SAR信号模拟和成像算法研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,简称SAR)是一种通过信号分析技术来构建一个等效长天线,以获得高方位分辨率的雷达新技术。它可以全天时、全天候工作,且具有可以穿透一定遮蔽物成像和测绘带距航迹远等优点。被广泛应用于军事领域和地质勘探、地形测绘及海洋应用等多个国民经济领域,发展非常迅速。
本文对合成孔径雷达成像原理进行了简要说明,分析了SAR方位向高分辨原理；给出了SAR回波一维、二维信号模型,研究了线性调频信号的性质；对RD算法中匹配滤波器和RCMC的几种实现方式进行了比较,对不同方式下的成像结果进行了评估,发现RCMC采用sinc插值或频域线性相移方法时,成像结果最优；分析计算了聚焦深度,对距离向因离参考点较远引起的散焦问题提出了解决方法；模拟仿真了正侧视条件下的RD算法；分析说明了BP算法成像原理,详细推导了载波恢复、升采样和网格划分等关键问题的处理步骤；模拟仿真了正侧视条件下的BP算法,并对相关结果进行了评估。
最后,论文将BP成像算法应用到了一种超宽带穿墙雷达系统中,取得了比较好的算法处理效果。
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a new kind of radar techonology, in which a theoretical wider antenna is built through signal analysis techniques to obtain a fine azimuth resolution. It can work all-time and all-weather, and can penetrate some shelters with imaging and map with the advantage of far from the swath, so SAR is widely used in military fields and some areas of national economy as geological exploration, topographical mapping, ocean studings and so on, developing very fast.
The paper firstly gives a brief description to the principle of SAR imaging and analyses the principle of fine azimuth resolution. Secondly, provides the simulation of one-dimentional and two-dimentonal signal models and studies the characters of chirp signal. Thirdly, imaging results of different macthed filtering devices and RCMC modes are evaluated and compared, discovering that the result will be optimal if RCMC is achieved with sine interpolation or linear phase shift method in frequency domain. Forthly, caculates and analysis the focusing depth and puts forward some solutoins to deal with the defocusing when the target point is far from the reference point. And then, provides the simulation of RDA in zero squint case. Fifthly, analyses the principle of BPA, and derivates the key issues of carrier recovery, sampling and meshing in details. Following with the simulation of BPA and the evaluations of the results.
At end of this paper, the BP imaging algorithm is applied in an ultra wideband through-wall radar system. The imaging results show the BP algorithm is achieved better effects than applied other imaging algorithms, especially in the aspect of imaging on slowly moving object.
本文对合成孔径雷达成像原理进行了简要说明,分析了SAR方位向高分辨原理；给出了SAR回波一维、二维信号模型,研究了线性调频信号的性质；对RD算法中匹配滤波器和RCMC的几种实现方式进行了比较,对不同方式下的成像结果进行了评估,发现RCMC采用sinc插值或频域线性相移方法时,成像结果最优；分析计算了聚焦深度,对距离向因离参考点较远引起的散焦问题提出了解决方法；模拟仿真了正侧视条件下的RD算法；分析说明了BP算法成像原理,详细推导了载波恢复、升采样和网格划分等关键问题的处理步骤；模拟仿真了正侧视条件下的BP算法,并对相关结果进行了评估。
最后,论文将BP成像算法应用到了一种超宽带穿墙雷达系统中,取得了比较好的算法处理效果。
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a new kind of radar techonology, in which a theoretical wider antenna is built through signal analysis techniques to obtain a fine azimuth resolution. It can work all-time and all-weather, and can penetrate some shelters with imaging and map with the advantage of far from the swath, so SAR is widely used in military fields and some areas of national economy as geological exploration, topographical mapping, ocean studings and so on, developing very fast.
