural Senegal" , World Development , 32 (2):273-288.
69. Kakwani, N., Wagstaff, A., et al. ,1997, " Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: Measurement, Computation and Statistical Inference " , Journal of Econometrics, 1: 87- 104.
70. Kaplan , R. , J . P. Anderson , 1988 , "A General Health PolicyModel : Update and Applications" .Health Services Research , 2: 203 -235.
71. Kazarosian, M., 1997, "Precautionary Savings: A Panel Study ", Review of Economics and Statistics,2: 241-247.
72. Ke Tom Xu,2006, "State-level Variations in Income-Related Inequality in Health and Health Achievement in the US", Social Science & Medicine, 63:457-464.
73.Keppel, K. G., Pearcy, J. N., Wagener, D. K.,2002, "Trends in Racial and Ethnic-Specific Rates for the Health Status Indicators:United States, 1990 - 98" .Healthy People 2000 Statistical Notes,23: 1-16.
74. Kimball M.S., 1990, "Precautionary Saving in the Small and in the Large", Econometrica,1: 53-73.
75. Kong, M.K., et al.,2007, " Precautionary Motive for Saving and Medical Expenses under Health Uncertainty: Evidence from Korea ", Economics Letters,11: 1 - 5.
76.Kunst, A. E., Mackenbach, J. P. ,1994, "International Variation in The Size of Mortality Differences Associated with Occupational Status" , International Journal of Epidemiology,4:742 - 750.
77.Kunst, A.,1997, "Cross-National Comparisons of Socio-Economic Differences in Mortality",The Hague: CIP.
78.Lairson, D.R., Hindson, P. and Hauquitz, A., 1995, "Equity of Health Care in Australia", Social Science Medicine ,4: 475-482.
79. Le Grand, J. 1987a, "Equity, Health and Health Care" , Social Justice Research, 1: 257- 274.
80 . Le Grand, J. ,1987, "Inequalities in Health: Some International Comparisons", European Economic Review, 31(1): 182-191.
81. Leland H.E., 1968, " Saving and Uncertainty: the Precautionary Demand for Saving", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82: 465-473.
82. Lindholm L, Rosen M.1998, "On the Measurement of the Nation's Equity Adjusted Health ", Health Economics ,7:621-628.
83. Lipton , M , 1993, "Urban Bias : Consequences , Class and Causality", Journal of Development Studies , 4 : 229-257.
84. Liu G G, Zhao Z, 2006 , "Urban Employee Health Insurance Reform and the Impact on Out-of-Pocket Payment in China" , International Journal of Health Planning and Management,21(3): 211-228.
85. Lmabert P.,1993, The Distribution and Redistribution of Income : A Mathematicalanalysis ,2nd ed. Manchester : Manchester University Press.
86. Magid, D.J., T.D. Koepsell., 1997 , "Absence of Asociation Btween Isurance Cpayments and Dlaysin Seking Eergency Care among Patients with Myocardial Infarction", New England Journal of Medicine,336(24): 172-1729.
87. Manski, C.,2000. " Economic Analysis of Economic Interaction" , The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14: 115-136.
88. Mookherjee, D., Shorrocks, A.F.,1982, " A Decomposition of the Trend in UK Income Inequality" , Economic Journal, 92:886-902.
89. Mooney, G.H.. 1986, Economics, Medicine, and Health Care, Wheatsheaf, Brighton.
90. Morrisey, 1992 , Price Sensitivity in Health Care :Implications for Health Care Policy , Washington, DC :The NFIB foundation.
91. Nord E, Pinto JL, Richardson J, Menzel P, Ubel P,1999, " Incorporating Societal Concerns for Fairness in Numerical Valuations of Health Programmes", Health Economics,8:25-39.
92. Nozick,R.,1999,Anarchy,State and Utopia,北京: 中国社会科学出版社。
93. Oates,W.E.,1999,"An Essay on Fiscal Federalism", Journal of Economic Literature,37:1120-1149.
94. Oaxaca, R.L., 1973, "Male - female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets" , International Economic Review,14: 693 - 709.
95.O'Donnell, O., van Doorslaer, E., Wagstaff, A., & Lindelow, M. ,2008, "Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data: A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation" ,Washington, DC: World Bank.
96. Olson , M. ,1965, The Logic of Collective Action , Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press.
97. Owen O'Donnell, Eddy van Doorslaer,2008, "Who Pays for Health Care in Asia", Journal of Health Economics ,27: 460-475.
98. Pannarunothai, S. and A. Mills ,1997, "The Poor Pay More: Health-related Inequality in Thailand", Social Science Medicine ,12: 1781-90.
99. Pauly, M. ,1974, "Overinsurance and Public Provision of Insurance: the Roles of Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 88(1):44-54.
100.Philip M. Clarke et al., 2008, "Measuring Achievement: Changes in Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Australia", Social Science & Medicine,9:1-10.
