穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理硬件设计
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摘要
穿墙生命探测技术是近年来一个新的研究热点，主要利用电磁波穿透墙壁或者废墟，探测是否有生命体的存在。因其具有受环境条件影响小、穿透能力强、灵敏度高等特点，广泛应用于灾难搜救、打击罪犯、战场救护等领域。
本文首先介绍了生命探测雷达系统的组成结构，重点围绕生命探测雷达的核心——信号处理开展了深入研究。设计了信号处理的硬件，包括信号调理电路、FPGA外围电路、整机电源电路等8个模块。然后，设计了FPGA数字信号处理系统，包括FIR滤波器、电池电压检测、异步串行通信等7个模块。并提出了上位机与信号处理板之间的传输协议，实现了不同数据和命令在两者间的传输。最后，根据穿墙雷达实际采集数据，对FIR滤波与小波变换应用于生命信号检测的结果进行了仿真分析。实验结果显示，与FIR滤波相比，小波变换对信号检测的群延迟要小的多，并且具有更好的滤波效果。
本文设计的穿墙生命探测系统具有体积小、集成度高和低功耗的特点。调试和试验结果表明，信号处理硬件的设计达到了预期设计要求。
The Though-the-Wall Surveillance(TWS) Radar has became a new hostpotrecently，which mainly utilize the electromagnetic wave through the wall or ruin todetect wethere there are living object exist under the ruin or behind the wall.WTS Radarhas been widely used in search for the men after disaster or find out the hiddencriminals or patient monitor becase of it has the merit of small volume,high integrationand low power cost
First, this paper introduces the structure of TWS Radar and mainly researches onthe core of the life detection radar (Signal Processing).This article mainly designedhardware system on signal processing for TWS Radar,including signal conditioningcircuit,periphery circuit for FPGA, power supply circuit anso on.The main function ofthe signal processing board is recive the singal from fore-end and send to console afterprocessing.Then,digital signal processing system is designed based on FPGA, includingFIR filter,battery voltage test ,UART and so on,and a transport protocol was proposed toCommunicat with upper monitor and signal processing board. Finally ,we used the thecollected data to do simulation of slow target signal by the algorithm FIR filter andwavelet filter.The results show thatcompared with FIR filter,wavelet transform filter hasbetter filtering effect and with fewer group delay.
TWS Radar designed in the article has the merit of small volume,high integrationand low power cost.The experiment shows the most parameters of hardware design forTWS Radar can meet the system requirements.
本文首先介绍了生命探测雷达系统的组成结构，重点围绕生命探测雷达的核心——信号处理开展了深入研究。设计了信号处理的硬件，包括信号调理电路、FPGA外围电路、整机电源电路等8个模块。然后，设计了FPGA数字信号处理系统，包括FIR滤波器、电池电压检测、异步串行通信等7个模块。并提出了上位机与信号处理板之间的传输协议，实现了不同数据和命令在两者间的传输。最后，根据穿墙雷达实际采集数据，对FIR滤波与小波变换应用于生命信号检测的结果进行了仿真分析。实验结果显示，与FIR滤波相比，小波变换对信号检测的群延迟要小的多，并且具有更好的滤波效果。
本文设计的穿墙生命探测系统具有体积小、集成度高和低功耗的特点。调试和试验结果表明，信号处理硬件的设计达到了预期设计要求。
The Though-the-Wall Surveillance(TWS) Radar has became a new hostpotrecently，which mainly utilize the electromagnetic wave through the wall or ruin todetect wethere there are living object exist under the ruin or behind the wall.WTS Radarhas been widely used in search for the men after disaster or find out the hiddencriminals or patient monitor becase of it has the merit of small volume,high integrationand low power cost
First, this paper introduces the structure of TWS Radar and mainly researches onthe core of the life detection radar (Signal Processing).This article mainly designedhardware system on signal processing for TWS Radar,including signal conditioningcircuit,periphery circuit for FPGA, power supply circuit anso on.The main function ofthe signal processing board is recive the singal from fore-end and send to console afterprocessing.Then,digital signal processing system is designed based on FPGA, includingFIR filter,battery voltage test ,UART and so on,and a transport protocol was proposed toCommunicat with upper monitor and signal processing board. Finally ,we used the thecollected data to do simulation of slow target signal by the algorithm FIR filter andwavelet filter.The results show thatcompared with FIR filter,wavelet transform filter hasbetter filtering effect and with fewer group delay.
