城市供水管网节点混合模型研究
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摘要
节点混合模型对给水管网水质模拟结果有着重要的影响,针对现在普遍采用的节点完全混合假定的缺陷,本文选取管网中典型的多进多出节点类型进行系统的研究：
1.基于管网节点水力、水质的基础方程,定义了节点混合程度描述指标,和D*,改进了现有衡量节点混合程度指标的不足。典型工况的验证结果表明,新定义的指标相对较合理,能够较好地反映各工况下节点混合程度的大小。
2.采用正交试验方法和FLUENT模拟软件分析各因素对节点混合程度的影响,取得较好的效果：正交试验设计从大量的试验点中挑选适量的具有代表性的试验点,大大提高了试验的效率；FLUENT模拟软件具有良好的收敛速度和求解精度,适合对节点混合的定性模拟。研究得到结果：入流雷诺数比(Res/Rew)、出口雷诺数比(ReE/ReN)和管径比(Ds/Dw)3个因素对节点混合影响的显著性较高。
3.通过采用高位水箱和水位控制阀改进节点入口加压方式,进行了节点混合实验研究。实验入口压力测试数据表明：各工况的压力波动较小,且波动大小比较稳定；实验数据的质量百分数误差分析结果表明：本实验对各过程参数控制较好,实验数据误差较小；实验数据对比分析表明：本实验模拟结果与其他学者得到的模拟结果十分吻合,规律性一致。
4.基于改进PSO算法进行节点混合模型建立研究。通过在粒子飞行过程中加入搜索因子的方法对基本PSO算法进行改进,测试函数性能检测结果表明,改进PSO算法具有较高的搜索精度和全局搜索能力；基于最小二乘法原理,以实验数据和模型模拟数据之间的误差的平方和最小为目标函数,并采用以上改进PSO算法对节点混合模型进行回归拟合,取得了较好效果；通过对水质模拟过程中流体单元体混合反应和节点新单元体生成的两项变化改进,将节点混合模型应用于EPANET软件中,提高本方法的实用性。
5.以监测到供水系统中突发性污染为目标,本文提出了一种城市供水系统监测点优化布置的方法。在定义最短水流时间矩阵和污染覆盖矩阵的基础上,本法针对复杂管网求解最短水流时间矩阵困难的问题,利用动态规划求解最短水流时间矩阵,并由此得到给定监测等级下的污染覆盖矩阵。以监测覆盖范围最大为目标函数,并引入重复覆盖度的概念,运用遗传算法优化布置监测点。结果表明：用动态规划求解复杂管网的最短水流时间矩阵易于编程实现,并有较高的时间效率；遗传算法能够快速地搜索到最优监测点的布置方案,达到在给定监测等级下最大限度地监测整个管网突发性污染的目的。
6.在仿真管网水力模型的基础上,应用EPANET改进程序对其进行水质模拟,通过与EPANET软件模拟结果对比分析表明：节点混合模型对管段水质分布和监测点水质变化有一定的影响。
Soluet mixing model of joints in water distribution networks has important impact on the result of water quality simulation. For the defect of the "perfect" mixing assumption which is widely used, this paper presented a systematically study on a typical node type:
1. This paper defined the mixing index d*and D*for the joints based on the basic hydraulic and quality equation, which improves the index used now. Results by typical scenario had shown that:the new index is more reasonable and can reflect better on the degree of mixing by each condition.
2. Used orthogonal experiment method and FLUENT simulation software to analyze the impact of the factors on the joint mixing and achieved good results:the design of orthogonal experiment greatly improved the efficiency of the test by selecting some representative ones from a large amount of tests; FLUENT simulation software has good convergence speed and solution accuracy, and is suitable for the qualitative simulation for the joints mixing. The results show that the ratio of Reynolds numbers of inlets and outlets (Res/W and RcE/N) and the ratio of pipe diameter of inlets (DS/W) have more impacts on the mixing at the joints.
3. This paper accomplished the experimental study of solute mixing at cross joints by using high water head tank and valve based on improving the mode of pressure boost. Entrance pressure data shows that the pressure of the system was stable during each experiment scenario; The percentage mass fraction error of the experimental data shows that each parameter of the experiment was controlled well and the error of the experimental data was insignificant; Comparative analysis of experimental data indicates that:the curves obtained by this experiment and other scholars match well.
4. A mixing model of joints based on improved PSO algorithm has been proposed. A search factor is added into the movement of the particle to develop basic PSO algorithm and results manifest that the developed algorithm has stronger global optimizing ability and better search accuracy; The objective function has been built based on the method of the least square, which is used to minimum the sum of the errors between experimental data and simulated data. Then, the mixing models have been fitted by improved PSO algorithm; the water quality simulation of EPANET software is utilized for improving the practicality by using the mixing models in the process of the mixing reaction of the fluid element and the generation of new element.
5. In order to detect a random external input of water pollution, this paper built a model that can optimize the layout of the monitoring stations for the city water supply system. The model is based on defining of the concept of shortest flow-time matrix and pollution coverage matrix. To resolve the computational complexity in shortest flow-time matrix for complicated water distribution systems, the method of using dynamic programming to obtain the pollution coverage matrix under a given monitor level. Genetic algorithm is adopted to optimally allocate the monitoring stations. The method maximizes the monitoring coverage considering the duplication of coverage. The results show that the shortest flow-time matrix of complicated networks can be efficiently obtained by using dynamic programming, which can be coded easily; genetic algorithm can find the optimal layout of monitoring stations rapidly, which can monitor the accidental contaminations of the whole network by the greatest degree in a given monitor level.