The paper firstly gives a brief description to the principle of SAR imaging and analyses the principle of fine azimuth resolution. Secondly, provides the simulation of one-dimentional and two-dimentonal signal models and studies the characters of chirp signal. Thirdly, imaging results of different macthed filtering devices and RCMC modes are evaluated and compared, discovering that the result will be optimal if RCMC is achieved with sine interpolation or linear phase shift method in frequency domain. Forthly, caculates and analysis the focusing depth and puts forward some solutoins to deal with the defocusing when the target point is far from the reference point. And then, provides the simulation of RDA in zero squint case. Fifthly, analyses the principle of BPA, and derivates the key issues of carrier recovery, sampling and meshing in details. Following with the simulation of BPA and the evaluations of the results.
At end of this paper, the BP imaging algorithm is applied in an ultra wideband through-wall radar system. The imaging results show the BP algorithm is achieved better effects than applied other imaging algorithms, especially in the aspect of imaging on slowly moving object.
引文
[1]张澄波.综合孔径雷达、系统分析与应用.北京：科学出版社,1989.(美)
[2]C.W.Sherwin, et al. Some Early Development in Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems, IRE, Vol. MIL-6, No.2, April 1962, PP.127-131.
[3]D.A.Ausherman, A.Kozma, J.L.Walker, et al. Development in Radar Imaging. IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-20, No.4, July 1984.
[4]J.J.Kovaly. High Resolution Radar Foundamentals. Artech House,1977.
[5]L.J.Cutrona, et al. A High Resolution Radar Combat-surveillance System. IRE Trans, on Military Electronics, Vol. MIL-5, No.2, April 1961.
[6]刘永坦.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999.
[7]W.M.Brow, et al. An introduction to synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Spectrum, Vol.4, Sept 1969.
[8]L.J.Cutrona, et al. On Application of Coherent Optical Processing Techniques to Synthetic Aperture Radar. Proc of IEEE, Vol.54, No.8, Aug,1966.
[9]M.Daily, C.Elachi, et al. Discrimination of Geologic Units in Death Valley using Dual Frequency and Polarization Radar Data. Geophysical Research Letters, May 1978.
[10]W.E.Brow, C.Elachi and T.W.Thompson. Radar Imaging of Ocean Surface Pattern. Journal of Geophysical Research,1976.
[11]C.A.Luther, J.D.Lyden, et al. Synthetic Aperture Radar Studies of Sea Ice. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany,1982.
[12](美)Ian G.Cumming, Frank H.Wong著,洪文,胡东辉等译.合成孔径雷达成像算法与实现.北京：电子工业出版社,2007.
[13]M.Williamson. Earth Observation Dictionary 1993/1994. Matra Marconi Space,1994.
[14]王晓红.SAR雷达信号处理技术研究.商丘职业技术学院学报,2007年第5期第6卷：65-67.
[15]闫毅.双基地合成孔径雷达成像算法研究.北京理工大学硕士学位论文,2006年7月.
[16]张直中.合成孔径、逆合成孔径和成像雷达.现代雷达,1985,5,6.
[17]杨春.SAR的基本原理和体制.北京理工大学雷达技术研究所.2005,9,21.
[18]D.O.Nerth, An Analysis of the Factors which Determine Signal-Noise Discrimination in Pulsed Carrier Systems. RCA Lab. Rept. PTR-6C, June 1943.
[19]J.R.Bennett, I.G.Cumming, R.A.Deane, et al. SEASAT Imagery Shows St. Lawrence. Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 26,1979.
[20]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2004.
[21]J.R.Bennett, I.G.Cumming, R.A.Deane, et al. SEASAT Imagery Shows St. Lawrence. Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 26,1979.
[22]姚志琴,张磊.合成孔径雷达信号模拟和成像方法研究.北京理工大学雷达技术研究所,2004.
[23]M.Born, E.Wolf. Principles of Optics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England,7th edition,1999.
[24]J.Curlander, R.McDonough. Synthetic Aperture Radar:Systems and Signal Processing. John Wiley & Sons, New York,1991.
[25]曾海彬,曾涛,胡程,朱宇.聚束SAR成像算法中的几种插值方法比较.信号处理,2005年8月第4A期.
[26]禹卫东,吴淑梅.距离-多普勒方法中的几种插值算法比较.电子与信息学报,2001年第三期.
[27]W.G.Carrara, R.S.Goodman, R.M.Majewski. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar:Signal Processing Algorithems. Boston:Artech House,1995.