101. Propper, C, and Upward, R.,1992, "Need, Equity and the NHS: The Distribution of Health Care Expenditure 1974-87", Fiscal Studies, 13(2): 1-21.
102. Putnam ,R,1993,. Making Democracy Work: Civil Traditions in Modern Italy,Princeton: Princeton University Press
103. Ranson, K., 2002, "Reduction of Catastrophic Health Care Expenditures by a Community-based Health Insurance Scheme in Gujurat, India: Current Experiences and Challenges" , Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80: 8.
104. Reagan Baughman , 2007 ,"Differential Impacts of Public Health Insurance Expansions at the Local Level" , Health Care Finance Economy, 7:1-22.
105. Revelli Frederico,2002, "Local Taxes, National Politics and Spatial Interactions in English District Election Results", European Journal of Political Economy, 18(2): 281-299.
106. Revelli Frederico,2003, "Reaction or Interaction? Spatial Process Identification in Multitiered Government Structures", Journal of Urban Economics, 53(1): 29-53.
107. Robin Gauld ,Naoki Ikegami , Michael D. Barr ,2006, "Advanced Asia's Health Systems in Comparison ", Health Policy, 79: 325-336.
108.Saftlas, A. F., Koonin, L. M., Atrash, H. K.,2000, "Racial Disparity in Pregnancy-Related Mortality Associated with Livebirth: Can Established Risk Factors Explain It " , American Journal of Epidemiology, 5:413 - 419.
109. Samuelson P.A,1954, "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 36(4): 387-389.
110. Sandy Freret,2006,"Spatial Analysis of Horizontal Fiscal Interactions on Local Public Expenditures: the French Case",working paper.
111. Selby, J.V., B.H. Fireman and B.E. Swain .,1996, "Effect of a Copayment on Use of the Emergency Departmentin a Health Maintenance Organization", New England Journal of Medicine, 334(10):635-641.
112. Sen, G., Iyer, A. and A. George., 2002, Class, Gender and Health Equity: Lessons from Liberalizing India In Engendering International Health: The Challenge of Equity eds. G. Sen, A. George, P. Ostlin. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
113. Shi, Xinzheng, Terry Sicular, and Yaohui Zhao, 2002, "Analyzing Urban-Rural Income Inequality in China," Paper presented at the International Symposium on Equity and Social Justice in Transitional China, Beijing, July 11-12.
114. Skarbinski, J., H. K. Walker, 2002, "The Burden of Out-of-Pocket Payments for Health Care in Tblisi, Republic of Georgia", Journal of American Medical Association ,8: 1043-49.
115. Skinner J., 1988,"Risky Income, Life Cycle Consumption, and Precautionary Savings", Journal of Monetary Economics , 2: 237-255.
116. Staiger, D., Stock, J.H., 1994, "Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments ", National Bureau of Economic Research ,Working Paper 0151.
117. Starr-McCluer, M., 1996, "Health Insurance and Precautionary Savings ", American Economic Review, 1: 285-295.
118. Stephen Birch.Cam Donaldson,2003, " Valuing the Benefits and Costs of Health Care Programmes:Where' s The 'Extra' in Extra-Welfarism", Social Science & Medicine, 56:1121 - 1133.
119. Stephen P. Jenkins and Peter J. Lambert, 1997, " Three Ts of Poverty Curves, with an Analysis of UK Poverty Trends", Oxford Economic Papers, 3:317-327.
120. Stephen Morris, Matthew Sutton, Hugh Gravelle,2005, "Inequity and Inequality in the Use of Health Care in England:An Empirical Investigation" , Social Science & Medicine, 60:1251 - 1266.
121.Stewart, S. H., Silverstein, M. D. ,2002, "Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Measurement" ,Journal of General Internal Medicine, 6: 405 - 411.
122 . Sundrum R.M.,1990 ,Income Distribution in LessDeveloped Countries,London and New York :Routledge.
123. Tiebout CM., 1956, " A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures", The Journal of Political Economy , 164(5):416-424.
124. Theil, H.,1967, Economics and Information Theory, Amsterdam: North- Holland.
125. Tsuneo Tanaka,1978, "Medical Care in Japan, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow", Social Science & Medicine. Part A: Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology , 12: 479-483.
126. Tung-liang Chiang ,1997, "Taiwan's 1995 Health Care Reform ", Health Policy, 39: 225-239.
127. Ulf-G. Gerdtham, Bengt Jonsson ,2000, International Comparisons of Health Expenditure:Theory,Data and Ecomometric Analysis in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse ,eds.,North-holland handbook of health economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
128. Van Damme, W. ,2004, "Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure and Debt in Poor Households: Evidence from Cambodia", Tropical Medicine and International Health ,2: 273-80.
129 . Van Doorslaer, E., Wagstaff, A., Bleichrodt, H., et al.1997, "Income-related Inequalities in Health: Some International Comparisons", Journal of Health Economics ,16: 93-112.
