基于信道随机特性的空间量子密钥分配系统优化设计
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摘要
在信息时代,出于信息安全的需要,保密通信的需求与日俱增。进行保密通信的关键在于双方能够持有安全的密钥。量子密钥分配由于能够实时地分发大量安全的密钥而成为了近年来人们研究的热点。目前,量子密钥分配技术已经走向了实用化。量子密钥分配系统在实用环境下的安全密钥率高低是衡量系统能否有效工作的关键性指标。对于空间量子密钥分配系统,其信号的传输媒质是时刻处于运动变化状态的大气。因此,大气信道是影响系统安全密钥率指标的一个重要因素。
本论文围绕大气信道的随机特性,研究湍流大气对空间量子密钥分配系统性能的影响。并在此基础上,进行相关的系统改进优化设计。具体的研究工作包括：
1)针对湍流大气信道对光信号传输的随机时延抖动,结合大气随机透镜理论对湍流大气信道进行几何光学建模。通过将大气湍流中的湍涡等效为渐变折射率的随机球形透镜来描述光在湍流大气信道中的传输行为,所得到的湍涡模型符合大气湍流的统计特性。根据湍流大气信道模型使用光线追迹法通过蒙特卡罗模拟分析了星地链路下的光束偏折和光束时延抖动大小。
2)基于大气信道特性,分析了大气信道对空间量子密钥分配系统时基传送的影响。在此基础上,提出了基于前导光脉冲方式的“稀疏同步”时间同步方案。“稀疏同步”方案利用低重频、窄脉宽的脉冲激光器作为同步光源,能够降低系统开销,实现高精度的时间同步。通过外场实验,对“稀疏同步”方案进行了验证。
3)分析了空间量子密钥分配系统中一般时间抖动的影响,给出时间滤波的时间门宽度设计与时间抖动方差的关系。结合量子密钥接收端中单光子探测器的时间抖动特性,针对星地量子链路的应用场景,给出最佳的时间滤波时间门宽度设计与系统损耗和噪声水平的对应关系。
4)针对由大气湍流引发的光强闪烁效应,根据安全密钥率的解算模型分析了大气闪烁噪声对系统的影响。分析表明,大气闪烁噪声不会降低空间量子密钥分配系统的安全成钥率。通过对量子密钥分配密钥数据处理流程的分析,给出了闪烁噪声对量子密钥系统失效的原因。在此基础上,提出了通过监测湍流损耗的实时起伏对接收到的密钥数据分类筛选的密钥重组方案。使用理论计算和数值模拟两种手段对这种方案的效能进行了分析。分析表明,在长距离大衰减链路场景下,该方案能够有效提升系统的安全成钥率。
In this information era, the need for secure communication is growing. The critical point of secure communication is to obtain the secure key to encrypt the information. Quantum key distribution has attracted great attention since it can offer great amount of secure key in real-time. Nowadays, QKD is the most promising implementation arising from quantum information theory. The secure key rate is a key indicator for the QKD in a practical environment. For free-space quantum key distribution system and especially the long range link, the transmission medium for the signal is the atmosphere, which is always in a movement. Therefore, the channel characteristic of atmosphere is an important consideration for a practical free-space QKD system.
Based on the random characteristics of the atmosphere, this thesis centers on the influence of the atmospheric turbulence on the performance of free space QKD. On this basis, the relevant optimizing design of the system is proposed. In detail they are:
1) From the respect of optical time delay fluctuation caused by the atmosphere turbulence, a geometrical optics model for shaping the turbulence is built up with the random lens theory. By shaping the eddies in the turbulence as the spherical lens with the graded refractive index, the behavior of light propagating in the turbulence is described. We then use the ray tracing method to analyze the fluctuation of transmission time and beam wandering effect.
2) Base on the characteristics of atmosphere, the factors that decrease the synchronization accuracy have been evaluated. Based on the analysis, we propose a novel'sparse'synchronization scheme which may help improving the timing resolution for high speed QKD. It takes advantage of employing high power low repetition rate pulse laser to offer precise time reference for high speed QKD because of its narrow pulse width. And we also reduce the cost of system and the light interference on the quantum channel by making the timing light pulses sparse. Experimental results and calculation show that, our scheme is feasible.
3) The impact of time jitter in the free space QKD system is analyzed. The relationship between the optimal width of the time gate and the variance of the time jitter is given. According to the time characteristics of the single photon detector, the corresponding relationship among the width of the time gate, noise level and the system loss is presented for the long range link between orbit satellite and ground station.
4) According to the secure key rate resolving model, The effects of the scintillation is calculated for free space QKD system. The results show that scintillation has a minimal impact on the free space QKD system. By analyzing the key data process, the reason why the scintillation noise has no effect is present. From the characteristic of fluctuating-loss channel, a quantum-bit error rate estimation scheme based on the information of instant channel loss is proposed to help improving the performance of free-space QKD system, which is suffered from the influence of atmosphere turbulence. The theoretical and numerical results show that this scheme is a useful tool to increase the secure key rate especially for long range free-space QKD.