TWS Radar designed in the article has the merit of small volume,high integrationand low power cost.The experiment shows the most parameters of hardware design forTWS Radar can meet the system requirements.
引文
[1] Ferris D D,CurrieNC.ASurvey of current technologies for through the wallsurveillance[A].SPIE Conference on Sensors,C3I,Information,and TrainingTechnologies for Law Enforcement [C].Boston,Massachusetts:Bellingham,WashPublishers,1998.62-72.
[2] Ferris D D,Currie N C. Microwave and millimeter wave systems forwallpenetration[A].SPIE Conference on Targets and Backgrounds: Characterizationand Representation IV [C]. Orlando, Florida: Bellingham,Wash Publishers,1998.269-279.
[3]李刚.LFMCW穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理技术研究.西北工业大学硕士学位论文2007.4.
[4]赵伟.雷达波生命探测技术研究.国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文.2009.4.
[5] Yamaguchi,Mitsumoto M,Sengoku M,etal.Synthetic Aperture FM-CWRadarApplied to the Detection of Objects Buried in Snowpack[J].IEEE Trans GeoscienceandRemote Sensing,1994,32(1):11-18.
[6] Chen KM,Huang Y,Zhang JP,et a1Microwave life-detection system for searchinghuman subjects under earthquake rubble or behind barrier[J].IEEE Trans BME,2000, 27(1):105-114.
[7]岳宇.生物雷达检测技术中心跳与呼吸信号分离技术的研究.第四军医大学硕士学位论文.2007.5
[8]罗漫江.生命探测仪的技术研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2004.1.
[9]计鹏.穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理硬件设计.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2010.1.
[10]尹秋艳,樊明捷,黄勇.用微波频谱分析仪检测人体心动信号[J].2003年全国微波毫米波会议论文集,2003,1061-1064.
[11]李建军.穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006.1.
[12]黄莉,史林,姜敏.基于提升算法的低速目标信号提取与生命信号检测应用[J].电子科技,2004,5:18-21.
[13]史林,姜敏,黄莉.基于谐波模型的穿墙生命探测雷达人体状态识别方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(2):179-183.
[14]程佩青.数字信号处理.清华大学出版社,1995.
[15]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理.西安电子科技大学出版社.1995,18-23.P34~P63.
[16]王彦伶，陈福厚.新型无源元件的现状与发展下.世界电子元器件，2002.
[17]D.E.约翰逊等著,李国荣译.有源滤波器精确设计手册.电子工业出版社,1984.
[18]Analog Devices,Inc,Single Supply,Rail-to-Rail,Low Cost Instrumentation AmplifierAD623 datasheet.1999.
[19]Analog Devices,Inc,Nonvolatile Digital Potentiometer XICOR. X9C102/103.datasheet.1994.
[20]Analog Devices Inc. 16-Bits 100kSPS Differential ADC AD7675 datasheet,2002.
[21]Texas Instruments Incorporated, Low-Dropout Linear Regulator TPS78601datasheet,2004.
[22]Integrated Device Technology,Inc.FAST COMS BUFFER/CLOCK DRIVEIDT49FCT805/A,Sep,1996.
[23]左强.穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理硬件设计.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006.1.
[24]黄莉.穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2005.1.
[25]霍龙军.某雷达平板天线的CAM技术.西安工业大学硕士学位论文.2007.5
[26]黄晓冬.基于FPGA的永磁电机控制系统的研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2010.1.1.