[28]D.C.Munson, J.D.O.Brien, W.K.Jenkins. A Tomographic Formulation of Spotlight-mode Synthetic Aperture Radar. Processing of the IEEE, Vol 71, No.8, August 1983.
[29]R.S.Goodman, et al. Issue in Ultra-Wideband, Wideband SAR Image Formation. Record of the 1995 International Radar Conference, Washington, 1995.470-485.
[30]朱国富,董臻,梁甸农.超宽带LFM信号的BP成像算法.信号处理,Vol.17, No.5,2001.
[31]何晓燕.双基地合成孔径雷达理论与技术研究.北京理工大学硕士学位论文,2005.7.
[32]甄杰,张振华,吴顺君.基于GPS信号的双基SAR数值距离徙动成像算法.电子与信息学报,2009年9月第31卷第9期.
[33]Michal Aftanas, Jana Rovnakova, Milos Drutarovsky,et al.Efficient Method of TOA Estimation for Through Wall Imaging by UWB Radar. Processings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-wideband(ICUWB2008), Vol.2,101-104
[34]张中兆,沙学军,张钦宇等.超宽带通信系统.北京：电子工业出版社,2010.3
[35]陈杰,方广有,李芳.时域波形形成在超宽带穿墙成像雷达中的应用.电子与信息学报,Vo1.30,No.6,2008.6
[36]Erman Engin, Berkehan Ciftcio□lu, Meric Ozcan.A High Resolution Ultrawideband Wall Penetrating Radar.Microwave and optical technology letters.Vol.49 No.2,February 2007
[37]Rudolf Zetik, Stephen Crabbe, Jozef Krajnakc.Detection and localization of persons behind obstacles using M-sequence through-the-wall radar.Sensors and C3I Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense V. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 6201, pp620101-1-12,2006
[38]Michal Aftanas, Egor Zaikov, Milos Drutarovsky, et al.Through Wall Imaging of the Objects Scanned by M-sequence UWB Radar System. Radioelektronika,2008 18th International Conference,2008
[39]赵树杰,赵建勋.信号检测与估计理论.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.11
[40]Massimo Piccardi. Background Subtraction Techniques—a Review. Systems, Man and Cybernetics,2004 IEEE International Conference on, Vol.4,3099-3104
[41]陆光华,彭学愚,张让林,毛用才.随机信号处理.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2003
[2]C.W.Sherwin, et al. Some Early Development in Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems, IRE, Vol. MIL-6, No.2, April 1962, PP.127-131.
[3]D.A.Ausherman, A.Kozma, J.L.Walker, et al. Development in Radar Imaging. IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-20, No.4, July 1984.
[4]J.J.Kovaly. High Resolution Radar Foundamentals. Artech House,1977.
[5]L.J.Cutrona, et al. A High Resolution Radar Combat-surveillance System. IRE Trans, on Military Electronics, Vol. MIL-5, No.2, April 1961.
[6]刘永坦.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999.
[7]W.M.Brow, et al. An introduction to synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Spectrum, Vol.4, Sept 1969.
[8]L.J.Cutrona, et al. On Application of Coherent Optical Processing Techniques to Synthetic Aperture Radar. Proc of IEEE, Vol.54, No.8, Aug,1966.
[9]M.Daily, C.Elachi, et al. Discrimination of Geologic Units in Death Valley using Dual Frequency and Polarization Radar Data. Geophysical Research Letters, May 1978.
[10]W.E.Brow, C.Elachi and T.W.Thompson. Radar Imaging of Ocean Surface Pattern. Journal of Geophysical Research,1976.
[11]C.A.Luther, J.D.Lyden, et al. Synthetic Aperture Radar Studies of Sea Ice. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany,1982.
[12](美)Ian G.Cumming, Frank H.Wong著,洪文,胡东辉等译.合成孔径雷达成像算法与实现.北京：电子工业出版社,2007.
[13]M.Williamson. Earth Observation Dictionary 1993/1994. Matra Marconi Space,1994.