本论文围绕大气信道的随机特性,研究湍流大气对空间量子密钥分配系统性能的影响。并在此基础上,进行相关的系统改进优化设计。具体的研究工作包括：
1)针对湍流大气信道对光信号传输的随机时延抖动,结合大气随机透镜理论对湍流大气信道进行几何光学建模。通过将大气湍流中的湍涡等效为渐变折射率的随机球形透镜来描述光在湍流大气信道中的传输行为,所得到的湍涡模型符合大气湍流的统计特性。根据湍流大气信道模型使用光线追迹法通过蒙特卡罗模拟分析了星地链路下的光束偏折和光束时延抖动大小。
2)基于大气信道特性,分析了大气信道对空间量子密钥分配系统时基传送的影响。在此基础上,提出了基于前导光脉冲方式的“稀疏同步”时间同步方案。“稀疏同步”方案利用低重频、窄脉宽的脉冲激光器作为同步光源,能够降低系统开销,实现高精度的时间同步。通过外场实验,对“稀疏同步”方案进行了验证。
3)分析了空间量子密钥分配系统中一般时间抖动的影响,给出时间滤波的时间门宽度设计与时间抖动方差的关系。结合量子密钥接收端中单光子探测器的时间抖动特性,针对星地量子链路的应用场景,给出最佳的时间滤波时间门宽度设计与系统损耗和噪声水平的对应关系。
4)针对由大气湍流引发的光强闪烁效应,根据安全密钥率的解算模型分析了大气闪烁噪声对系统的影响。分析表明,大气闪烁噪声不会降低空间量子密钥分配系统的安全成钥率。通过对量子密钥分配密钥数据处理流程的分析,给出了闪烁噪声对量子密钥系统失效的原因。在此基础上,提出了通过监测湍流损耗的实时起伏对接收到的密钥数据分类筛选的密钥重组方案。使用理论计算和数值模拟两种手段对这种方案的效能进行了分析。分析表明,在长距离大衰减链路场景下,该方案能够有效提升系统的安全成钥率。
In this information era, the need for secure communication is growing. The critical point of secure communication is to obtain the secure key to encrypt the information. Quantum key distribution has attracted great attention since it can offer great amount of secure key in real-time. Nowadays, QKD is the most promising implementation arising from quantum information theory. The secure key rate is a key indicator for the QKD in a practical environment. For free-space quantum key distribution system and especially the long range link, the transmission medium for the signal is the atmosphere, which is always in a movement. Therefore, the channel characteristic of atmosphere is an important consideration for a practical free-space QKD system.
Based on the random characteristics of the atmosphere, this thesis centers on the influence of the atmospheric turbulence on the performance of free space QKD. On this basis, the relevant optimizing design of the system is proposed. In detail they are:
1) From the respect of optical time delay fluctuation caused by the atmosphere turbulence, a geometrical optics model for shaping the turbulence is built up with the random lens theory. By shaping the eddies in the turbulence as the spherical lens with the graded refractive index, the behavior of light propagating in the turbulence is described. We then use the ray tracing method to analyze the fluctuation of transmission time and beam wandering effect.
2) Base on the characteristics of atmosphere, the factors that decrease the synchronization accuracy have been evaluated. Based on the analysis, we propose a novel'sparse'synchronization scheme which may help improving the timing resolution for high speed QKD. It takes advantage of employing high power low repetition rate pulse laser to offer precise time reference for high speed QKD because of its narrow pulse width. And we also reduce the cost of system and the light interference on the quantum channel by making the timing light pulses sparse. Experimental results and calculation show that, our scheme is feasible.
3) The impact of time jitter in the free space QKD system is analyzed. The relationship between the optimal width of the time gate and the variance of the time jitter is given. According to the time characteristics of the single photon detector, the corresponding relationship among the width of the time gate, noise level and the system loss is presented for the long range link between orbit satellite and ground station.
4) According to the secure key rate resolving model, The effects of the scintillation is calculated for free space QKD system. The results show that scintillation has a minimal impact on the free space QKD system. By analyzing the key data process, the reason why the scintillation noise has no effect is present. From the characteristic of fluctuating-loss channel, a quantum-bit error rate estimation scheme based on the information of instant channel loss is proposed to help improving the performance of free-space QKD system, which is suffered from the influence of atmosphere turbulence. The theoretical and numerical results show that this scheme is a useful tool to increase the secure key rate especially for long range free-space QKD.
引文
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[1]T. Schmitt-Manderbach, et al., "Experimental demonstration of free-space decoy-state quantum key distribution over 144 km," Physical Review Letters, vol.98, Jan 2007.
[2]P. J. Clarke, et al, "Analysis of detector performance in a gigahertz clock rate quantum key distribution system," New Journal of Physics, vol.13, p.075008,2011.
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[4]J. Zhang, et al, "2.23 GHz gating InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode for quantum key distribution," in Proceedings of SPIE,2010, p.76810Z.
[5]W. Y. Hwang, "Quantum key distribution with high loss:Toward global secure communication," Physical Review Letters, vol.91, p.57901,2003.
[6]X. B. Wang, "Beating the photon-number-splitting attack in practical quantum cryptography," Physical Review Letters, vol.94, p.230503,2005.
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[1]T. Schmitt-Manderbach, et al., "Experimental demonstration of free-space decoy-state quantum key distribution over 144 km," Physical Review Letters, vol.98, Jan 2007.
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[4]J. Zhang, et al, "2.23 GHz gating InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode for quantum key distribution," in Proceedings of SPIE,2010, p.76810Z.
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[19]S. Gordeyev, et al., "Simulation of Optical Distortions of Two-Dimensional Shear Layer Using Large Structure Model(LSM)," in 44 th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit,2006, pp. 1-11.
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[35]J. Zhang, et al., "2.23 GHz gating InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode for quantum key distribution," in Proc. SPIE,2010, p.76810Z.
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[37]S. Pellegrini, et al., "Laser-based distance measurement using picosecond resolution time-correlated single-photon counting," Measurement Science and Technology, vol.11, p.712,2000.
[38]M. Er-long, et al., "Background noise of satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution," New Journal of Physics, vol.7, p.215,2005.
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