[27]徐光辉,程东旭.基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用[M].电子工业出版社,2006,16-24.
[28]王金明.数字系统设计与Verilog HDL(第二版).电子工业出版社. 2005, 9, 319-323.
[29]陈怀琛.数字信号处理教程—MATLAB释义与实现.电子工业出版社.2004.P179~P181.
[30]张海军.基于FPGA的16阶FIR滤波器的设计与实现.安徽大学学报(自然科学版)2009.1,62-66.
[31]张驰,郭黎利.基于Matlab的FIR滤波器设计及FPGA实现.应用科技.2006.6,P83-P86.
[32]蒋亚坚，张庆雷.分布式运算单元的原理及其实现方法[J].电子技术应用,2000(3),43~46.
[33]谢文华,高文化.FPGA异步FIFO中的问题和解决办法.单片机与嵌入式系统应用.2009.8.33-35.
[34]吴自信,张嗣忠,异步FIFO结构及FPGA设计.单片机及嵌入式系统应用. 2001. 6,24-27.
[35]孟繁智.异步串行通信下位机的FPGA设计与实现.微处理机.2005.10.94-97.
[36]王敬美,杨春玲基于FPGA和UART的数据采集器设计.电子器件.2009.4.
[37]Chen K M, Huang Yong, and Zhang Jianping. Microwave Life-Detection Systemsfor Searching Human Subjects Under Earthquake Rubble or Behind Barrier. IEEETrans. Biomed. Eng. 2000, 47 (1), 105-114.
[38]Ladd, M.D. Pacheco and M.S. Rivas. Development of a Remote Vital Signs Sensor.Sandia National Labs.E1.99:DE97007423(1997).
[39]Dallas semiconductor．DS2438 Smart Battery Monitor [DB/OL]. [2003-2-6].WWW.dalsemi.corn．
[40]钱怀风.基于DS2438的便携收费机智能电池监测系统.计算机技术与发展.2006.10,33~38.
[41]戴建华,冒莉.基于ICL8038和X9C103的函数信号发生器的设计.无锡商业职业技术学院学报.2008.10, 29~31.
[42]杨福生等.小波变换的工程分析与应用.北京:科学出版社2000.P156~P196.
[43]张建良.基于小波变换的语音信号噪声处理.研究兰州大学硕士学位论文.2007.5.
[44]徐光辉,程东旭.基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用[M].电子工业出版社,2006,P16-P24.
[45]夏宇闻Verilog.数字系统设计教程（第二版）.北京航空航天大学出版社.P87~P89
[46]Michael D.Adams,Faouzi Kossentini. Reversible interger to interger wavelettransforms for image compression: Performance Evaluation and Analysis.
[47]A.R.Calderbank,I.Daubechies,W.Sweldens,and B.-L.Yeo. Wavelet transforms thatmap intergers to intergers[M]. Technical Report,1996.
[48]S.Mallat.A Theory Of Multiresolution Signal Decomposition:The WaveletTransform ,IEEE Trans,PAMI-1197,674-693,1989.
[49]S.Mallat, Multiresolution approximations and wavelet or thonormal bases of L2(ft) ,Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 315, 69-87.1989.
[50]Altera Corporation, Datasheet of Cyclone III Device Information,2008.
[51]Frazier, L.M. MDR for law enforcement. Potentials, IEEE Volume 16.Issue 5. Dec1997-Jan 1998 p23- 26.
[52]Sweldens W. and Schroder P. Building your own wavelets at home Wavelets inComputer Graphics, ACM SIGGRAPH Course Notes, 1996,p15-87.
[53]Daubechiess I. And Sweldens W. Wavelet families of increading order in arbitrarydimensions. IEEE Trans. On Image Processing,2003.3.9(3): p480-496.
[54]WeiBocheng Euclidean geometry of curved exponential families and its applicationto confidence regions. Appl.Math.JCU 9B(1994),p375-382.