6. The developed EPANET program has been used in a realistic network, the result contrasted to basic EPANET software indicates that:the mixing models have a certain impact on the concentration distribution in the pipes and the concentration change trend at monitoring stations.
1.基于管网节点水力、水质的基础方程,定义了节点混合程度描述指标,和D*,改进了现有衡量节点混合程度指标的不足。典型工况的验证结果表明,新定义的指标相对较合理,能够较好地反映各工况下节点混合程度的大小。
2.采用正交试验方法和FLUENT模拟软件分析各因素对节点混合程度的影响,取得较好的效果：正交试验设计从大量的试验点中挑选适量的具有代表性的试验点,大大提高了试验的效率；FLUENT模拟软件具有良好的收敛速度和求解精度,适合对节点混合的定性模拟。研究得到结果：入流雷诺数比(Res/Rew)、出口雷诺数比(ReE/ReN)和管径比(Ds/Dw)3个因素对节点混合影响的显著性较高。
3.通过采用高位水箱和水位控制阀改进节点入口加压方式,进行了节点混合实验研究。实验入口压力测试数据表明：各工况的压力波动较小,且波动大小比较稳定；实验数据的质量百分数误差分析结果表明：本实验对各过程参数控制较好,实验数据误差较小；实验数据对比分析表明：本实验模拟结果与其他学者得到的模拟结果十分吻合,规律性一致。
4.基于改进PSO算法进行节点混合模型建立研究。通过在粒子飞行过程中加入搜索因子的方法对基本PSO算法进行改进,测试函数性能检测结果表明,改进PSO算法具有较高的搜索精度和全局搜索能力；基于最小二乘法原理,以实验数据和模型模拟数据之间的误差的平方和最小为目标函数,并采用以上改进PSO算法对节点混合模型进行回归拟合,取得了较好效果；通过对水质模拟过程中流体单元体混合反应和节点新单元体生成的两项变化改进,将节点混合模型应用于EPANET软件中,提高本方法的实用性。
5.以监测到供水系统中突发性污染为目标,本文提出了一种城市供水系统监测点优化布置的方法。在定义最短水流时间矩阵和污染覆盖矩阵的基础上,本法针对复杂管网求解最短水流时间矩阵困难的问题,利用动态规划求解最短水流时间矩阵,并由此得到给定监测等级下的污染覆盖矩阵。以监测覆盖范围最大为目标函数,并引入重复覆盖度的概念,运用遗传算法优化布置监测点。结果表明：用动态规划求解复杂管网的最短水流时间矩阵易于编程实现,并有较高的时间效率；遗传算法能够快速地搜索到最优监测点的布置方案,达到在给定监测等级下最大限度地监测整个管网突发性污染的目的。
6.在仿真管网水力模型的基础上,应用EPANET改进程序对其进行水质模拟,通过与EPANET软件模拟结果对比分析表明：节点混合模型对管段水质分布和监测点水质变化有一定的影响。
Soluet mixing model of joints in water distribution networks has important impact on the result of water quality simulation. For the defect of the "perfect" mixing assumption which is widely used, this paper presented a systematically study on a typical node type:
1. This paper defined the mixing index d*and D*for the joints based on the basic hydraulic and quality equation, which improves the index used now. Results by typical scenario had shown that:the new index is more reasonable and can reflect better on the degree of mixing by each condition.
2. Used orthogonal experiment method and FLUENT simulation software to analyze the impact of the factors on the joint mixing and achieved good results:the design of orthogonal experiment greatly improved the efficiency of the test by selecting some representative ones from a large amount of tests; FLUENT simulation software has good convergence speed and solution accuracy, and is suitable for the qualitative simulation for the joints mixing. The results show that the ratio of Reynolds numbers of inlets and outlets (Res/W and RcE/N) and the ratio of pipe diameter of inlets (DS/W) have more impacts on the mixing at the joints.
3. This paper accomplished the experimental study of solute mixing at cross joints by using high water head tank and valve based on improving the mode of pressure boost. Entrance pressure data shows that the pressure of the system was stable during each experiment scenario; The percentage mass fraction error of the experimental data shows that each parameter of the experiment was controlled well and the error of the experimental data was insignificant; Comparative analysis of experimental data indicates that:the curves obtained by this experiment and other scholars match well.
4. A mixing model of joints based on improved PSO algorithm has been proposed. A search factor is added into the movement of the particle to develop basic PSO algorithm and results manifest that the developed algorithm has stronger global optimizing ability and better search accuracy; The objective function has been built based on the method of the least square, which is used to minimum the sum of the errors between experimental data and simulated data. Then, the mixing models have been fitted by improved PSO algorithm; the water quality simulation of EPANET software is utilized for improving the practicality by using the mixing models in the process of the mixing reaction of the fluid element and the generation of new element.
5. In order to detect a random external input of water pollution, this paper built a model that can optimize the layout of the monitoring stations for the city water supply system. The model is based on defining of the concept of shortest flow-time matrix and pollution coverage matrix. To resolve the computational complexity in shortest flow-time matrix for complicated water distribution systems, the method of using dynamic programming to obtain the pollution coverage matrix under a given monitor level. Genetic algorithm is adopted to optimally allocate the monitoring stations. The method maximizes the monitoring coverage considering the duplication of coverage. The results show that the shortest flow-time matrix of complicated networks can be efficiently obtained by using dynamic programming, which can be coded easily; genetic algorithm can find the optimal layout of monitoring stations rapidly, which can monitor the accidental contaminations of the whole network by the greatest degree in a given monitor level.
6. The developed EPANET program has been used in a realistic network, the result contrasted to basic EPANET software indicates that:the mixing models have a certain impact on the concentration distribution in the pipes and the concentration change trend at monitoring stations.
引文
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