130. Van Doorslaer E., Wagstaff, A.,1999, "The Redistributive Effect of Health Care Finance in Twelve OECD Countries", Journal of Health Economics, 18:291-313.
131. Van Doorslaer E. ,Adam Wagstaff, Hattem van der Burg,2000, "Equity in the Delivery of Health Care in Europe and the US", Journal of Health Economics ,19:553-583 .
132. Van Doorslaer, E., and U.-G. Gerdtham., 2003, "Does Inequality in Self-Assessed Health Predict Inequality in Survival by Income? Evidence from Swedish Data" , Social Science and Medicine, 9: 1621 - 1629.
133. Van Doorslaer, E., & Masseria, C, 2004, "Income-Related Inequality in the Use of Medical Care in 21 OECD Countries ", Health Policy Studies, 1: 109 -166.
134. Van Doorslaer, E., 2005, "Paying Out-of-Pocket for Health Care in Asia:Catastrophic and Poverty Impact", Equitap Project working paper, No. 2, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
135. Van Doorslaer E. ,Philip Clarke, Elizabeth Savage,2008, " Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System", Health Policy ,86:97-108.
136.Van Doorslaer E. ,Philip Clarke, Elizabeth Savage,2008, " Horizontal Inequities in Australia's Mixed Public/Private Health Care System", Health Policy ,86:97-108 .
137. Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E., Paci, P., 1989, "Equity in the Finance and Delivery of Health Care: Some Tentative Cross-Country Comparisons", Oxford Review of Economic Policy,5:89- 112.
138. Wagstaff, A., Paci, P., van Doorslaer, E. ,1991a, "On the Measurement of Inequalities in Health" , Social Science and Medicine, 33:545- 557.
139. Wagstaff, A., Van Doorslaer, E., Paci, P. ,1991b, "Horizontal Equity in the Delivery of Health Care" , Journal of Health Economics, 10:251 - 256.
140. Wagstaff, A., Van Doorslaer, E., Calonge, S. ,1992, "Equity in the Finance of Health Care: Some International Comparisons", Journal of Health Economics , 11(4): 361-87.
141. Wagstaff, A., and E. van Doorslaer., 1994, " Measuring Inequalities in Health in the Presence of Multiple-Category Morbidity Indicators" , Health Economics ,3: 281 - 291.
142. Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E., 1997, "Horizontal Equity and Reranking in Health Care Finance: A Decomposition Analysis for the Netherlands", Journal of Health Economics ,16 :499-516.
143. Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E. ,2000, "Measuring and Testing for Inequity in the Delivery of Health Care" , Journal of Human Resources, 35:716 -733.
144. Wagstaff A. . Eddy van Doorslaer. 2000, Equity in Health Care Finance and Delivery in A.J.Culyer and J.P.Newhouse ,eds.,North-holiand handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
145. Wagstaff, A., 2002, "Poverty and Health Sector Inequalities" , Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2: 97 - 105.
146.Wagstaff, A., 2002a, "Inequality Aversion, Health Inequalities and Health Achievement" , Journal of Health Economics ,21:627-641.
147. Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E., Watanabe, N., 2003, " On Decomposing Health Sector Inequalities, with An Application to Malnutrition Inequalities in Vietnam" , Journal of Econometrics, 112: 219 - 227.
148. Wagstaff, A., Lindelow, M., 2008, " Can Insurance Increase Financial Risk? ", Health Economy,2:1- 16.
149.Wanand, S., Diderichsen, F., Evans, T., Shkolnikov, V., & Wirth, M.,2001, "Measuring Disparities in Health: Methods and Indicators", In T. Evans, M. Whitehead, F. Diderichsen, A. Bhuiya, & M. Wirth (Eds.), Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
150. Wilkinson, R., Pickett, K., 2006, "Income Inequality and Population Health:A Review and Explanation of the Evidence", Social Science and Medicine,62: 1768-1784.
151. Weil, P., 1993, " Precautionary Savings and the Permanent Income Hypothesis ", Review of Economic Studies,2:367-383.
152 . Weinstein, M., Manning, W. ,1997, " Theoretical Issues in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis", Journal of Health Economics, 16:121 - 128.
153. Williams A,1997, " Intergeneration Equity: An Exploration of the Fair Innings Argument ", Health Economics ,6:117-32.
154 . Williams A. ,Richard Cookson ,2000, " Equity in Health ", North-holland handbook of health economics.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
155. Wooldridge , J . M. , 2002,Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data,The MIT Press
156. World Bank, 1997, China 2020: Financing Health Care ,Washington: The World Bank.
157. Yitzhaki, S. ,1983, " On An Extension of the Gini Index " , International Economic Review, 3: 617-628.
158. Zeckhauser, R., 1970, "Medical Insurance: A Case Study of the Tradeoff between Risk Spreading and Appropriate Incentives", Journal of Economic Theory ,2(1): 10-26.