[55]Shousheng He, Mats Torkelson. FPGA Implementation of FIR Filter UsingPipelined Bit-Serial Canonical Signed Digit Multipliers[Z]. IEEE 2004 CustomIntegrated Circuits Conference.
[56]Swami A, Mendel J M. Cumulant-based Approach to the Hamonic Retrieval andRelated Problems[J]. IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1991,39(5),1099-1109.
[57]王金明.数字系统设计与Verilog HDL（第二版）.电子工业出版社.2005,9,319-323.P125~P129
[2] Ferris D D,Currie N C. Microwave and millimeter wave systems forwallpenetration[A].SPIE Conference on Targets and Backgrounds: Characterizationand Representation IV [C]. Orlando, Florida: Bellingham,Wash Publishers,1998.269-279.
[3]李刚.LFMCW穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理技术研究.西北工业大学硕士学位论文2007.4.
[4]赵伟.雷达波生命探测技术研究.国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文.2009.4.
[5] Yamaguchi,Mitsumoto M,Sengoku M,etal.Synthetic Aperture FM-CWRadarApplied to the Detection of Objects Buried in Snowpack[J].IEEE Trans GeoscienceandRemote Sensing,1994,32(1):11-18.
[6] Chen KM,Huang Y,Zhang JP,et a1Microwave life-detection system for searchinghuman subjects under earthquake rubble or behind barrier[J].IEEE Trans BME,2000, 27(1):105-114.
[7]岳宇.生物雷达检测技术中心跳与呼吸信号分离技术的研究.第四军医大学硕士学位论文.2007.5
[8]罗漫江.生命探测仪的技术研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2004.1.
[9]计鹏.穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理硬件设计.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2010.1.
[10]尹秋艳,樊明捷,黄勇.用微波频谱分析仪检测人体心动信号[J].2003年全国微波毫米波会议论文集,2003,1061-1064.
[11]李建军.穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006.1.
[12]黄莉,史林,姜敏.基于提升算法的低速目标信号提取与生命信号检测应用[J].电子科技,2004,5:18-21.
[13]史林,姜敏,黄莉.基于谐波模型的穿墙生命探测雷达人体状态识别方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(2):179-183.
[14]程佩青.数字信号处理.清华大学出版社,1995.
[15]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理.西安电子科技大学出版社.1995,18-23.P34~P63.
[16]王彦伶，陈福厚.新型无源元件的现状与发展下.世界电子元器件，2002.
[17]D.E.约翰逊等著,李国荣译.有源滤波器精确设计手册.电子工业出版社,1984.
[18]Analog Devices,Inc,Single Supply,Rail-to-Rail,Low Cost Instrumentation AmplifierAD623 datasheet.1999.
[19]Analog Devices,Inc,Nonvolatile Digital Potentiometer XICOR. X9C102/103.datasheet.1994.
[20]Analog Devices Inc. 16-Bits 100kSPS Differential ADC AD7675 datasheet,2002.
[21]Texas Instruments Incorporated, Low-Dropout Linear Regulator TPS78601datasheet,2004.
[22]Integrated Device Technology,Inc.FAST COMS BUFFER/CLOCK DRIVEIDT49FCT805/A,Sep,1996.
[23]左强.穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理硬件设计.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006.1.
[24]黄莉.穿墙生命探测雷达信号处理算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2005.1.
[25]霍龙军.某雷达平板天线的CAM技术.西安工业大学硕士学位论文.2007.5
[26]黄晓冬.基于FPGA的永磁电机控制系统的研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2010.1.1.
[27]徐光辉,程东旭.基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用[M].电子工业出版社,2006,16-24.
[28]王金明.数字系统设计与Verilog HDL(第二版).电子工业出版社. 2005, 9, 319-323.
[29]陈怀琛.数字信号处理教程—MATLAB释义与实现.电子工业出版社.2004.P179~P181.
[30]张海军.基于FPGA的16阶FIR滤波器的设计与实现.安徽大学学报(自然科学版)2009.1,62-66.