[14]王晓红.SAR雷达信号处理技术研究.商丘职业技术学院学报,2007年第5期第6卷：65-67.
[15]闫毅.双基地合成孔径雷达成像算法研究.北京理工大学硕士学位论文,2006年7月.
[16]张直中.合成孔径、逆合成孔径和成像雷达.现代雷达,1985,5,6.
[17]杨春.SAR的基本原理和体制.北京理工大学雷达技术研究所.2005,9,21.
[18]D.O.Nerth, An Analysis of the Factors which Determine Signal-Noise Discrimination in Pulsed Carrier Systems. RCA Lab. Rept. PTR-6C, June 1943.
[19]J.R.Bennett, I.G.Cumming, R.A.Deane, et al. SEASAT Imagery Shows St. Lawrence. Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 26,1979.
[20]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2004.
[21]J.R.Bennett, I.G.Cumming, R.A.Deane, et al. SEASAT Imagery Shows St. Lawrence. Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 26,1979.
[22]姚志琴,张磊.合成孔径雷达信号模拟和成像方法研究.北京理工大学雷达技术研究所,2004.
[23]M.Born, E.Wolf. Principles of Optics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England,7th edition,1999.
[24]J.Curlander, R.McDonough. Synthetic Aperture Radar:Systems and Signal Processing. John Wiley & Sons, New York,1991.
[25]曾海彬,曾涛,胡程,朱宇.聚束SAR成像算法中的几种插值方法比较.信号处理,2005年8月第4A期.
[26]禹卫东,吴淑梅.距离-多普勒方法中的几种插值算法比较.电子与信息学报,2001年第三期.
[27]W.G.Carrara, R.S.Goodman, R.M.Majewski. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar:Signal Processing Algorithems. Boston:Artech House,1995.
[28]D.C.Munson, J.D.O.Brien, W.K.Jenkins. A Tomographic Formulation of Spotlight-mode Synthetic Aperture Radar. Processing of the IEEE, Vol 71, No.8, August 1983.
[29]R.S.Goodman, et al. Issue in Ultra-Wideband, Wideband SAR Image Formation. Record of the 1995 International Radar Conference, Washington, 1995.470-485.
[30]朱国富,董臻,梁甸农.超宽带LFM信号的BP成像算法.信号处理,Vol.17, No.5,2001.
[31]何晓燕.双基地合成孔径雷达理论与技术研究.北京理工大学硕士学位论文,2005.7.
[32]甄杰,张振华,吴顺君.基于GPS信号的双基SAR数值距离徙动成像算法.电子与信息学报,2009年9月第31卷第9期.
[33]Michal Aftanas, Jana Rovnakova, Milos Drutarovsky,et al.Efficient Method of TOA Estimation for Through Wall Imaging by UWB Radar. Processings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-wideband(ICUWB2008), Vol.2,101-104
[34]张中兆,沙学军,张钦宇等.超宽带通信系统.北京：电子工业出版社,2010.3
[35]陈杰,方广有,李芳.时域波形形成在超宽带穿墙成像雷达中的应用.电子与信息学报,Vo1.30,No.6,2008.6
[36]Erman Engin, Berkehan Ciftcio□lu, Meric Ozcan.A High Resolution Ultrawideband Wall Penetrating Radar.Microwave and optical technology letters.Vol.49 No.2,February 2007
[37]Rudolf Zetik, Stephen Crabbe, Jozef Krajnakc.Detection and localization of persons behind obstacles using M-sequence through-the-wall radar.Sensors and C3I Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense V. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 6201, pp620101-1-12,2006
[38]Michal Aftanas, Egor Zaikov, Milos Drutarovsky, et al.Through Wall Imaging of the Objects Scanned by M-sequence UWB Radar System. Radioelektronika,2008 18th International Conference,2008
[39]赵树杰,赵建勋.信号检测与估计理论.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.11
[40]Massimo Piccardi. Background Subtraction Techniques—a Review. Systems, Man and Cybernetics,2004 IEEE International Conference on, Vol.4,3099-3104
[41]陆光华,彭学愚,张让林,毛用才.随机信号处理.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2003