[31]张驰,郭黎利.基于Matlab的FIR滤波器设计及FPGA实现.应用科技.2006.6,P83-P86.
[32]蒋亚坚，张庆雷.分布式运算单元的原理及其实现方法[J].电子技术应用,2000(3),43~46.
[33]谢文华,高文化.FPGA异步FIFO中的问题和解决办法.单片机与嵌入式系统应用.2009.8.33-35.
[34]吴自信,张嗣忠,异步FIFO结构及FPGA设计.单片机及嵌入式系统应用. 2001. 6,24-27.
[35]孟繁智.异步串行通信下位机的FPGA设计与实现.微处理机.2005.10.94-97.
[36]王敬美,杨春玲基于FPGA和UART的数据采集器设计.电子器件.2009.4.
[37]Chen K M, Huang Yong, and Zhang Jianping. Microwave Life-Detection Systemsfor Searching Human Subjects Under Earthquake Rubble or Behind Barrier. IEEETrans. Biomed. Eng. 2000, 47 (1), 105-114.
[38]Ladd, M.D. Pacheco and M.S. Rivas. Development of a Remote Vital Signs Sensor.Sandia National Labs.E1.99:DE97007423(1997).
[39]Dallas semiconductor．DS2438 Smart Battery Monitor [DB/OL]. [2003-2-6].WWW.dalsemi.corn．
[40]钱怀风.基于DS2438的便携收费机智能电池监测系统.计算机技术与发展.2006.10,33~38.
[41]戴建华,冒莉.基于ICL8038和X9C103的函数信号发生器的设计.无锡商业职业技术学院学报.2008.10, 29~31.
[42]杨福生等.小波变换的工程分析与应用.北京:科学出版社2000.P156~P196.
[43]张建良.基于小波变换的语音信号噪声处理.研究兰州大学硕士学位论文.2007.5.
[44]徐光辉,程东旭.基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用[M].电子工业出版社,2006,P16-P24.
[45]夏宇闻Verilog.数字系统设计教程（第二版）.北京航空航天大学出版社.P87~P89
[46]Michael D.Adams,Faouzi Kossentini. Reversible interger to interger wavelettransforms for image compression: Performance Evaluation and Analysis.
[47]A.R.Calderbank,I.Daubechies,W.Sweldens,and B.-L.Yeo. Wavelet transforms thatmap intergers to intergers[M]. Technical Report,1996.
[48]S.Mallat.A Theory Of Multiresolution Signal Decomposition:The WaveletTransform ,IEEE Trans,PAMI-1197,674-693,1989.
[49]S.Mallat, Multiresolution approximations and wavelet or thonormal bases of L2(ft) ,Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 315, 69-87.1989.
[50]Altera Corporation, Datasheet of Cyclone III Device Information,2008.
[51]Frazier, L.M. MDR for law enforcement. Potentials, IEEE Volume 16.Issue 5. Dec1997-Jan 1998 p23- 26.
[52]Sweldens W. and Schroder P. Building your own wavelets at home Wavelets inComputer Graphics, ACM SIGGRAPH Course Notes, 1996,p15-87.
[53]Daubechiess I. And Sweldens W. Wavelet families of increading order in arbitrarydimensions. IEEE Trans. On Image Processing,2003.3.9(3): p480-496.
[54]WeiBocheng Euclidean geometry of curved exponential families and its applicationto confidence regions. Appl.Math.JCU 9B(1994),p375-382.
[55]Shousheng He, Mats Torkelson. FPGA Implementation of FIR Filter UsingPipelined Bit-Serial Canonical Signed Digit Multipliers[Z]. IEEE 2004 CustomIntegrated Circuits Conference.
[56]Swami A, Mendel J M. Cumulant-based Approach to the Hamonic Retrieval andRelated Problems[J]. IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1991,39(5),1099-1109.
[57]王金明.数字系统设计与Verilog HDL（第二版）.电子工业出版社.2005,9,319-323.P125~P129